Linden D., Reddy T.B. (eds.) Handbook of batteries

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D.4 APPENDICES

TABLE D.4 Standard Symbols for Units (Continued )

Unit Symbol Notes

Micrometer

␮

Micron

␮

m See micrometer. The name ‘‘micron’’ was abrogated by the Con-

fe´rence Ge´ne´rale des Poids et Mesures, 1967.

Microsecond

␮

Microwatt

␮

Milli m SI preﬁx for 10

⫺

Milliampere mA

Milligram mg

Milliliter ml

Millimeter mm

Conventional millimeter of

mercury

mmHg 1 mmHg

⫽ 133.322 N /m

Millimicron nm Use of the name ‘‘millimicron’’ for the nanometer is deprecated.

Millisecond ms

Millivolt mV

Milliwatt mW

Minute (time) min Time may also be designated by means of superscripts as in the

following example: 9

Mole mol SI unit of amount of substance.

Nano n SI preﬁx for 10

⫺

Nanoampere nA

Nanometer nm

Nanosecond ns

Newton N SI unit of force.

Newton meter N

䡠 m

Newton per square meter N/ m

SI unit of pressure or stress; see pascal.

Newton second per square meter N

䡠 s/m

SI unit of dynamic viscosity.

Oersted Oe The oersted is the electromagnetic cgs unit of magnetic ﬁeld

strength. Use of the SI unit, the ampere per meter, is preferred.

Ohm

⍀ SI unit of resistance.

Pascal Pa Pa

⫽ N/m

SI unit of pressure or stress. This name accepted by the 14th Con-

fe´rence Ge´ne´rale des Poids et Mesures.

Pico P SI preﬁx for 10

⫺

Picowatt pW

Revolution per second r /s

Second (time) s SI unit of time.

Siemens S S

⫽ ⍀

⫺

SI unit of conductance. This name and symbol were adopted by the

14th Confe´rence Ge´ne´rale des Poids et Mesures. The name

‘‘mho’’ is also used for this unit in the United States.

Square meter m

Tera T SI preﬁx for 10

Tesla T SI unit of magnetic ﬂux density

Tonne t 1 t

⫽ 1000 kg. (in USA: ton, metric)

(Uniﬁed) atomic mass unit u The (uniﬁed) atomic mass unit is deﬁned as one-twelfth of the mass

of an atom of the

C nuclide. Use of the old atomic mass unit

(amu), deﬁned by reference to oxygen, is deprecated.

Volt V SI unit of voltage.

Volt per meter V / m SI unit of electric ﬁeld strength.

Voltampere VA IEC name and symbol for the SI unit of apparent power.

Watt W SI unit of power.

Watt per meter kelvin W / (m

䡠 K) SI unit of thermal conductivity.

Watthour Wh

Source: From D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1987; adapted from

ANSI / IEEE Standard 260-1982.

E.1

APPENDIX E

CONVERSION FACTORS

E.2

TABLE E.1 Length Conversion Factors*

A. Length units decimally related to one meter

Meters (m) Kilometers (km) Decimeters (dm) Centimeters (cm) Millimeters (mm) Micrometers (

␮

m) Nanometers (nm) Angstro¨ms (A

)

1 meter ⫽ 1 0.001 10 100 1000 1,000,000 10

1 kilometer ⫽ 1000 1 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10

1 decimeter ⫽ 0.1 0.0001 1 10 100 100,000 10

1 centimeter ⫽ 0.01 0.00001 0.1 1 10 10,000 10

1 millimeter ⫽ 0.001 10

⫺

0.01 0.1 1 1000 1,000,000 10

1 micrometer (micron) ⫽ 10

⫺

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 1 1000 10,000

1 nanometer

⫽ 10

⫺

0.001 1 10

1 angstro¨m

⫽ 10

⫺

0.0001 0.1 1

B. Nonmetric length units less than one meter

Meters (m) Yards (yd) Feet (ft) Inches (in) Mils (mil) Microinches (

␮

in)

