Лекции - Конспект лекций по курсу Радиоастрономия
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59
, -
.
. , -
– :
, -
.
m
Tk
B
κ
=
v
. κ
( ) 5/3.
-
.
, , ,
. .
« » , -
( , ) -
, ( . 3.7).
M –
: M =
=
v
/
v
. -
,
.
,
.
.
60
, II .
,
, ,
, .
II -
H ~ 2–6 .
ω = ω
p
± ω
H
.
.
IV . II ,
; , -
(
, ).
,
( ). -
. , -
, . -
. -
. , ,
III . , -
, (ω < ω
p
).
,
.
IV
V , IV -
( -
). 10
6
–10
7
.
. -
IV ( . [19]).
61
Гл а в а 4. Солнечная система
4.1. Луна
1945
. 1.25 .
. -
. -
.
, -
. -
,
, . -
, ,
-
( , , -
-
), -
. , -
, -
.
( ,
-
) -
400 K, -
120 K (
. 4.1). -
-
,
,
. , . -
-
. 4.1.
( )
3.2
.
62
. 4.2.
(4.2)
[9];
– -
-
.
. -
:
,
2
2
y
T
t
T
∂
∂
χ=
∂
∂
(4.1)
χ – ,
,
V
c
k
ρ
=χ
k – , ρ – -
, c
V
– . y = 0:
T = T(t),
-
).
-
-
,
:
T
b
(λ) = T
0
(λ) + T
1
(λ) cos[ϕ – ϕ
1
(λ)], (4.2)
ϕ –
(ϕ = 0° – , ϕ =
=180° –
), ϕ
1
– -
.
T
0
–
, -
( τ = 1). -
T
0
, T
1
/T
0
ϕ
1
λ . 4.2.
ϕ
1
. -
, , -
, ϕ
1
= 0,
, -
. -
63
– , -
. -
, -
. , -
,
.
8.6 10%, -
1–1.5 300 160 K.
,
, ,
, -
.
(4.2) ,
-
. -
T
0
T
1
. -
,
. ,
( -
) , -
–
(
. 4.1).
, (4.2) -
-
.
,)(
0
)(
∫
∞
τ−
τ= deyTT
y
b
(4.3)
τ = τ(y) – y: τ = yµ secϕ′.
ε
πσ
=µ
c
4
( , µ -
64
). ϕ′ – -
:
.
sin
cos
2
ε
ϕ−ε
=ϕ
′
-
λ
=µ
02.0
.
(4.3)
T(y) e
–0.02y
. , , , λ = 1 -
τ = 1 y =
50
,
. , -
.
,
, , « » -
« »; ,
.
, -
.
- -
-
. :
-
, ,
– , . p
ε .
p, , ε 1.9 (λ = 6 ) 2.4 (λ = 20 ).
, -
. -
,
, 6
.
65
4.2. Собственное радиоизлучение планет и комет
. ,
-
, , :
,4)1(
4
422
2
TrAr
R
L
σπ=−π
π
(4.4)
– -
R ,
r πr
2
/4πR
2
;
A –
. ,
, -
-
(
). -
, :
,)1(279
¼½
ART
eq
−=
−
(4.5)
R -
.
3
-
(
–
).
, .
3
λ,
T
b
, K
1962 3.6 320
1956 3.15 750
1956 3.15 210
1955 3.15 145
1957 3.5
106 ± 21
1971 3.7
11.1
189 ± 7
195 ± 30
1971 3.7
11.1
190 ± 20
201 ± 40
1986 0.12 39–43
1982 6
2
112 ± 40
128 ± 40
1982 6
2
66
. ( , ) -
.
δ. δ 2 ,
, SiO
2
( ).
( λ ).
, ; -
.
. 1956 .
~750 K.
(
), -
.
. 90%
, -
- 2.3–4.6 , ,
.
- « » -
, . -
, -
, –45°C,
. 20 « » -
. , .
– -
.
.
, – -
. -
.
-
ω < ω
p
– , -
.
-
. – -
( ). , -
67
, –
. – (
).
.
T
b
10
17
K.
T
b
– (§2.3).
. -
. (1 24 37 ).
, .
, -
, ,
( ). -
.
.
1955 . 22 .
, -
. ,
( -
) ,
10
6
. – -
. -
(
7
) ,
.
0.1–1
(
15 ). 5
43
, – 18 .
10
15
K. -
, , 100%.
, ∆ν~1 . -
, -
: -
,
.
, . -
68
(
, §2.3).
-
– , T
b
-
, .
~9
–
, -
~30
. 70 T
b
~ 5⋅10
4
K.
,
( . 4.3). –
.
16–22
1994 ., -
Shoemaker–Levy 9.
.
4–7 20–30% -
.
VLA (λ = 20 90 )
– , -
. 4.3. , -
(ν = 7–34 ) -
.
. -
. -
. 4.3. -
.
69
, (4.5), 80 K, T = 120 K, T
b
(3.5 ) =
=106 K.
, . -
9 , -
, .
.
. , 1971 .,
190 K. 1978 . -
T
b
: 2.8 – 228±2 K, 4.8 – 243±9 K, 6 – 245±12 K.
, , ,
,
90°. 1978 .
. ,
, , -
. 1978 .
.
. , -
; , ,
.
.
1986 . 30- -
(IRAM) -
ν = 250 . 28.78 . .
S
ν
= 15.5±0.5 . 39–43 K.
,
1244 ( ,
) [Altenhoff W. et al., A&Ap,
1988, 190, L15].
.
