Kuppan T. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook

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I104

Index

Graphite

temperature fluid properties ratio method, 144

drawbacks, 827

for gases, 144-145

heat exchangers, 827-828

for liquids, 145

impervious graphite, 827

for laminar flow, 144-145

properties, 826-827

for turbulent flow, 144-145

Grid baftle

(see

ROD

baffle)

thermo-hydraulic design, 13 1

132

Grit cleaning of fouling, 415

thermophysical fluid properties, 13

uncertainties in heat exchanger design,

Head designs

additional pressure drop due to, 158

front head. 263

additional surface area required due

to,

157

rear head, 263

by Cho’s method, 155-157

shellside clearances, 263-265

description, 149- 154

TEMA

designation for heads, 263

determination of uncertainties, 154- 157

Heat capacity rate ratio, 30-32

Heat exchanger effectiveness, 30-3

Heat exchangers

Heat pipe exchangers, 342-343

choice for intended applications. 25

Heat recovery system, 314

classification, 2- 19

Heat transfer area, 288

construction,

Heat transfer augmentation

(see

also

Heat transfer aug-

fabrication techniques, 24-25

mentation passive techniques)

fouling tendencies, 23

application, 374

materials of construction, 20-22

benefits, 374

maintenance aspects, 24

enhancement techniques,

overall economy, 24

active techniques, 376-384

requirements, 25-26

passive techniques, 384

selection criteria, 20-25

friction factor, 385

Heat exchanger design methodology,

major areas of applications, 390-391

computer aided thermal design, 138-

pertinent problems, 385

140

fouling, 385

overall structure, 139

performance evaluation criteria, 386-388

of shell and tube exchanger, 140

testing methods, 385

subroutines, 139

phase change application, 388-390

corrosion allowance, 146- 147

air conditioning and refrigeration, 387-388

design considerations, 129

for single phase, 374

design problems

in laminar flow, 374

rating, 135, 137-138

in turbulent flow, 374

sizing, 135-137, 138

Heat transfer augmentation passive techniques

design procedure, 132

additives for gases, 384

fouling, 146

additives for liquids, 384

maldistribution, 146

displaced enhancement devices, 380

performance failures, 145- 146

extended surfaces, 376-380

pressure drop, 140

rough surfaces, 379-380

contraction

loss

coefficient, 141

surface tension devices, 383-384

expansion loss coefficient, 141

swirl flow devices, 38 1-383

for compact heat exchangers, 143

treated surfaces, 378-379

due to flow turning and in headers, 143

tube inserts, 380-38 1

in nozzles, 143-144

Heat treatment of tube-to-tubesheet welding, 992-993

process specifications, 129

Heat wheel, 310

surface characteristics, 132

Helium mass spectrometer,

950

surface geometrical properties,

132

Helium mass spectrometer leak detection,

specification sheet,

detector probe technique, 952

for compact exchanger, 142

principle, 950-95

for shell and tube exchanger, 136

tracer probe method, 952

surface selection,

vacuum technique, 952

Index

I105

Helmhotz cavity resonator, 458-459

[Hydrogen blistering]

Herringbone trough pattern

(see

Plates)

detection of blisters, 660

HIC-tested A

16 steels, 660

susceptible materials, 657-660

High temperature attack, 620

Hydrogen embrittlement, 620, 656-657

High temperature resistant materials,

of tantalum, 825

alloying elements for, 674

of titanium. 814-815

low alloy steels, 674

Hydrogen induced craclung

material groups and service temperature, 674

avoiding, 693

nickel base material, 675

carbon equivalent to masses, 694-696

stainless steels, 674-675

preheating, 693-694

steels, 674-675

sources, 692

tests to evaluate, 675-676

susceptible material, 692

High theta plates, 359-360

Hydrogen induced craclung,

Hitachi bent saw tooth fins, 389

prevention, 655-656

Holographic interferometry, 934

steels, 654-655

Horizontal style plate, 361

testing specification, 660

Horizontal supports, 568

Hydrogen sulfide

Hot blow, 306

in cooling water,

644

Hot cracking

stress craclung (HSCC), 620, 653, 656

of aluminium, 776

Hydrostatic pressure testing of tubes, 690

chevron cracks, 705-706

of copper, 793

Ideal j factor for shellside flow, 284

crater cracks, 706

Identification of materials, 960

ductility dip cracking, 705

Image quality indicators

(IQI),

916-91

factors responsible for, 700-702

Imaging plate, 920

heat affected zone (HAZ) liquation cracking,

Impact and fretting wear, 424, 461 -462

703-704

Impingement protection, 249

microfissuring, 704

Induced draft vs forced draft, 19

192

of nickel, 797

Industrial regenerators 338-343

reheat cracking, 704-705

Inhibitors, 4 16

solidification cracking, 702-703

adsorption inhibitors, 893

of super austenitic stainless steel, 764

anodic inhibitors, 892-893

susceptible alloys, 702

cathodic inhibitors, 893

underclad cracking, 705

copper inhibitors, 894

weldability test, 706

descriptions, 630

Hot cracking of nickel, 807

effectiveness of inhibitors, 894

Hot roll bonding, 842

inhibitor evaluation, 894

Hot wall effect,

645

multicomponent systems, 893

Huey test, 760

passivation inhibitors, 894

Humidity test, 1038

precipitation inhibitors, 894

Hydraulic radius, 177, 317

Inspection

Hydrodynamic mass

(see

Added mass)