1 meter ⫽ 1 1.09361330 3.28083939 39.3700787 3.93700787 ⫻ 10

3.93700787 ⫻ 10

1 yard ⫽ 0.9144 1 3 36 36,000 3.6 ⫻ 10

1 foot ⫽ 0.3048 1 / 3 ⫽ 0.3333 1 12 12,000 1.2 ⫻ 10

1 inch ⫽ 0.0254 1 / 36 ⫽ 0.0277 1/12 ⫽ 0.0833 1 1000 1,000,000

1 mil

⫽ 2.54 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.77 ⫻ 10

⫺

7 8.33 ⫻ 10

⫺

3 0.001 1 1000

1 microinch

⫽ 2.54 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.77 ⫻ 10

⫺

7 8.33 ⫻ 10

⫺

3 10

⫺

0.001 1

E.3

C. Nonmetric length units greater than one meter (with equivalents in feet)

Meters (m) Rods (rd) Statute miles (mi)

Nautical miles

(nmi)

Astronomical units

(AU) Parsecs (pe) Feet (ft)

1 meter ⫽ 1 0.19883878 6.21371192 ⫻

⫺

5.39956904 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.68449198 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.24073317 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.28083989

1 rod

⫽ 5.0292 1 0.003125 2.71555076 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.36176471 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.62982953 ⫻ 10

⫺

16.5

1 statute mile

⫽ 1609.344 320 1 0.86897624 1.07576471 ⫻ 10

⫺

5.21545450 ⫻ 10

⫺

5280

1 nautical mile

⫽ 1852 368.249423 1.15077945 1 1.23796791 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.00183780 ⫻ 10

⫺

6076.11548

1 astronomical unit†

⫽

1.496 ⫻ 10

2.97462817 ⫻ 10

92,957,130.3 80,777,537.8 1 4.84813682 ⫻ 10

⫺

4.90813648 ⫻ 10

1 parsec ⫽ 3.08572150 ⫻ 10

6.13561102 ⫻ 10

1.91737844 ⫻ 10

1.66615632 ⫻ 10

206,264,806 1 1.01237582 ⫻ 10

1 foot ⫽ 0.3048 0.060606 1.8939 ⫻ 10

⫺

39 1.64578833 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.03743316 ⫻ 10

⫺

9.87775472 ⫻ 10

⫺

D. Other length units

1 cable ⫽ 720 feet ⫽ 219.456 meters

1 cable (U.K.)

⫽ 608 feet ⫽ 185.3184 meters

1 chain (engineers’)

⫽ 100 feet ⫽ 30.48 meters

1 chain (surveyors’)

⫽ 66 feet ⫽ 20.1168 meters

1 fathom

⫽ 6 feet ⫽ 1.8288 meters

1 fermi

⫽ 1 femtometer ⫽ 10

⫺

meter

1 foot (U.S. Survey)

⫽ 0.3048006 meter

1 furlong

⫽ 660 feet ⫽ 201.168 meters

1 hand

⫽ 4 inches ⫽ 0.1016 meter

1 league (international nautical)

⫽ 3 nautical miles ⫽ 5556 meters

1 league (statute)

⫽ 3 statute miles ⫽ 4828.032 meters

1 league (U.K. nautical)

⫽ 5559.552 meters

1 light-year

⫽ 9.4608952 ⫻ 10

meters (⫽ distance traveled by light in vacuum in one sideral year)

1 link (engineers’)

⫽ 1 foot ⫽ 0.3048 meter

1 link (surveyors’)

⫽ 7.92 inches ⫽ 0.201168 meter

1 micron

⫽ 1 micrometer ⫽ 10

⫺

meter

1 millimicron

⫽ 1 nanometer ⫽ 10

⫺

meter

1 myriameter

⫽ 10,000 meters

1 nautical mile (U.K.)

⫽ 1853.184 meters

1 pale

⫽ 1 rod ⫽ 5.0292 meters

1 perch (linear)

⫽ 1 rod ⫽ 5.0292 meters

1 pica

⫽ 1/6 inch (approx.) ⫽ 4.217518 ⫻ 10

⫺

meter

1 point

⫽ 1/72 inch (approx.) ⫽ 3.514598 ⫻ 10

⫺

meter

1 span

⫽ 9 inches ⫽ 0.2286 meter

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of length is theunderlined

meter.

