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E.10

TABLE E.6 Pressure /Stress Conversion Factors

A. Pressure units decimally related to one pascal

Pascals

(Pa)

Bars

(bar)

Decibars

(dbar)

Millibars

(mbar)

Dynes per

square

centimeter

(dyn / cm

)

1 pascal ⫽

1 bar ⫽

1 decibar ⫽

1 millibar ⫽

1 dyne per second

centimeter

⫽

100,000

10,000

100

0.1

0.00001

0.1

0.001

0.000001

0.0001

0.01

0.00001

0.01

1000

100

0.001

1,000,000

100,000

1000

B. Pressure units decimally related to one kilogram-force per square meter (with pascal equivalents)

Kilograms-force

per square meter

(kg/m

)

Kilograms-force

per square

centimeter

(kg / cm

)

Kilograms-force

per square

millimeter

(kg/mm

)

Grams-force per

square centimeter

(g / cm

) Pascals

1 kilogram-force per

square meter

⫽

1 kilogram-force per

square centimeter

⫽

1 kilogram-force per

square millimeter

⫽

1 gram-force per square

centimeter

⫽

1 pascal ⫽

10,000

1,000,000

0.10197162

0.001

100

0.001

1.0197162

⫻ 10

⫺

0.000001

0.01

0.00001

1.0197162

⫻ 10

⫺

0.1

1000

100,000

1.0197162

⫻ 10

⫺

9.80665

98,066.5

9,806,650

98.0665

NOTE: 1 atmosphere (technical)

⫽ 1 kilogram-force per square centimeter ⫽ 98,066.5 pascals.

E.11

C. Pressure units expressed as heights of liquid (with pascal equivalents)

Millimeters of

mercury at 0

⬚C

(mmHg, 0

⬚C)

Centimeters of

mercury at 60

⬚C

(cmHg, 60

⬚C)

Inches of mercury

at 32

⬚F

(inHg, 32

⬚F)

Inches of mercury

at 60

⬚F

(inHg, 60

⬚F)

Centimeters of

water at 4

⬚C

(cmH

O, 4⬚C)

Inches of water

at 60

⬚F

(inH

O, 60⬚F)

Feet of water at

39.2

⬚F

(ft H

39.2

⬚F)

Pascals

(Pa)

1 millimeter of mercury,

⬚C ⫽

1 centimeter of mercury,

⬚C ⫽

1 inch of mercury, 32⬚F ⫽

1 inch of mercury, 60⬚C ⫽

1 centimeter of water, 4⬚C ⫽

1 inch of water, 60⬚F ⫽

1 foot of water, 39.2⬚F ⫽

1 pascal ⫽

9.971830

25.4

25.32845

0.735539

1.866453

22.4192

7.500615

⫻ 10

⫺

0.100282

2.547175

2.54

0.073762

0.187173

2.248254

7.521806

⫻ 10

⫺

0.0393701

0.3925919

0.9971831

0.028958

0.073482

0.882646

2.952998

⫻ 10

⫺

0.0394813

0.3937008

1.0028248

0.0290400

0.0736900

0.885139

2.96134

⫻ 10

⫺

1.359548

13.55718

34.53252

35.43525

2.537531

30.47998

1.01974

⫻ 10

⫺

0.5357756

5.342664

13.60870

13.57037

0.3940838

12.01167

4.01865

⫻ 10

⫺

0.0446046

0.444789.5

1.132957

1.129765

0.0328084

0.0832524

3.34562

⫻ 10

⫺

133.3224

1329.468

3386.389

3376.85

98.0638

248.840

2988.98

NOTE: 1 torr

⫽ 1 millimeter of mercury at 0⬚C ⫽ 133.3224 pascals.

D. Nonmetric pressure units (with pascal equivalents)

Atmospheres

(atm)

Avoirdupois

pounds-force

per square inch

(psi)

Avoirdupois

pounds-force

per square foot

(lb/ft

, avdp)

Poundals per

square foot

(pd / ft

) Pascals (Pa)

1 atmosphere ⫽

1 avdp pound-force per

square inch

⫽

1 avdp pound-force per

square foot

⫽

1 poundal per square foot ⫽

1 pascal ⫽

6.80460

⫻ 10

⫺

4.725414 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.468704 ⫻ 10

⫺

9.869233 ⫻ 10

⫺

14.69595

1 / 144

⫽ 0.006944

2.158399

⫻ 10

⫺

1.450377 ⫻ 10

⫺

2116.217

144

0.0310809

0.0208854

68,087.24

4633.063

32.17405

0.6719689

101,325

6894.757

47.88026

1.488165

NOTE: 1 normal atmosphere

⫽ 760 torr ⫽ 101,325 pascals.

