Лекции - Конспект лекций по курсу Радиоастрономия
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2001
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Dhgki_dle_dpbc
ihdmjkm©JZ^bhZkljhghfbyª
2001
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4
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logN–logS ............................................................................. 180
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5
Гл а в а 1. Введение
1.1. Исторический обзор
1931–1932 . -
. 14.6 . -
. -
,
. -
; ,
( ) .
1937 . -
9.5 . 9
33
( ,
,
).
. 1939 . -
1.87
(
ν=160 ). 1940- . -
[Reber G. Astrophys. J., 1940, 91, 621;
1944, 100, 279],
-
. 1948 .
62.5 (ν = 480 ).
, .
1942 . -
-
. -
, -
( , , -
).
-
3 10 . -
, -
. -
1945 . λ = 1.25 .
6
22 , ,
-
. -
, .
.
1945 . .
1960- ., , -
.
, -
, . -
, -
. -
,
: ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
λ
=21 . 1944 . ,
, -
-
.
λ=21 .
. . 1949 . [ , 26,
10],
λ = 21 . -
, -
OH (λ = 18 ) CH (λ = 9 ).
λ = 21
1951 .
, .
λ = 21
1950- .
(
),
.
OH
CH ( 1963
1973
. ).
7
.
. -
(
).
76 , -
1957 . -
: 64- ( ), 91- NRAO ( ,
), 300- ( - ), 100- ( ).
: (
), 22-
, — -600
.
, λ
min
~ 1 :
15-
SEST, , 30- -
IRAM 45-
(
). -
,
25
. VLA ( , ), MERLIN
(
), ( ), ATCA ( ).
-
10–15 , ( ), BIMA
(
, ). -
EVN, -
, VLBA (10
). ALMA
(Atacama Large Millimeter Array)
64- 12-
[ 14 , 0.02″λ( )] -
SKA (Square Kilometer Array)
1
2
0.1 20 .
-
.
.
« » 4·10
5
.
8
-
. – -
,
, -
( , , ).
1946 .
. (λ = 1.7 ). -
( -
, A). -
(1948) -
A (< 8′). (1948)
A
– . 1952 .
A
, -
10
45
/ . ,
, 1950 .
λ = 1.9 , 6 . -
, : -
, -
.
, -
, .
[3, 4, 49, 51]. -
.
( 3C, 4C,
5C, 6C),
(PKS, MSH), -
(CTA–CTD),
(NRAO), (B1, B2), -
(OA–OZ), -
(W).
-
( ) 1973 .
(λλ 7.5, 3 2 ) -
-600.
9
.
, -
(« »). -
-
. -
. 1963 . .
, .
-
, -
; -
.
(
, ) -
. (V > 13
m
), ,
10
45
/ . -
(« »).
. 1965 .
( ) 7
, -
.
, -
T
b
= 2.7 K. ,
(« ») ,
; – -
« ». ,
. . , « ». 1978 . -
.
. (CN, CH,
CH
+
) -
1930- .
-
. 1963 . OH λ = 18 ,
. . ,
A, 1965 . – -
10
, -
. ,
OH
–
« ». 1968 .
NH
3
(λ = 1.25 ) -
H
2
O (λ = 1.35 ). -
( λ = 6 ), CO (λ =
= 2.6
) .
100
( 4000 , -
). -
OH, H
2
O, SiO ( ,
) , , CH
3
OH, HCN
H
2
CO. , -
13 (HC
11
N), -
, ,
- .
. 1967 .
,
.
: ,
. ,
.
1.5 4 . ,
, -
.
-
~1″ ; -
10
–3
″
10
–4
″ . , ~ 10
–30
/
2
,
-
.
11
1.2. Основные понятия радиоастрономии
, , -
.
, 3
30 . ( )
300
= 3⋅10
11
(λ=1 ). -
, - .
-
, -
O
2
( 55–65 118 ) H
2
O.
,
( ). λ ≤ 1
- ( , -
), -
.
1
, .
, .
( , -
, ,
)
I, , -
. dW,
θ dA dΩ -
dν, I :
dW = I cosθ dΩ dAdν (1.1)
I -
. I [ /(
2
) → /(
2
-
)] = 10
7
/(10
4
2
) = 10
3
/(
2
).
. , -
12
T. -
:
.