† As deﬁned by the International Astronomical Union, 1964.

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.). Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.4

TABLE E.2 Area Conversion Factors*

A. Area units decimally related to one square meter

Square meters (m)

Square kilometers

(km)

Hectares

(square hectometers) (hn)

Square centimeters

(cm)

Square millimeters

(mm)

Square micrometers

(

␮

Barns (b)

1 square meter ⫽ 110

⫺

0.001 10,000 1,000,000 10

1 square kilometer ⫽ 1,000,000 1 100 10

1 hectare ⫽ 10,000 0.01 1 10

1 square centimeter ⫽ 0.001 10

⫺

1 100 10

1 square millimeter ⫽ 10

⫺

0.01 1 10

1 square micrometer ⫽ 10

⫺

110

1 barn ⫽ 10

⫺

B. Nonmetric area units (with square meter equivalents)

Square meters

(m)

Square statute miles

(mi)

Acres

(acrea)

Square rods

(rd)

Square yards

(rd)

Square feet

(ft)

Square inches (in)

Circular mils

(cmil)

1 square meter ⫽ 1 3.86102159 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.47105382 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.95368610 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.19599005 10.7639104 1550.00310 1.97342524 ⫻ 10

1 square statute mile ⫽ 2,589,988.1 1 640 102,400 3,097,600 27,878,400 4.01448960 ⫻ 10

5.11140691 ⫻ 10

1 acre ⫽ 4046.85641 1 / 640 ⫽ 0.0015625 1 160 4840 43,560 6,272,640 7.98657330 ⫻ 10

1 square rod ⫽ 25.2928526 9.765625 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 160 ⫽ 0.00625 1 30.25 272.25 39,204 4.99160831 ⫻ 10

1 square yard ⫽ 0.83612736 3.22830579 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.06611570 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.30578512 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 9 1296 1.65011845 ⫻ 10

1 square foot ⫽ 0.09290304 3.58700643 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.29568411 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.67309458 ⫻ 10

⫺

1/9 ⫽ 0.111111 1 144 1.83346495 ⫻ 10

1 square inch ⫽ 6.4616 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.49097669 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.59422508 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.55076013 ⫻ 10

⫺

7.71604938 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 144 ⫽ 0.00694444 1 1.27323955 ⫻ 10

1 circular mil ⫽ 5.06707479 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.95640851 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.25210145 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.00336232 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.06017101 ⫻ 10

⫺

5.45415391 ⫻ 10

⫺

7.85398163 ⫻ 10

⫺

Exact conversions are:

1 acre

⫽ 4046.8564224 square meters

1 square mile

⫽ 2,589,988.110336 square meters

C. Other area units

1 are ⫽ 100 square meters

1 centiare (centare)

⫽ 1 square meter

1 perch (area)

⫽ 1 square rod ⫽ 30.25 square yards ⫽ 25.2928526 square meters

1 rood

⫽ 40 square rods ⫽ 1011.71411 square meters

1 section

⫽ 1 square statute mile ⫽ 2,589,988.1 square meters

1 township

⫽ 36 square statute miles ⫽ 93,239,572 square meters

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of area is the squareunderlined

meter.

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.5

TABLE E.3 Force Conversion Factors*

Newtons (N) Kips (kip) Slugs-force (slug)

Kilograms-force

(kg)

Avoirdupois

pounds-free

(lb

avdp)

Avoirdupois ounces-

force

(oz

advp) Poundals (pdl)

Dynes

(dyn)

1 newton ⫽ 1 2.24808943 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.98727524 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.10197162 0.22480894 3.59694309 7.2330142 100,000

