Лекции - Конспект лекций по курсу Радиоастрономия
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137
. .
. 6.2 1612 OH
M- ( ) VY
. -
– , ,
V
*
.
OH ,
OH, , -
. « » ( V
R
< V
*
) -
- ( - ),
« » (V
R
> V
*
),
∆t = 2d/c, d –
, c – .
OH ,
d ~ (1–40)·10
16
. - -
θ,
(
)
D = d/θ.
OH 1612
. 6.1,
. -
, ,
. 6.1. OH 1612
IRC+10011 (
).
138
,
- . «OH/ - ».
, ,
, 3000 .
. IRC+10011 (WX Psc,
. 6.1) – .
. 6.2. M-
VY
1612
.
139
(H
2
O).
H
2
O 6
16
–5
23
1.35 (ν = 22235.08 , . 5.18)
, 1969 . H
2
O
. H
2
O
, -
. H
2
O
,
:
T ~ 1000 K n ~ 10
9
–3
.
. 6.3. .
140
(SiO).
J=1–0, (λ =
= 7
), 2–1 (3.5 ) . .
SiO
,
v = 1, 2, 3 ( . 6.3).
v = 0 – .
SiO
M S. – -
SiO . SiO -
,
, H
2
O ( -
v = 3 -
5250 K), SiO
.
.
, J=1–0 (λ =
= 3.4
) (0 2
0
0) -
. SiO, HCN
.
. ,
, CO J = 1–0, 2–1 .
M
(
) -
v = 1 SiO.
: , HCN, CN -
HC
2n+1
N.
(
)
-
, .
, (
) .
141
6.2. «Радиозвёзды»
« »
. -
Wendker H.J.:
ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/cats/II/199A/
( . . 6.4):
1)
,
– : S
ν
∝ ν
+2
;
2)
( - ) -
,
, S
ν
∝ ν
+1
;
3)
, ,
(PMS) , S
ν
∝ ν
–1
;
4)
( . §6.4), S
ν
∝ ν
–2
.
.
S
ν
∝ ν
2
.
.
(
ο
Cet, R Cas,
W Hya, α Ori, α Tau, α Sco).
.
( – –
WR
OB), ,
(PMS), , -
. M ,
M -
n(r) ∝ r
–2
. -
,
– (S
ν
∝ ν
0.6–1.5
).
.
UV Cet ( : UV Cet, AD
Leo, YZ CMi).
700 UV Cet.
142
( M
V
8
m
16
m
),
UV Cet
10 .
dMe. -
,
U B.
10
34
.
« »
(Pre-Main Sequence – -
T Tau), .
. 6.4. .
143
6.3. Радиоизлучение сверхновых и их остатков
– -
, -
-
. (SN)
: SNI SNII ( 7).
, , –
( SNI) -
( SNII). .
SNI
SNII – .
7
I II
-
∆m
V
>23
m
-
M
max
–19
m
–17…–18
m
10
50
10
50
–10
51
-
~1.5
M ~10 M
~0.5
M ~1 M
15000–20000 / ~6000 /
-
-
(Sb, Sc)
(1572), -
(1604), ,
1006
. . .
Cas A(?)
100 -
,
(SNI
SNII).
.
144
Cassiopeia A.
-
S ∝ ν
–α
, α ~ 0.8. (ν < 15 )
. ~6′. .
~7″. -
6000–7000 / . -
~200 / . -
~10 . -
[OI] [OIII].
-
: D = 3.4 . 4 .
. 6.5. G326.3–1.8.
145
z ~ 100 . , Cas A,
1658 ± 3 . . ., -
.
.
.
,
( .).
. -
-
(~25°).
, ( -
. 6.6. .
146
-
):
ψ = 2.54⋅10
4
L sinα HN
e
ν
–2
, (6.1)
L –
( ), α – -
, H –
( ), N
e
– (
–3
), ν – -
( ).
.
– .
α = 0.8,
γ = 2.6.
H ~ 3⋅10
–4
,
9
2
105.2
8
−
⋅=
π
=
H
W
p
/
3
.
,
(
). E ~ 10
7
,
30
. ~2⋅10
48
.
, (
). , -
~1% ; -
k (
p
∝ k
3/7
).
,
p
7 , ~5⋅10
48
3⋅10
49
.
. -
. -
π
=
ρ
82
22
Hv
, (6.2)
v ~ 10
8
/ , H ~ 10
–3
.
, , -
.
147
21 Cas A
3400 .
185 . . ., 1006, 1572
1604
. –
, α = 0.67 0.62 . ,
, Sgr A West.
-
. – (α = 0.4) IC 443.
. 6.7. Cas A 6 -
.
148
. -
2
1
2
1
3
−γ
−
+γ
⊥ν
ν∝ KHRS . (6.3)
– -
,
:
lc
E
R
lac
u
dt
dE
−=
v
2
, (6.4)
a ~ 1, l –
, v –
, u – , R –
.