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of pressure or stressunderlined

is the Pascal (Pa).

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.12

TABLE E.7 Energy/ Work Conversion Factors

A. Energy / work units decimally related to one joule

Joules

(J)

Megajoules

(MJ)

Kilojoules

(kJ)

Millijoules

(mJ)

Microjoules

(

␮

Ergs

(ergs)

1 joule ⫽ 1 0.000001 0.001 1000 1,000,000 10

1 megajoule ⫽ 1,000,000 1 1000 10

1 kilojoule ⫽ 1000 0.001 1 1,000,000 10

1 millijoule ⫽ 0.001 10

⫺

1 1000 10,000

1 microjoule

⫽ 0.000001 10

⫺

0.001 1 10

1erg

⫽ 10

⫺

0.0001 0.1 1

NOTE: 1 watt-second

⫽ 1 joule.

B. Energy / work units less than ten joules (with joule equivalents)

Joules

(J)

Foot-poundals

(ft

䡠 pdl)

Foot-pounds-force

(ft 䡠 lb

)

Calories

(International

Table)

(cal, IT)

Calories

(thermochemical)

(cal, thermo)

Electronvolts

(eV)

1 joule ⫽ 1 23.73036 0.7375621 0.2388459 0.2390057 6.24146 ⫻ 10

1 foot-poundal ⫽ 4.2104011 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 3.108095 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.006499 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.007173 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.63016 ⫻ 10

1 foot-pound-force ⫽ 1.355818 32.17405 1 0.3238316 0.3240483 8.46228 ⫻ 10

1 calorie (Int. Tab.) ⫽ 4.1868 99.35427 3.088025 1 1.000669 2.61317 ⫻ 10

1 calorie (thermo) ⫽ 4.184 99.28783 3.085960 0.9993312 1 2.61143 ⫻ 10

1 electronvolt ⫽ 1.60219 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.80205 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.18171 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.82677 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.82933 ⫻ 10

⫺

E.13

C. Energy / work units greater than ten joules (with joule equivalents)

Joules

(J)

British

thermal

units,

International

Table

(Btu, IT)

British thermal

units,

thermochemical

(Btu, thermo)

Kilowatthours

(kWh)

Horsepower-

hours,

electrical

(hp

䡠 h, elec)

Kilocalories,

International

Table

(kcal, IT)

Kilocalories,

thermochemical

(kcal, thermo)

1 joule ⫽ 1 9.478170 ⫻ 10

⫺

9.4845165 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 3.6⫻ 10

⫽ 2.777 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.723562 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.388459 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.3900574 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 British thermal unit,

Int. Tab.

⫽ 1055.056 1 1.000669 2.9307111 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.928567 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.251995.8 0.2521644

1 British thermal unit

(thermo)

⫽ 1054.35 0.999331 1 2.928745 ⫻ 10

⫺

03.925938 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.2518272 0.2519957

1 kilowatthour

⫽ 3,600,000 3412.141 3414.426 1 1 / 0.746 ⫽ 1.3404826 859.8452 860.4207

1 horsepower hour,

electrical

⫽ 2,685,600 2.545.457 2547.162 0.746 1 641.4445 641.8738

1 kilocalorie,

Int. Tab.

⫽ 4.186.8 3.968320 3.970977 0.001163 1.558981 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 1.000669

1 kilocalorie,

thermochemical

⫽ 4184 3.965666 3.968322 0.0011622 1.557938.6 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.999331 1

The exact conversion is 1 British thermal unit, International Table

⫽ 1055.05585262 joules.

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of energy and workunderlined

is the joule (J).

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.14

TABLE E.8 Power Conversion Factors

A. Power units decimally related to one watt

Watts

(W)

Megawatts

(MW)

Kilowatts

(kW)

Milliwatts

(mW)

Microwatts

(

␮

Picowatts

(pW)

Ergs per second

(ergs / s)

1 watt ⫽

1 megawatt ⫽

1 kilowatt ⫽

1 milliwatt ⫽

1 microwatt ⫽

1 picowatt ⫽

1 erg per second ⫽

1,000,000

1000

0.001

0.000001

⫺

0.000001

0.001

⫺

0.001

1000

0.000001

⫺

1000

1,000,000

0.001

0.000001

0.0001

1,000,000

1000

0.001

0.1

1,000,000

1000

100

10,000

0.01

NOTE: 1 watt

⫽ 1 joule per second (J / s).