1
12
),(
2
3
−
=ν
ν
Tk
h
B
e
c
hν
TB
(1.2)
(1.2) h – (h = 6.6⋅10
−34
/ ), k
B
–
(k
B
= 1.4⋅10
−23
/ ). hν << k
B
T
(
). -
: ν=10
10
(λ=3 ), T = 100 K,
: 6.6⋅10
−24
↔ 1.4⋅10
−21
, -
. -
, -
-
– :
.
2
),(
2
2
c
Tk
TB
B
ν
=ν (1.3)
b
T -
ν
I :
2
2
2 ν
=
ν
B
b
k
cI
T .
T
b
– . -
, ,
, T
b
;
(
– , §5.3,
. 2.2) (
, ) T
b
.
–
, -
. , T
b
10
6
K, -
– 10
15
K. -
13
, , .
, ,
, : ,
. .
, , λ = 21 . -
τ ,
. τ>>1, -
,
. , T
x
1
-
-
( -
-
, -
)
-
(
,
-
)
-
(
, -
)
( -
; -
, -
-
)
-
( -
)
(
, ).
14
1
n
2
n , -
:
∆
−=
x
kT
E
g
g
n
n
exp
1
2
1
2
. (1.4)
E
∆ — ,
1
g
2
g —
. -
( ), -
.
(
,
dΩ). , , -
,
, -
. , -
I, dW -
dA: dW=I
ν
cosθ dW dA dν; I
ν
ν ÷ ν+dν.
,
∫∫
ΩΩ
Ωθϕθ
ν∆ν
=Ωθϕθν∆= ,cos),(
2
cos),(
2
2
dT
c
k
AdIAW
b
B
(1.5)
dΩ=sinθ dθ dϕ. W
ν, S
ν
F
ν
/
2
. 1
(1
) = 10
-26
/
2
–
.
– ,
-
. -
15
θ, ,
.
T
b
(θ, ϕ) ( -
), -
. ,
, . -
T
b
(θ, ϕ) , -
.
S
ν
ν . -
,
(« »), S
ν
(ν) – -
.
( ).
S
ν
:
178 1420 ,
A – 970 .
(
) -
10 (~10
–30
/
2
).
~10
( ) –
-
.
.
( , -
x):
,
ννν
ν
ε+α−= I
dx
dI
(1.6)
I
ν
– ν; α
ν
, ε
ν
–
( ν,
). α
ν
, ε
ν
( . 2).
(
ν
ε
ν
α ) , -
: -
, , . , -
16
.
. (1.6) -
,
()
()
() ( )
()
∫∫∫
′′′′
α−
′
ε+
′′
α−=
→
′
τ
′
νν
→τ
ννν
X
Xx
X
x
X
X
xdxxxdxIXI
0
0
0
expexp)0()(
(1.7)
. I
ν
(0) – -
, -
(x = 0, . 1.1).
, -
.
(x = 0) (x = X). -
, -
. -
. ε
ν
, x = x′. -
,
,
x = X.
, , -
, ε
ν
, α
ν
.
-
ε
ν
/α
ν
. -
( ). , -
. 1.1. .
17
.
. -
, , , -
, -
. , -
ε
ν
-
α
ν
, – -
, : ε
ν
/α
ν
,
, – B
ν
(T
c
) T
c
,
. -
(
). -
. ,
-
.
(1.7) :
I
ν
(X) = I
ν
(0) exp(–τ
ν
) + B
ν
(T
c
)[1 – exp(–τ
ν
)] (1.8)
I
ν
– (I
ν
∝ T
b
); T
0
– -
. -
T
b
′
:
T
b
′
(X) = T
0
exp(–τ
ν
) + T
c
[1 – exp(–τ
ν
)] =
= (T
0
– T
c
) exp(–τ
ν
) + T
c
. (1.9)
:
1) τ >> 1.
()
c
TT −
0
,
;
2) τ << 1.
-
:
ν
τ+≈ TTT
b 0
. (1.10)
18
-
, – .
– –
, -
. , -
,
.
T
0
( ),
T
b
′
( ν) = T
c
τ
ν
∝ τ
ν
. (1.11)
-
.
(1.9) ,
∆T
b
′
(ν, X) = (T
c
– T
0
)[1–exp(–τ
ν
)]. (1.12)
τ
ν
.
, , ∆T
b
′
(ν, X) ≡ 0. -
[1–exp(–τ
ν
)] -
, ∆T
b
′
(ν,X)
T
c
– T
0
. ,
-
; – . -
, -
.
-
-
:
b
(θ, ϕ) -
,
,
b
(ν) – ; -
,
b
(t) – . ,
. -
– -
b
(ν) -
.