Kuppan T. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook

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1114

[Spiral plate heat exchanger]

description,

367

flow arrangements, 368

limitations, 23, 370

mechanical design, 369

thermal design, 368-369

SPIRELF system, 415

Split-flow exchanger

(see

TEMA

shell),

Sponge rubber balls cleaning system, 413-414

Spot radiography of cladding, 852

Sprayed-on epoxy coatings, 6

abili sat ion, 606

Stabilizers, 417

Stagewise inspection chart, 863

Stainless steels

(see

Austenitic; Duplex; Ferritic; Mar-

tensitic; Precipitation hardening (PH))

ASTM specification, 725

classification, 724-725

definition, 724

designations, 725

selection, 725

Stainless steel strip cladding

consideration for, 845

control of ferrite, 845

dilution, 845

heat treatment considerations, 846

inspection, 846

welder qualification, 845-846

Standards

API standard 660, 489

definition, 485

EJMA standard, 489

heat exchange institute standards, 489

TEMA standards, 487-489

types, 486-487

Standing waves frequency, 443

Stanton number, 193

Stationary regenerator

(see

Fixed bed regenerator)

Steam injection cleaning of fouling, 406

Steam side erosion of condenser, 568

Steels

carbon steel, 708

grades of steel, 708

high strength low alloy steel (HSLA), 708

low alloy steels, 708-709

Stiff borescope, 898

Storage type regenerators, 303

Strain age cracking of nickel weldments, 808

Strain on the outer fibres while forming, 963

Stress category concept,

5500, 524-525

CODAP formula, 523

TEMA,

518

Index

Stress corrosion cracking

(SCC)

of aluminum, 772-773

avoiding, 61 9-620

classification, 617

in cooling water, 652

conditions responsible for, 617-61 8

of copper, 788-789

description, 6 14-6

detection, 618

heat exchanger components susceptible

to,

6 16-6

of nickel, 804

susceptible alloys and the environment, 6

of stainless steels, 733-735

test for, 620

theory of, 618-619

thin walled expansion joint, 6 16, 6 17

titanium, 8 15

tube-to-tubesheet expanded joint, 61

U-bend, 617

welded joints, 618

zirconium, 824

Stress relief cracking (SRC),

Stress-number of cycles

(S-N)

curve, 670

Strip baffles, 452

Structural leakage, 336

Structural mass, 433

Sulfate reducing bacteria

(SRB),

623

Sulfide shape control, 698

Sulfur embrittlement of nickel welding, 807

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria, 623

Sulfureous acid cracking, 617

Superaustenitic stainless steel

(see

also

4.5%

su-

peraustenitic steels; 6%

superaustenitlc

stainless steel), 762-765

applications, 764

arc welding filler metals, 764-765

corrosion resistance, 763

corrosion resistance of welds, 765-766

hot cracking, 764

molybdenum microsegregation, 764

postweld heat treatment, 765

precipitation of intermetallic phases, 764

welding problems, 764

welding processes, 765

Superferritic stainless steel

alloy composition, 754

applications, 754

corrosion resistance, 756-757

ductile-to-brittle transition temperature

(DB?T),

756

fabricability, 757

PWHT, 758

weldability problems, 757

welding, 757-758

1115

Index

Supported tubesheet, 507

Suppression of standing waves

antivibration baffles (AVB), 457-458

detuning, 455

fin barriers, 455

helical spacers, 455

irregular lateral spacing of tubes, 455

porous baffle, 458

removal of tubes, 455

resonators, 455, 457

solid baffle, 457

surface modification, 455

Surface geometrical parameters

hydraulic diameter, 177

surface area density, 178

Surface geometrical properties, 209

Surface oxide

on copper, 793

removal on nickel, 805

Surfactant, 416

SWAAT test, 1038

Symmetry property,

Tack tubes, 975

Tafel equation, 585

Tantalum

corrosion resistance, 825

cost, 826

heat transfer, 826

hydrogen embrittlement, 825

performance

vs.