1 kip

⫽ 4448.22162 1 31.080949 453.592370 1000 16,000 32,174.05 444,822,162

1 slug-force

⫽ 143.117305 0.03217405 1 14.593903 32.17405 514.78480 1035.1695 14,311,730

1 kilogram-force

⫽ 9.806650 2.20462262 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.8521763 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 2.20462262 35.2739619 70.9316384 980,665

1 avdp pound-force

⫽ 4.44822162 0.001 3.10809488 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.45359237 11632.17405 444,822.162

1 avdp ounce-force

⫽ 0.27801385 1 / 16,000 ⫽ 0.0000625 1.94255930 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.834952 ⫻ 10

⫺

1/16 ⫽ 0.0625 1 2.01087803 27,801.385

1 poundal

⫽ 0.13825495 3.1080949 ⫻ 10

⫺

9.6602539 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.14098081 0.03108095 0.49729518 1 13,825.495

1 dyne

⫽ 0.00001 2.24808943 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.98727524 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.01971621 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.24808943 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.59694310 ⫻ 10

⫺

7.2330142 ⫻ 10

⫺

The exact conversion is: 1 avdp pound-force

⫽ 4.4482216152605 newtons

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. The SI unit of force is the newton (N).

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.6

TABLE E.4 Volume and Capacity Conversion Factors

A. Volume units decimally related to one cubic meter

Cubic meters

(steres)

(m)

Cubic

decimeters (dm)

Cubic

centimeters (cm)

Liters

(L)

Centiliters

(cL)

Milliliters

(mL)

Microliters

(

␮

1 cubic meter ⫽ 1 1000 1,000,000 1000 100,000 1,000,000 10

1 cubic decimeter ⫽ 0.001 1 1000 1 100 1000 1,000,000

1 cubic centimeter

⫽ 0.000001 0.001 1 0.001 0.1 1 1000

1 liter

⫽ 0.001 1 1000 1 100 1000 1,000,000

1 centiliter

⫽ 0.00001 0.01 10 0.01 1 10 10,000

1 milliliter

⫽ 0.000001 0.001 1 0.001 0.1 1 1000

1 microliter

⫽ 10

⫺

0.000001 0.001 0.000001 0.001 0.001 1

B. Nonmetric volume units (with cubic meter and liter equivalents)

Cubic meters

(steres)

(m)

Liters

(L)

Cubic inches

(in)

Cubic feet

(ft)

Cubic yards

(yd)

Barrels (U.S.)

(bbl)

Acre-feet

(acre-ft)

Cubic miles

(mi)

1 cubic meter ⫽ 1 1000 6.102374.41 ⫻ 10

35.314666 1.30795062 6.28981097 8.10713194 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.39912759 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 liter ⫽ 0.001 1 61.10237441 0.03531466 1.30795062 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.28981097 ⫻ 10

⫺

8.10713193 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.39912759 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 cubic inch ⫽ 1.6387064 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.6387064 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 1 / 1728 ⫽

5.787037 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 46656 ⫽

2.143347.05 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.03071532 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.32852090 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.93146573 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 cubic foot ⫽ 2.83168466 ⫻ 10

⫺

28.3168466 1728 1 1 / 27 ⫽ 0.037037 0.17810761 1 / 43560 ⫽

2.29568411 ⫻ 10

⫺

6.79357278 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 cubic yard ⫽ 0.76455486 764.554858 46,656 27 1 4.80890538 6.19834711 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.83426465 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 barrel (U.S.) ⫽ 0.15898729 158.987294 9702 5.61458333 0.20794753 1 1.28893098 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.81430805 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 acre-foot ⫽ 1233.48184 1.23348184 ⫻ 10

7.52716800 ⫻ 10

43,560 1613.33333 7758.36734 1 2.95928030 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 cubic mile ⫽ 4.16818183 ⫻ 10

4.16818183 ⫻ 10

2.54358061 ⫻ 10

1.47197952 ⫻ 10

5.451776 ⫻ 10

26.2170749 ⫻ 10

3,379,200 1

Exact conversion: 1 cubic foot

⫽ 28.316846592 liters

C. U.S. liquid capacity measures (with liter equivalents)

Liters

(L)

Gallons

(U.S. gal)

Quarts

(U.S. qt)

Pints

(U.S. pt)

Gills

(U.S. gi)

Fluid ounces

(U.S. ﬂoz)

Fluidrams

(U.S. ﬂdr)

Minims

(U.S. minim)

1 liter ⫽ 1 0.26417205 1.056688 2.113376 8.453506 33.814023 270.51218 16,230.73

1 gallon, U.S.