E
R
dt
dE
R
lac
u
vv
−=→<<
2
, (6.5)
,
dEEKEdN
R
R
EE
γ−
=
=
0
0
0
)(; , (6.6)
γ = const,
,
.
∫∫
γ−γ−
=
2
1
0
2
0
1
3
0
3
0
E
E
R
R
E
R
R
E
dEEKRdEEKR , (6.7)
()
2
3
0
1
0
0
+γ−
−γ
∝= R
R
R
R
R
KK .
149
2
0
0
=
R
R
HH .
∝ R
–4
.
, H
⊥
∝ R
–2
( , H). -
:
const
sin
22
=
θ
=
⊥
H
p
H
p
( ).
p ∝ E, H ∝ R
–2
, E ∝ R
–1
→ p
2
∝ H, sinθ = const, → H = Hsinθ
∝ R
–2
.
()
γ=β→∝∝
β−
+γ
⊥
β
ν
22
1
00
0
RHK
R
R
S
. (6.8)
, R ∝ t → S
ν
∝ t
–2γ
, T
b
∝
∝ R
–β–2
. Cas A T
b
= 4⋅10
7
K, α = 0.8, β = 5.2.
1
%7.1=
∆
ν
ν
S
S
, -
( 1940- .).
( M1 , -
Tau A). 2 . -
m
pg
= 9
m
. -
, 3′×2′.
, . -
~1000 / , . -
– ( -
) ( -
,
). - ,
150
, -
.
-
. -
( . 6.6) S
ν
∝ ν
–0.28
(γ = 1.6).
– -
, ,
α = 1,
γ = 3. ,
( );
.
1 – 1
α = 1. ,
E ~ 10
11
–10
12
.
≅ 1.6⋅10
–9
/
3
. H ~ 7⋅10
–4
, -
8
2
103.3~
8
−
⋅
π
H
/
3
, 20 , .
( -
50–60%)
.
-
.
-
, 30 50%
,
( , -
, α =1.2).
PSR 0531+21.
(P = 33 ).
, -
. -
E > 10
12
. ( )
151
,
.
-
. Cas A,
%53.0=
∆
ν
ν
S
S
; 0.3%. -
, -
, -
.
(
, ν ~ 10
12
) -
.
, -
, , ,
. E >
> 10
13
.
,
, -
. -
:
.
– . -
~10
38
/ , , -
-
( ).
, -
, 1500 / ( – (1–2)⋅10
4
/ ).
, 1054 . . -
,
.
, : 3C58
(
1181 .) G21.5–0.9. ,
.
152
6.4. Пульсары
– .
,
. 1967 .
.
-
.
~1.5
~10 . 10
–9
,
-
. , –
P P .
(glitches),
, ,
( . 6.8). -
10 100. ( -
).
,
. -
10
38
/ .
. 6.8. Vela.
153
(~ 100 –
400
) (S ∝ ν
–α
), ( α ~
~ 3 ± 1),
ν > 1000 .
. -
.
.
. , -
-
,
-
. -
(
L/c, L – ):
t =1.345⋅10
–3
ν
–2
n
e
L [ ],
ν [ ], n
e
[
–3
], L [ ],
t = 4.15 (DM) ν
–2
[ ],
ν [ ], DM [ /
3
].
. 6.9. .
154
DM , -
-
.
-
. -
(
-
, . 2). -
∫
λ=θ dlHn
e
2
18.0 [ ] = (RM)λ
2
[ ], (6.9)
n
e
[
–3
]; H [ ] –
( ); l [ ]; λ [ ]; RM
[
/
2
] –
.
P P ,
DM
RM – , -
.
.
, P = 0
(
,
). , , τ
PP /~ . τ
, .
– , -
( ) –
1054
. . PP /~ ~2000 .
P
P
2
1
=τ
, (6.10)
½ – « ».
155
(6.10) 10
6
–
10
7
. –
(P = 33
) (τ ~ 950 ).
Vela (P = 89 , τ ~ 10
4
).
. -
P . ,
– PSR 1913+16. P = 59 ,
P
orb
= 7
h
45
m
. -
: e = 0.61. -
3.6° ,
.
, , , -
-
.
(« »)
. 1.5 ~10 .
.
-
« » -
. P < 10
–19
, -
, ~10
8
, 10
9
.
,
; –
.
: , -
« »
, -
.
PSR B1257+12 -
(0.2, 4.3 3.6 ),
, .
.
(~10
12
). ,
, ,
156
( . 6.10).
. E
.
3
2
3
42
dt
d
I
c
m
dt
dE Ω
Ω=
Ω
−=
(6.11)
2
2
Ω
=
I
E
– , I – -
, Ω – ,
Ω
π
=
2
P
–
, m – , -
. :
.
3
8
3
2
Ic
m
dt
dP
P
π
=
(6.12)
. 6.10. .