B. Nonmetric power units (with watt equivalents)

British

thermal units

(International

Table) per

hour

(Btu / h, IT)

British thermal

units

(thermochemical)

per minute

(Btu / min,

thermo)

Avoirdupois

foot-pounds-

force per

second

(ft

䡠 lb

avdp)

Kilocalories per

minute

(thermochemical)

(kcal / min, thermo)

Kilocalories per

second

(International

Table)

(kcals, IT)

Horsepower

(electrical)

(hp, elec)

Horsepower

(mechanical)

(hp, mech)

Watts

(W)

1 British thermal unit (Int.

Tab.)-per hour

⫽

1 British thermal unit

(thermo) per

minute

⫽

1 foot-pound-force per

second

⫽

1 kilocalorie per minute

(thermo)

⫽

1 kilocalorie per second

(Int. Tab.)

⫽

1 horsepower (electrical) ⫽

1 horsepower (mechanical) ⫽

1 watt ⫽

59.959853

4.6262426

237.93998

14,285.953

2545.4574

2544.4334

3.4121413

0.0166778

0.0771557

3.9683217

238.25864

42.452696

42.435618

0.0569071

0.2161581

12.960810

51.432665

3088.0251

550.22134

550

0.7375621

4.2027405

⫻ 10

⫺

0.2519957

0.0194429

60.040153

10.697898

10.693593

0.0143403

6.9998831

⫻ 10

⫺

4.1971195 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.2383157 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.0166555

0.1781790

0.1781074

2.3884590

⫻ 10

⫺

3.9285670 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.0235556

1.8174504

⫻ 10

⫺

0.0934763

5.6123324

0.9995977

1 / 746

⫽

1.3404826 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.930148 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.0235651

1 / 550

⫽

1.8181818 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.0935139

5.6145911

1.0004024

1.3410220

⫻ 10

⫺

0.2930711

17.57250

1.355818

69.733333

4186.800

746

745.6999

NOTE: The horsepower (mechanical) is deﬁned as a power equal to 550 foot-pounds-force per second.

Other units of horsepower are:

1 horsepower (boiler)

⫽ 9809.40 watts

1 horsepower (metric)

⫽ 735.499 watts

1 horsepower (water)

⫽ 746.043 watts

1 horsepower (U.K.)

⫽ 745.70 watts

1 ton (refrigeration)

⫽ 3516.8 watts

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of power is theunderlined

watt (W).

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

CONVERSION FACTORS E.15

TABLE E.9 Temperature Conversions*

Celsius (⬚C)

⬚C ⫽ 5(⬚F ⫺ 32)/9

Fahrenheit (

⬚F)

⬚F ⫽ [9(⬚C)/5] ⫹ 32

Absolute (K)

K ⫽ ⬚C ⫹ 273.15

⫺273.15

⫺200

⫺180

⫺160

⫺140

⫺120

⫺100

⫺80

⫺60

⫺40

⫺30

⫺20

⫺17.77

⫺10

⫺6.66

100

105

110

115

120

140

160

180

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1000

5000

10,000

⫺459.67

⫺328

⫺292

⫺256

⫺220

⫺184

⫺148

⫺112

⫺76

⫺40

⫺22

⫺4

104

113

122

131

140

149

158

167

176

185

194

203

212

221

230

239

248

284

320

356

392

482

572

662

752

842

932

1832

9032

18,032

73.15

93.15

113.15

133.15

153.15

173.15

193.15

213.15

233.15

243.15

253.15

255.372

263.15

266.483

273.15

278.15

283.15

288.15

293.15

298.15

303.15

308.15

313.15

318.15

323.15

328.15

333.15

338.15

343.15

348.15

353.15

358.15

363.15

368.15

373.15

378.15

383.15

388.15

393.15

413.15

433.15

453.15

473.15

523.15

573.15

623.15

673.15

723.15

773.15

1273.15

5273.15

10,273.15

* Conversions in boldface type are exact. Continuing decimals are

. Temperature in kelvins equals temperature in degrees Rankine di-underlined

vided by 1.8 [K ⫽ ⬚R / 1.8].

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Elec-

trical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1987.

F. 1

APPENDIX F

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Barak, M. (ed.): Electrochemical Power Sources—Primary & Secondary Batteries, Peter Peregrinus,

Stevenage, UK, 1980.

Berndt, D.: Maintenance-Free Batteries, 2d ed. SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1997.