⫽ 3.7854118 1 4 8 32 128 1024 61,440

1 quart, U.S.

⫽ 0.9463529 1/4 ⫽ 0.25 1 2 8 32 256 15,360

1 pint, U.S.

⫽ 0.4731765 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1 / 2 ⫽ 0.5 1 4 16 128 7680

1 gill, U.S.

⫽ 0.1182941 1/32 ⫽ 0.03125 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1 / 4 ⫽ 0.25 1 4 32 1920

1 ﬂuid ounce, U.S.

⫽ 2.957353 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 128 ⫽ 0.0078125 1 / 32 ⫽ 0.03125 1/16 ⫽ 0.0625 1/4 ⫽ 0.25 1 8 480

1 ﬂuidram, U.S.

⫽ 3.6966912 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 1024 ⫽ 9.765625 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 256 ⫽ 3.90625 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 128 ⫽ 0.0078125 1 / 32 ⫽ 0.03125 1/8 ⫽ 0.125 1 60

1 mimim, U.S.

⫽ 6.161152 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 61440 ⫽

1.627604 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 15360 ⫽

6.5104166 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 7680 ⫽

1.3020833 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 19200 ⫽

5.208333 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 480 ⫽

2.083333 ⫻ 10

⫺

1/60 ⫽

0.0166666

Exact conversion: 1 liquid quart, U.S.

⫽ 0.946352946 liters

E.7

D. British Imperial liquid capacity measures (with liter equivalents)

Liters (L)

Gallons

(U.K.)

Quarts

(U.K. qt)

Pints

(U.K. pt)

Gills

(U.K. gi)

Fluid ounces

(U.K. ﬂoz)

Fluidrams

(U.K. ﬂdr)

Minims

(U.K. minim)

1 liter ⫽ 1 0.2199692 0.8798766 1.759753 7.039018 35.19506 281.5605 16,893.63

1 gallon, U.K.

⫽ 4.546092 1 4 8 32 160 1280 76,800

1 quart, U.K.

⫽ 1.136523 1/4 ⫽ 0.25 1 2 8 40 320 19,200

1 pint, U.K.

⫽ 0.5682615 1/8 ⫽ 0.125 1 / 2 ⫽ 0.5 1 4 20 160 9600

1 gill, U.K.

⫽ 0.1420654 1/32 ⫽ 0.03125 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1 / 4 ⫽ 0.25 1 5 40 2400

1 ﬂuid ounce, U.K.

⫽ 2.841307 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 160 ⫽ 0.00625 1 / 40 ⫽ 0.025 1 / 20 ⫽ 0.05 1 / 5 ⫽ 0.2 1 8 480

1 ﬂuidram, U.K.

⫽ 3.551634 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 280 ⫽ 7.8125 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 320 ⫽ 0.003125 1 / 160 ⫽ 0.00625 1 / 40 ⫽ 0.025 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1 60

1 minima, U.K.

⫽ 5.919391 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 76800 ⫽

1.30209833 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 1920 ⫽

5.208333 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 9600 ⫽

1.0416666 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 2400 ⫽

4.1666666 ⫻ 10

⫺

1 / 480 ⫽

2.0833333 ⫻ 10

⫺

1/60 ⫽

0.01666666

E. U.S. and British dry capacity measures (with liter equivalents)

Liters

(L)

U.S. dry measures

Bushels

(U.S. bu)

Pecks

(U.S. peck)

Quarts

(U.S. qt)

Pints

(U.S. pt)

British dry measures

Bushels

(U.K. peck)

Pecks

(U.S. peck)

Quarts

(U.K. qt)

Pints

(U.K. pt)

1 liter ⫽ 1 0.02837759 0.11351037 0.90808299 1.81816598 0.0274961 0.1099846 0.8798766 1.7597534

1 bushel, U.S.