–
. -
-600 : λ = 2
3.9
-
, 190 600 K . ,
, – . -
« », , -
70
, - -
. -
. VLA (λ = 6
3.8 ), T
b
= 87 ± 13 99 ± 35 K,
. λ =3.3 T
b
= 220 ± 40 K;
,
.
. 1997 . 6678
.
.
0.8″
. , -
( FK4, FK5) -
( -
). -
, -
. , λ = 6
2 T
b
~ 112–128 K ( r
opt
= 985 ), -
(4.5) T
eq
= 165 K. -
T
eq
, ,
818 .
. –
.
. -
– -
. -
-
. , -
. ,
.
, . -
,
. -
71
.
-
. -
CN, C
2
, OH, NH, CH;
CO
+
, N
2
+
, CO
2
+
.
( ) -
, -
– -
. -
, , -
.
-
Kohoutek 1973f 1973 . 1.4
1974
. 3.71 .
, ~850 , -
λ = 3.71 313 ± 80 K. -
,
.
IRAS–Araki–Alcock 1983d.
1.3
9
.
.
100 -
1 .
P/Halley (
76
),
1986 . 22
43
;
1000
300 K.
.
.
P/Halley
2·10
6
.
-
Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1 Hyakutake C/1996 B2 (
72
400 ), -
30–860 -
. Hale–Bopp 44.2 ,
Hyakutake 2.1 .
2.8, – -
. -
.
( .
§5.5)
.
OH HCN.
.
Kohoutek 1973f,
Λ-
CH (λ=9
) OH (λ=18 ) HCN J=1–0
(λ=3.4
). -
(10
28
–10
30
–1
).
, OH, -
. West 1975n -
OH 1665 1667 , ,
1665 . -
, 1665 1667
OH -
λ~3080 Å -
.
Λ- OH
18
(§2.8, 5.5 5.6).
-
OH
. West 1975n ,
1665 . d’Arrest -
1667 1665 .
Bradfield 1978c .
Bradfield 1974b
6
16
–5
23
H
2
O,
λ = 1.35 . H
2
O, ,
73
IRAS–Araki–Alcock 1983d. -
-
(§5.6).
P/Halley. HCN J=1–0. -
HCN -
,
. HCN
, ~0.1% H
2
O, -
. -
,
, . -
OH. OH -
, (~ -
) ,
. -
OH 1667 -
. , P/Halley, -
1
11
–1
10
H
2
CO λ = 6 .
-
Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1 Hyakutake C/1996 B2. Hale–
Bopp
Plateau de Bure
1.5″–3.5″ HCN, HNC,
CO, H
2
CO, CH
3
OH, H
2
S, CS SO. J=2–1 CO
-
(11.4 ).
, . Hyakutake
NH
3
.
HCO
+
.
4.3. Радиолокация тел Солнечной системы
-
.
, -
,
. -
74
-
,
.
.
. ,
, . -
, ,
.
, d:
,
44
1
4
222
0
d
A
x
d
A
WP
effeff
π
⋅σ⋅
π
⋅
λ
π
=
(4.6)
W –
,
A
eff
– ,
λ –
,
2
4
λ
π
=
eff
A
G
– , ,
,
A
eff
-
, -
;
σ –
( ),
x –
(« » -
; , ),
,
1
1
2
+
−
=
n
n
x
n – , n
2
= ε;
x = 0.06–0.07.
,
ν∆τ
ν∆
=
Tk
P
B
(4.7)
T
– , ∆ν – ,
τ –
, ν∆τ – .
75
/
.
4
42
2
0
ν∆
τ
⋅
πλ
σ
=
B
eff
Tkd
xWA
P
P
(4.8)
,
.
. -
, -
. -
A
eff
2
A
eff1
⋅A
eff2
.
.
, :
, , 70 , λ = 39 ;
, , 305 , λ = 12.6 ;
, , 64 , λ = 3.5 12.6 ,
-
VLA.
, . -
.
λ
=
ν
=ν∆
vv 44
c
, ν –
, v –
-
. 4
- ,
2v ,
,
ν
. 4.4.
76
c
vν
=ν∆
, , -
.
c
vν
=ν∆
.
( . 4.4), -
-
. , -
c
0
0
vν
−=ν∆
, v
0
–
.
,
,
, ,
. -
( , -
).
,
.
(
) ∆t = 2R/c, R – .
∆ν -
∆t ,
. ∆ν ∆t -
, « ».
, ,
, ∆ν ∆t .
i,
-
, i. -
-
. -
. -
-
-
77
,
( . ).
. , -
1946 . . -
, 8 20 . -
1 . -
–
Clementine, .
:
,
.
.
– ( ,
)
1.8
3
[ . . ., . , 1998, 32, 17].
. 1962 . (λλ = 3.8, 12,
43
70 ). ,
, 7 . -
, 59 ,
88
, .
1991 . 2.4 -
, VLA . -
15
. -
.
.
, , ,
.
, -
(7°),
.
,
[Nature, 1994, 369, 182;
Icarus, 1999, 137, 197
141, 194].
78
.
1961 . (
, λ = 39 ) -
.
: x = 11–16%.
-
, 243.04±0.03 , ( , -
117 ).
5°.
: 149 597 868 ± 0.7 .
1969 . , (D =36.6 , λ =3.84 )
x .
50×50
2
1969–1970 . .
. -
10×10
2
1972 . -
35 150 .
, 1972–
1977
., , ±10°
2 ,
1000
.
ε 2.7 ( ) 6.6 ( ).
1975 . -9
10 .
1979–1980 . -
- , -
38 .
-
. 100–150 , -
100–200 .
93% 60° . . 75° . .
, 6051.5 ; 27% -
, , -
.