other materials, 826

product forms, 826

resistance to chemicals, 825-826

welding, 826

Taprogge system, 41 3

Teflon

in chemical processing industry, 830

design considerations, 83

favorable properties, 830

fluoropolymer resin development, 83

heat exchanger fabrication, 83

reactor coils, 831

shell and tube heat exchanger, 830-831

size and construction, 831

Telltale hole in clad plate, 852

TEMA

shell, 16, 79, 256, 262

TEMA designation of shells

comparison of various shells, 262

E shell, 256

F shell. 256-259

shell, 259

[TEMA designation of shells]

shell, 259

shell, 262

TEMA standards, 16, 25, 45, 63, 134, 226, 227, 229,

248, 252, 255, 258, 259, 260, 280, 399, 424,

429, 434, 438,

440,

441,

442, 449, 457, 459,

460, 462, 478, 479, 501, 507, 517, 529, 536,

537, 542, 554, 559, 563, 600, 909, 987, 991,

995, 1002,

1005,

1006,

1018, 1022, 1024

Temper embrittlement, 707, 72 1-723

Temperature approach, 43

Temperature approach, in plate heat exchanger. 352

Modular construction, 349

Temperature cross, 43-45

for TEMA shells, 45

Temperature dnving force, 22

Temperature effect

cooling water corrosion,

645

corrosion, 587

fouling, 396, 418

scaling, 4 19

Temperature meet,

438

Temperature program, 22

Tests

determine susceptibility to cracking, 706

Thermal cleaning of fouling, 410

Thermal effectiveness, 23

charts, 38-41

Thermal mixing, 360-361

Thermal relation formulas and charts for

counterflow, 46. 47,

cross flow

mixed-mixed, 46, 47

Schedwill’s formula for

rows, 48, 50

single or multiple rows, 46, 48, 58

row-1 pass, 58,

2 rows-1 pass, 58, 60

3 rows-1 pass, 58, 61

4 rows-1 pass, 58, 61

tube rows in multipass arrangement, 52, 53.

55-

57, 58, 63

2 rows-2 passes, 53, 64

3 rows-3 passes, 53, 65

4 tube rows, 4 passes,

55,

tube rows,

passes,

55,

6 tube rows, 6 passes, 57, 68

4 rows-2 pass, 57. 70

6 rows-2 pass, 57, 58, 71

unmixed-mixed, 46,

53,

54,

55,

unmixed-unmixed, 46,

multipass heat exchangers, 8

93-

1 1

crossflow exchangers, 88-

shells in series,

El.?,

120,

126

1116

Index

[Thermal relation formulas and charts for]

[Thermo-hydraulic fundamentals]

El-?, 121, 126

thermal resistance of the separating wall, 27-28

El.:, 122, 126

true mean temperature difference, 27

123, 126

Thiobacillus thiooxidants, 625

El.2, 124, 126

Threshold agents, 403, 417

passes, 85, 88

Threshold chemicals, 41 8

two passes, 85

Threshold velocity, 612

parallel flow, 45, 47, 48, 49

Tie rods, 265

TEMA shells

Titanium

shell, 63

ASTMIASME specifications for mill products, 8

El.?, 73, 74

alloy specification, 8

E,.3

counterflow arrangement, 77, 78

fouling, 816

E,-] parallel flow arrangement, 77

grades and alloys, 810-81

El-,, 73, 75

as PHE, 817

counterflow arrangement, 79, 80

properties, 809-8

El.,,,

shcnl.

in refinery and chemical processing, 816-817

even number tube passes, 63

in surface condensers, 8 16

multipassing on the tubeside, 63

thermal performance, 8 16

odd number tube passes, 69

Titanium corrosion resistance,

shell, 69, 72

forms of corrosion, 8 13-8 16

shell, 72, 76

hydrogen embrittlement, 814-815

G 81, 82

resistance to chemicals and solutions, 814

Gi.:,8I, 83

surface oxide film, 81

813

Gi 4,125, 126

Titanium welding

Shell, 76

to dissimilar metals, 8 17

84, 86

filler metal, 819

1-2,

84, 85, 87

heat treatment, 822

shell, 76, 77

gas tungsten arc welding, 8 19-820

88, 90

narrow groove welding, 820

88.91

gas shielding, 820

1.4,

89,

in process quality control, 82 1-822

i-~i?~

ewnlr

in open air environment, 820

shell, 79

manufacturing facilities, 81 7-8 18

Thermal resistance monitors, 404

MIG welding, 820

Thermal shock test, 1038

precleaning and surface preparation, 8 18

Thermal shock treatments, 625

shielding gases, 8 17

Thermal wheel

(see

Heat wheel)