⫽ 35.239070 1 4 32 64 0.9689387 3.8757549 31.00604 62.01208

1 peck, U.S.

⫽ 8,8097675 1/4 ⫽ 0.25 1 8 16 0.2422347 0.9689387 7.751509 15.50302

1 quart, U.S.

⫽ 1.1012209 1/32 ⫽ 0.03125 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1 2 0.03027934 0.1211173 0.9689387 1.937878

1 pint, U.S.

⫽ 0.5506105 1/64 ⫽ 0.015625 1 / 16 ⫽ 0.0625 1 / 2 ⫽ 0.5 1 0.01513967 0.06055867 0.4844693 0.9689387

1 bushel, U.K.

⫽ 36.36873 1.032057 4.128228 33.02582 66.95165 1 4 32 64

1 peck, U.K.

⫽ 9.092182 0.2580143 1.032057 8.256456 16.51291 1/4 ⫽ 0.25 1 8 16

1 quart, U.K.

⫽ 1.136523 0.03225178 0.1290071 1.032057 2.0641142 1/32 ⫽ 0.03125 1 / 8 ⫽ 0.125 1

1 pint, U.K.

⫽ 0.5682614 0.01612589 0.0645036 0.5160184 1.032057 1/64 ⫽ 0.015625 1 / 16 ⫽ 0.0625 1 / 2 ⫽ 0.5

Exact conversion: 1 dry pint, U.S.

⫽ 33.6003125 cubic inches

F. Other volume and capacity units

1 barrel, U.S. (used for petroleum, etc.) ⫽ 42 gallons ⫽ 0.158987296 cubic meter

1 barrel (‘‘old barrel’’)

⫽ 31.5 gallons ⫽ 0.119240 cubic meter

1 board foot

⫽ 144 cubic inches ⫽ 2.359737 ⫻ 10

⫺

cubic meter

1 cord

⫽ 128 cubic feet ⫽ 3.624556 cubic meters

1 cord foot

⫽ 16 cubic feet ⫽ 0.4530695 cubic meter

1 cup

⫽ 8 ﬂuid ounces, U.S. ⫽ 2.365882 ⫻ 10

⫺

cubic meter

1 gallon (Canadian liquid)

⫽ 4.546090 ⫻ 10

⫺

cubic meter

1 perch (volume)

⫽ 24.75 cubic feet ⫽ 0.700842 cubic meter

1 stere

⫽ 1 cubic meter

1 tablespoon

⫽ 0.5 ﬂuid ounce, U.S. ⫽ 1.478677 ⫻ 10

⫺

cubic meter

1 teaspoon

⫽ 1/6 ﬂuid ounce, U.S. ⫽ 4.928922 ⫻ 10

⫺

cubic meter

1 ton (register ton)

⫽ 100 cubic feet ⫽ 2.83168466 cubic meters

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of volume is theunderlined

cubic meter.

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

E.8 APPENDIX E

TABLE E.5 Mass Conversion Factors*

A. Mass units decimally

Kilograms

(kg)

Tonnes

(metric tons) (t)

Grams

(g)

1 kilogram ⫽

1 tonne ⫽

1 gram ⫽

1 decigram ⫽

1 centrigram ⫽

1 milligram ⫽

1 microgram ⫽

1000

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

⫺

0.01

0.000001

⫺

1000

1,000,000

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.000001

B. Nonmetric mass units less than one

Grams

(g)

Avoirdupois ounces-

mass (oz

, avdp)

Troy ounces-mass

(oz

, troy)