Brockris, J. O’M., and A. K. N. Reddy: Modern Electrochemistry, vols. I and II, Plenum Publishing

Corp., New York, 1970; Plenum /Rosetta Ed., 1973.

Bode, H.: Lead-Acid Batteries (translated from German by R. J. Broad and K. V. Kordesch), Wiley, New

York, 1977.

Bro, P., and S. C. Levy: Quality and Reliability Methods for Primary Batteries, John Wiley, New York

1990, Electrochemical Society Monograph Series.

Broadhead, J., and B. Scrosati: Lithium Polymer Batteries, vol. 96-17, The Electrochemical Society,

Pennington, NJ, 1997.

Conway, B. E.: Theory and Principles of Electrode Processes, Ronald, New York, 1965.

Dameja, S.: Electric Vehicle Battery Systems, Newnes (Butterworth-Heineman) Woburn, MA, 1999.

Falk, S. U., and A. J. Salkind: Alkaline Batteries, Wiley, New York, 1969.

Fleisher, A., and J. J. Lander (eds.): Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries, Wiley, New York, 1971.

Gabano, J. P.: Lithium Batteries, Academic Press, Ltd., London, 1983.

Heise, G. W., and N. C. Cahoon (eds.): The Primary Batter, vols. I and II, Wiley, New York, 1971 and

1976.

Himy, A.: Silver-Zinc Battery: Phenomena and Design Principles, Vantage Press, New York, 1986.

——— : Silver-Zinc Battery: Best Practices, Facts and Reﬂections, Vantage Press, New York, 1995.

Jackish, H.-D.: Batterie-Lexikon, Pﬂaum Verlag, Munich, 1993.

Kiehne, H. A.: Battery Technology Handbook, Dekker, New York, 1989.

Kordesch, K. V. (ed.): Batteries, vol. I: Manganese Dioxide, vol. II: Lead-Acid Batteries and Electric

Vehicles, Dekker, New York, 1974 and 1977.

Kordesch, K., and G. Simander: Fuel Cells and Their Applications, VCH Publishers, New York, 1996.

Levy, S. C., and P. Bro: Battery Hazards and Accident Prevention, Plenum Press, New York, 1994.

Mantell, C. L.: Batteries and Energy Systems, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.

Osaka, T., and M. Datta: Energy Storage Systems for Electronics, Gordon and Breach Science Publishing,

London, 1999.

Pistoia, G.: Lithium Batteries, Elsevier, New York, 1994.

Rand, D. A. J., R. Woods, and R. M. Dell: Batteries for Electric Vehicles, SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1998.

Tuck, Clive D. S.: Modern Battery Technology, Ellis Horwood, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, England,

1991.

Venkatasetty, H. V.: Lithium Battery Technology, Wiley, New York, 1984.

Vinal, G. W.: Primary Batteries, Wiley, New York, 1950.

——— : Storage Batteries, Wiley, New York, 1955.

F. 2 APPENDIX F

Vincent, C., and B. Scrosati: Modern Batteries, 2d ed., Newnes (Butterworth-Heinemann), Woburn, MA

(1997).

PERIODICALS

Energy Storage Systems, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Washington DC.

Interface, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ.

Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ.

Journal of Power Sources, Elsevier Sequoia, S. A., Lausanne, Switzerland.

Progress in Batteries and Solar Cells, JEC Press, Cleveland.

PROCEEDINGS OF ANNUAL/BIENNIAL CONFERENCES

Meeting Abstracts of the ECS Battery Division, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ.

Proceedings of the International Power Sources Symposium, Broadway House, The Broadway, Crow-

borough, TN6 1HQ. UK.

Proceedings of the Power Sources Conference, Power Sources Branch, U.S. Army CECOM, Ft. Mon-

mooth, NJ. Available from National Technical Information Service, Springﬁeld, VA 22161-0001.

Proceedings of the Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, California State University,

Long Beach, CA.

Proceedings of the Annual International Seminary on Primary and Secondary Batteries, Florida Edu-

cational Seminars, Boca Raton, FL.

Proceedings of the Battery and Electrochemical Contractors Conference, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Wash-

ington, DC.

Proceedings of the NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL.

Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Also available in CDROM.

Proceedings of the Biennial Workshop for Battery Exploratory Development, Sponsored by the Ofﬁce

of Naval Research and Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Div., West Bethesda, MD.

OTHER REFERENCE SOURCES—HANDBOOKS AND

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles: An Assessment of Performance and Availability of Batteries

for Electric Vehicles: A Report of the Battery Technical Advisory Panel, prepared for the California Air

Resource Board (CARB), F. R. Kalhammer et al., El Monte, CA, June 22, 2000.

Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Related Electrochemistry: Books, Journals, and Other Information Sources,

1950–1979, U.S. Dept. of Energy Rep. DOE / CS-0156, Washington, DC, 1980.

Electric Batteries, a Bibliography, Energy Research and Development Administration Report no. TID-

3361, Washington, 1977.

Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Vehicles, L. Gaines and R. Cuenca, Argonne National Laboratory,

Argonne, IL 60439, Report No. ANL/ESD-42 (May 2000).

Fuel Cells, a Bibliography, Energy Research and Development Administration, Report no. TID-3359,

Washington, 1977.

Fuel Cell Handbook, 4th ed., J. D. Stauffer, R. Engleman, and M. Klett, U.S. Dept. of Energy-FETL,

Morgantown, WV, 1998.

Fuel Cell Handbook, A. J. Appleby and F. R. Foulkes, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1989; repub-

lished by Kreiger Publishing Co., Melbourne, FL, 1993.

BIBLIOGRAPHY F. 3

Handbook for Handling and Storage of Nickel-Cadmium Batteries: Lessons Learned, NASA Ref. Publ.

1326, Feb. 1994.

Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries 2000, D. MacArthur, G. Blomgren and R. Powers, Chemac Interna-

tional, Sterling Heights, MI, 2000 (published biennially).

NASA Handbook of Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries, NASA Ref. Pub. 1314, Sept. 1993.

NAVSEA Batteries Document: State of the Art, Research and Development, Projections, Environmental

Issues, Safety Issues, Degree of Maturity, Department of the Navy Publ. NAVSEA-AH-300, July 1993.

Navy Primary and Secondary Batteries—Design and Manufacturing Guidelines, Department of the Navy

Publ. NAVSO P-3676, Sept. 1991.

Rechargeable Batteries: Application Handbook, Newnes (Butterworth-Heinemann), Woburn, MA, 1997.

U.S. Battery Market, Business Trend Analysts, Comack, New York, 2000.

1999 Review of Electric Vehicles, Batteries and Fuel Cells (A Powers Report), D. MacArthur, Chemac

International, Sterling Heights, MI, 1999.

2000 Battery Industry Developments: Review and Analysis, D. MacArthur and G. Blomgren, Chemac

International, Sterling Heights, MI, 2001 (published biennially).

An excellent source for technical information and performance data on batteries are the

publications and data books issued by the battery manufacturers. The addresses of these

manufacturers are listed in Appendix G. Also see the websites of these manufacturers.

Standards

See Chap. 4.

G.1

APPENDIX G

BATTERY MANUFACTURERS AND

R&D ORGANIZATIONS

‡

Prepared by Vaidevutis Alminauskas and Austin Attewell

‡See also: Tables 4.1(a)–(d) for a list of organizations preparing battery standards and

Table 37.8, ‘‘Organizations with Major Development Projects on Rechargeable Batteries for

EVs/ HEVs and/ or Electric Utility Storage.’’

*Government Laboratory

AUSTRIA

Banner GmbH

Postfach 777

Salzburger Stra

␤e 298

A-4021 Linz

Tel:

⫹43 732 3888-0

Fax:

⫹43 732 3888-74

http:/ /www.banner.co.at

Ba¨ren Batterie GmbH

Feistriz I.

A-9181 Rosental

Tel:

⫹43 4228 20 36

Fax:

⫹43 4228 29 15

Exide Batteriewerke GmbH

Franz Schubert Gasse 7

A-2345 Brunn

Tel:

⫹43 2236 35610-0

Fax:

⫹43 2236 35610-45

http:/ /www.sonnenschein.at

Institut fur Chemische Technologie*

Technischen Universitat

A-8010

Graz

AUSTRALIA

Apollo Batteries–Australia

Unit 1, 45 Powers Road

Seven Hills

NSW 2147

Tel:

⫹61 2 9674 6322

Fax:

⫹61 2 9674 6277

http:/ /www.apollobatteries.com.au

CSIRO Energy Technology*

Bayview Avenue

PO Box 312

Clayton South

Victoria 3169

Tel:

⫹61 3 9545 8500

Fax: ⫹61 3 9562 8919

http:/ /www.det.csiro.au

Exide

PO Box 73

Elizabeth

SA 5113

Tel: ⫹61 88 30 74444

Fax: ⫹61 88 30 74490

(formerly GNB)