weld defects, 822

Thermoexcel fins, 390

welding methods, 8 17

Thermo-hydraulic fundamentals,

weldability considerations, 8

capacity rate, 27

Tomography, 9 19

convection resistance, 27

Total quality management (TQM), 876

energy balance equation, 29

Total resistance to heat transfer, 393

heat transfer analysis methods, 29-36

Toughness tests, 67 1-672

heat transfer analysis method,

Toxic and lethal fluids, 252

functional relationship, 36

Trace elements, 397

LMTD method, 32-35

Trane bent fins, 389

E-NTU method, 30-31

Transformation property, 42

P-NTU, method, 3 1-32

Transport processes during brazing,

o-P method, 35-36

Tube

overall conductance equation, 28

classification, 230

thermal circuit, 27

count, 232-233

thermal circuit variables, 27

diameter, 230-23

thermal resistance due to fouling, 27

duplex tubes, 232

1117

Index

[Tube]

layout pattern, 233-234

length, 23 1-232

low finned tubes, 231

means of fabrication, 232

number of tubes, 232

pitch, 233

wall thickness, 23

types, 230

U-bend requirements, 233

wall thickness, 23

Tube arrangement,

layout, 233-234

tube pitch, 233

Tube bundle,

bundle Weight, 246

outer tube limit, 247

sealing devices, 246

spacers, 246

tie rods, 246

Tube bundle assembly, 967-969

Tube expansion, 970-980

Tube-fin heat exchanger,

applications, I62

considerations for, 161

construction materials, 163- I64

with continuous fins, 164- 168

enhanced fin geometry, 163

fin height, 162- 163

individually finned tubes, 162

performance factors, 186- 192

plain circular fins, 162

surface selection,

68- 169

tube layout,

164

fouling

of,

168-169

manufacturing considerations, 169

quantitative considerations, 169

selection,

160

Tube layout patterns, 430, 434

Tube longitudinal stress, 520-521

Tube material

resist fouling, 396-397

Tubesheet, 243-246

demerits

double tubesheets, 243-245

conventional, 243-245

integral, 245

tube-to-tubesheet attachment, 243

Tubesheet bending moment,

Tubesheet design

assumptions, 509-5 10

basis of fixed tubesheet design, 512

boundary restraint,

10-5

1 1

conventional double tubesheets design, 532-533

[Tubesheet design]

curved tubesheets, 53 1-532

effective elastic constants,

1 1

fixed tubesheet design,

as per ASME code, 522

CODAP, 522-523

5500,

523-524

comparison

thickness formulas, 525

flanged tubesheets, 529

of floating head exchangers,

as per

5500,

526-528

as per CODAP, 526-528

fundamentals, 506-5 12

mean ligament efficiency,

1-5

modeling of the tube bundle,

510

modeling of the tube sheet,

510

per

TEMA, 515-522

rectangular tubesheet design, 529-53

thin circular plate on elastic foundation,

tubesheet connection with shelllchannel, 506-

U-Tube tubesheet formula,

per

5500,

528

as per CODAP, 528

as per ASME Code, 528

Tubesheet drilling, 966-967

Tubesheet to shell welding, 969-970

Tubeside heat transfer coefficient, 284-287

Colburn equation, 287

Dittus-Boelter equation, 287

Sider-Tate equation, 286-287

Tube-to-baffle hole clearance, 264

Tube-to-tubesheet joining methods

brazing, 991

explosive joining, 97

hydraulic expansion, 97

rolling-in process, 97

welding, 980-990

Tube-to-tubesheet joint welding

heat treatment, 992-993

joint configuration, 98

internal bore welding, 98

leak testing, 990

methods, 980

radiographic inspection, 991

seal welded joints, 984-985

strength welded joints, 985-986

welded mock-ups, 990

welding before expanding

after, 987-988

welding process, 98 1-984

Tubular heat exchangers, 178-

Turbining, 409

Turbo-B (Wolverine) fins, 390

Turbo-V fins, 390

-507

1118

Index

Turbulators for fire tube boilers, 38

[Uniform corrosion]