check list for components, 880-881

Hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), 656-657

definition, 878

Hydrogen attack, 677-679

design and inspection, 878

Hydrogen cooling environments, 653

vs.examination, 878

Hydraulic expansion

hold points and witness points, 882

by the bladder technique, 971

inspection guidelines, 879

by the 0-ring technique, 971

master traveller, 88

Hydrogen

objectives, 878

effects on steel, 653

scope for heat exchangers, 879

sources of, in steel, 653-654

third party inspection, 88 1-882

Hydrogen blistering, 620, 657-660

Instability, 425, 437

correction of blisters, 660

Integral roughness, 389

I106

Integrity of vacuum furnaces, 1023

Intergranular corrosion,

of aluminum, 773

of copper, 784

description, 605

mechanism,

606

of nickel, 802-803

sensitization, 606

of stainless steels, 735-738

of superferritic stainless steel, 756-757

susceptible alloys, 605-606

test for detection of, 607

weld decay, 606

IS0

9000- 1994 quality system

benefits, 786

contents of, 876-878

definition, 875

need for

IS0

9000, 875-876

principles. 875

Internal micro fin tubes, 377

Inverse configuration,

Inverse solubility effects, 403

Iridium 194, 91

Iron and manganese bacteria, 623

Iron oxide removal, 421

Isotopes. 9 13

Jacketing

(see

Panelcoil heat exchanger)

and

correlations

for bare tube bank, 193

for circular tube-fin arrangement, 194

for continuous

fin

on circular tube, 196-198

for flat tube array, 198

for louvred fin, 199-200

for offset strip fin, 198-199

for pin fin, 200-201

factor

(see

Watanabe number)

integral, 672

Jensen number, 364

Jet cleaning

fouling, 409

Joint categories,

504

K805 cladding alloy, 1036

Kirchoffs-Kelvin equation,

Knife line attack. 737

Labyrinth leakage, 336

Lace the tube bundle, 452

Lamella heat exchanger, 9- 10

Lamellar tearing,

complementary information test for, 699-700

conditions that promote, 697-698

detection of, after welding, 700

1nde.r

[Lamellar tearing]

locations prone for, 698

prevention of, 698-699

Langelier saturation index

(LSI),

652-653

Lap joint

flange,

540

Larson-Miller parameter, 724

Laser scanner system, 920

Layer type dezincification, 607

Lead embrittlement of nickel welding, 807

Leak testing (LT),

bubble testing, 949

gas leak lake testing, 949

halogen diode detector testing, 949-950

helium mass spectrometer leak detection, 950-952

in-service examination of exchangers for leaks, 952

methods, 948-956

pressure change test, 949

purpose, 948

ultrasonic leak detection, 949

written procedure, 948

Lift force, 429

Lifting devices and attachments, 57

ligament efficiency, 523

Liquation cracking, 703

(see

dso

Microfissuring)