1 gram ⫽

1 avdp ounce-mass ⫽

1 troy ounce-mass ⫽

1 avdp dram ⫽

1 apothecary dram ⫽

1 pennyweight ⫽

1 grain ⫽

1 scruple ⫽

38.3495231

31.1031768

1.77184520

3.88793458

1.55517383

0.06479891

1.29597820

0.035273962

1.09714286

1/16

⫽ 0.0625

0.137142857

0.054863162

1 / 437.5

⫽

2.28571429 ⫻ 10

⫺

4.57142858 ⫻ 10

⫺

0.032150747

0.91145833

0.056966.15

1/8

⫽ 0.125

1/20

⫽ 0.05

1 / 480

⫽

0.00208333

1/24 ⫽ 0.0416666

C. Nonmetric mass units of one pound-mass

Kilograms

(kg)

Long tons

(long ton)

Short tons

(short ton)

1 kilogram ⫽

1 long ton ⫽

1 short ton ⫽

1 long hundredweight ⫽

1 short hundredweight ⫽

1 slug ⫽

1 avdp pound-mass ⫽

1 troy pound-mass ⫽

1016.0469

907.18474

50.802.3454

45.359237

14.593903

0.45359237

0.37324172

9.842065

⫻ 10

⫺

200 / 224

⫽

0.89285714

0.05

10 / 224

⫽

0.04464286

0.01436341

1 / 2240

⫽

4.46428571 ⫻ 10

⫺

3.67346937 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.10231131 ⫻ 10

⫺

1.12

0.056

0.05

0.01608702

0.0005

4.11428570

⫻ 10

⫺

Exact conversions: 1 long ton ⫽ 1016.0469088 kilograms

1 troy pound-mass

⫽ 0.3732417216 kilogram

D. Other

1 assay ton ⫽ 29.166667 grams

1 carat (metric)

⫽ 200 milligrams

1 carat (troy weight)

⫽ 31/6 grains ⫽ 205.19655 milligrams

1 mynagram

⫽ 10 kilograms

1 quintal

⫽ 100 kilograms

1 stone

⫽ 14 pounds, advp ⫽ 6.35029328 kilograms

* Exact conversions are shown in boldface type. Repeating decimals are . The SI unit of mass is theunderlined

kilogram.

Source: D. G. Fink and W. Beaty (eds.), Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 12th ed., McGraw-Hill,

N.Y., 1987.

CONVERSION FACTORS E.9

related to kilogram

Decigrams

(dg)

Centigrams

(cg)

Milligrams

(mg)

Micrograms

(

␮

10,000

0.1

0.01

0.00001

100,000

100

0.1

0.0001

1,000,000

1000

100

0.001

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1000

pound-mass (with gram equivalents)

Avoirdupois drams

(dr avdp)

Apothecary drams

(dr apoth)

Pennyweights

(dwt)

Grains

(grain)

Scruples

(scruple)

0.56438339

17.5542857

2.19428570

0.87771428

3.65714285

⫻ 10

⫺

0.73142857

0.25720597

7.29166666

0.45572917

1 / 2.5

⫽ 0.4

1/60

⫽

0.010666666

1/3 ⫽ 0.33333333

0.64301493

18.2271667

1.13932292

2.5

1/24

⫽

0.04166666

5/6 ⫽ 0.83333333

15.4323584

437.5

480

27.34375

0.77161792

21.875

1.3671875

1.2

0.05

and greater (with kilogram equivalents)

Long

hundredweights

(long cwt)

Short

hundredweights

(short cwt)

Slugs

(slug)

Avoirdupois

pounds-mass

(lb

, avdp)

Troy

pounds-mass

(lb

, troy)

1.96841131 ⫻ 10

⫺

400 / 224

⫽

17.8571429

100/ / 112

⫽

0.89285714

0.2872683

1 / 112

⫽

8.92857143 ⫻ 10

⫺

7.34693879 ⫻ 10

⫺

2.20462262 ⫻ 10

⫺

22.4

1.12

0.3217405

0.01

8.22857145

⫻ 10

⫺

0.06852177

69.621329

62.161901

3.4810664

3.1080950

⫻ 10

⫺

0.02557518

2.20462262

2240

2000

112

100

32.17405

0.82285714

2.67922889

2722.22222

2430.55555

136.111111

121.527777

39.100406

1.215277777

mass units