Turbulent buffeting

rating of metals subject to, 592

acceptance criteria, 436

of titanium, 8 13

description, 435

Unfired systems, 19-20

frequency, 435

Unified numbering system (UNS), 779

as random phenomenon, 435-436

Unmixed fluid stream, definition of,

Turbulence, 434-435

Unsupported tubesheet, 507

Turbulent buffeting frequency, 425, 435, 446

Upstream filtration, 403, 413, 625

Twin-plate heat exchanger, 357

Use of inserts, 415

Twisted tape insert, 381

Utilization factor, 330

Type 321 stainless steel, 606

Type 347 stainless steel, 606

Vacuum brazing

aluminum,

17- 10 19

Type

MnS inclusions, 655

Vacuum brazing furnaces

hot wall design, 1009

U-bend support, 452

cold wall design, 1009, 1019

Ultrasonic calculator, 930

semicontinuous,

1010

Ultrasonic plate tester, 924

Vacuum brazing sheet, 1019

Ultrasonic soldering pot, 103

Vacuum induction melting (VIM), 709, 754

Ultrasonic soldering of aluminum heat exchangers

Vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD), 709,

Alcoa 571 process,

1030-

1033

754

materials, 1029- 1030

Vapor phase organic cleaning of fouling,

Reynolds process, 1033

Varestraint test, 706

Ultrasonic testing (UT)

Vehicle durability test, 1038

acceptance criteria, 930

Velocity dependent damping, 437

advantages, 925

Velocity effect

angle beam technique, 927

on corrosion, 588, 645-646

applications. 923-924

on fouling, 396

A-scan presentation, 927

Vertical style plate, 361

calibration, 932

Vertical vessel supports, 570-57

code coverage, 925

Vibration test, 1037

couplant, 928

Video microscopes, 899

defect location, 930

Viscosity correction factor, 284

examination coverage, 930

Visual examination (VT)

examination procedure, 926-928

combined with computers, 899

limitations, 926

direct techniques, 895

probes, 928

during welding, 897-898

pulse-echo technique, 926

equipment, 896-897

recent developments, 933

NDT of raw materials, 897-898

reference blocks, 93

optical Instruments, 898-899

sensitivity and resolution, 930

prerequisites, 896

surface preparation, 927-928

principle, 895

test method, 921, 923

reference document, 896

of welds, 928-930

remote techniques, 896

written procedure, 924-925

written procedure, 896

Ultraviolet radiation, 403

Volume goodness factor, 387-388

Uniform corrosion

Von Karman streets, 426, 428

of aluminum, 771

Vortex flow direct contact heat exchanger, 339

atmospheric corrosion, 590

Vortex shedding

in cooling water, 651

avoiding resonance, 430

control, 590

criteria to avoid, 432-433

determination, 592

lock-in, 429

forms, 590

response due to, 433-434

material selection for, 592

single tube, 428

1119

Index

[Vortex shedding]

Strouhal number, 428-429

for tube arrays, 430-432

tube bundle, 429-430

Vortex shedding frequency, 428, 432, 446

VT (visual examination), 981

Washboard pattern

(see

Intermating troughs)

Watanabe number, 732

Water jet cleaning of scales, 42

Water treatment, 649

Wavy fin

(see

Herringbone fin),

175

surface geometrical relations, 177- 178

Weiland flattened fins, 389

Weld decay, 606

Weld defects

acceptance levels, 89

causes of discontinuities,

888

discontinuities,

888

faults in fusion welds, 889-891

types and their significance, 888-891

Weld dilution while cladding, 844

Weld neck integral flange,

540

Weld overlaying, 843

Weld surfacing

(see

Weld overlaying)

Weldability problems

(see

Cold cracking; Hot

cracking)

Welded joints, 503-505

Welded joint efficiencies,

504

Welding design

ASME

code, Section

IX,

884-885

grouping of base metals,

885

numbers,

885

grouping of filler metals, 886

A numbers, 886

numbers, 886

procedure qualification record, 887

qualifications, 886

quality, 883-884

[Welding design]

selection of consumables,

885

specifications, 886-887

symbols for welding, 884

variables affecting welding quality, 884

welder requalification,

887

Welding engineer data sheet

No.

493, 1032

Welding of nozzles to shell, 966

Welding of shell, 964-965

Welding parameters

essential variables, 886

nonessential variables, 886

supplementary essential variables, 886

Welding positions and qualifications,

888

Welding quality assurance. 867

Welding related failures,

708

Welding variables

(see

Welding parameters)

Winged spacers, 265

Wisconcian process, 304

Working pressure

(see

Operating pressure)

Working temperature

(see

Operating tempera-

ture)

Wulff process, 304

factor

(see

Watanabe number)

Yoke magnetization. 906

Zick stress,

570

Zircaloys, 823

Zirconium

alloy classification, 823

applications, 823

corrosion resistance, 823

limitations, 823

product forms, 823

resistance to chemicals, 823

welding, 824

with dissimilar metals, 825