of duplex stainless steel, 761

Liquid droplet impingement erosion, 609-6 10

Liquid-liquid heat exchanger. 16- 17

Liquid penetrant inspection

(E),

acceptance standards, 903

applications, 899

approved material, 902

evaluation of indications, 902-903

excess penetrant removal, 902

limitations, 899

merits, 899

method

visible dye, 901

fluorescent dye, 901

penetrants, 900-902

application, 90 1-902

time, 901-902

post

cleaning, 903

principle, 899

recent developments, 903

selection of developer, 901

standardization of light levels, 902

standards, 900

surface preparation, 902

test procedure, 901

written procedure, 900

LMTD, 22, 32. 36,

131,

269, 272, 274, 365

Local membrane stress,

500

Lock-in phenomenon, 429

1107

Index

Log mean temperature difference correction factor

22, 32-35

Logarithmic decrement of damping, 467

Longitudinal heat conduction effect on thermal effec-

tiveness, 216-217

Longitudinal seams, 965

Longitudinal varestraint test, 706

Low alloy steels,

classification, 7 14-7

selection

for

pressure vessels, 7 I3

Low carbon stainless steels, 726

Low theta plates, 359-360

LR stainless steels

(see

Low residual stainless steel),

LT (leak testing), 891

Macroorganisms, 403

Magnetic particle (MT) inspection

acceptance standards, 909

accessories, 909-910

applications, 903-904

demagnetization, 909

equipment, 906

evaluation of indications, 909

examination coverage, 906

formation of the particles pattern, 904

inspection medium

application, 908

inspection method

dry method, 908

wet method, 908

interpretation, 909

limitations, 905

magnetic particles, 908

magnetising current, 905

merits, 905

magnetising technique, 906

principle, 903

record of test data, 909

reference documents, 904

surface preparation, 908-909

test procedure, 904

written procedure, 905

Manganese sulfides (MnS) inclusions, 597

Manipulative equipment, 997

Manual cleaning of fouling, 409

Martensitic stainless steel, 725

Mass velocity, 193

Material control, 866-867

Material procurement control, 866

Material selection

(see

also

Functional requirements

of materials)

ASME code requirements, 669

Cost, 679-680

[Material selection]

equipment design features, 680-682

evaluation of material, 679

failure modes

service, 680

material tests, 679

principle, 667-668

for pressure boundary components, 683-684

raw material forms, 682-684

bolts and studs, 683

castings, 682

forgings. 682-683

rods and bars. 683

review of design, 668

review of operating process, 668

selection of material, 668-679

baffles, 684

shell, channel, covers, and bonnets, 684

tubes, 684

tubesheet, 684

Materials for heat exchanger construction

(see

Alloys

for subzero temperatures; Aluminium and alu-

minium alloys; Austenitic stainless steel; Car-

bon steel; Cast iron; Ceramics; Copper and cop-

per alloys; Duplex stainless steel; Ferritic

stainless steel; Glass; Graphite; Low alloy

steel; Martensitic stainless steel; Nickel and

nickel alloys; Superaustenitic stainless steel; Su-

perferritic stainless steel; Tantalum; Teflon; Ti-

tanium and titanium alloys; Zirconium)

Materials for hydrogen sulfide environments, 653

Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), 506

Mechanical cleaning of scales, 42

Mechanical design of shell and tube exchangers

basics of mechanical design, 495-498

design loadings, 497-498

information required, 495-496

mechanical design procedure, 497

sequence

decisions, 496

design of

bolted flanged joints, 538-554

cylinderical shell, 533-535

expansion joints, 554-567

headslend closures, 535-538

openings and nozzles, 565-567

supports, 567-57

Stress Analysis, 499

tubesheet, 506-533

design methods and criteria, 502-503

key design terms, 505-506

stress categories, 499-500

stress classification, 500-502

weld joint efficiencies,

504

Membrane stresses, 502

1108

Mercurous nitrate test, 620, 790

Mesroca cleaning system

(see

Brush and cage

system)

Metal coordinators, 402, 417

Metal ion concentration cell, 603

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)

categories of

aerobic, 624

anaerobic, 624

control of, 625-626

of copper, 624-625

description, 622-623

failure analyses, 626

of industrial alloys, 624

of mild steel, 624

sources of microorganisms, 623,

644

of stainless steels and weldments, 624

susceptible metals, 623

of titanium, 625,

815

Microfocus X-rays source, 920

Minimum free flow area, 179,

180,

182, 183

Minimum nozzle size, 249

Minimum thickness for heads, 536-537

Modal mass, 434

Mode shape, 433, 435

Modern ASTM A 387 steels, 722

Modine solder. 1028

Modular construction, 24, 349

Modular-block cylindrical exchanger, 828

Monogram, stamping of, 963

Multilayer clad aluminum brazing sheet, 1036

Multipass exchangers, I6

Multiple segmental baffles, 454

Munter wheel

(see

Heat wheel)

NACE Standard MR-01-75, 656

NACE Standard TM-02-84, 660

National standards

British standards(BS1) 1993, 486

DIN, German standards, 486

IS0

1993 standards, 487

Japanese industrial standards

(JIS),

486

Natural frequencies

of tube bundles, 463-466

of U-tube, 466

Nelson curves, 678

NESTSn' baffle, 455

Net effective pressure,

Neutron radiography, 920

Nickel alloy cladding, 846

Nickel and nickel alloy designation

INCO alloy C-280, 801

INCO alloy G-3, 801

[Nickel and nickel alloy designation]

INCO alloy HX,

801

INCOLOY alloy

800,

801-802

INCOLOY alloy

800HT,

802

INCOLOY alloy 825, 802

INCONEL alloy 600,

800

INCONEL alloy 601,

800

INCONEL alloy 617,

800

INCONEL alloy 625,

800-801

INCONEL alloy 7 18, 801

INCONEL alloy X-750, 801

Monel400, 799

Monel alloy R-405, 799

Monel alloy 450, 799

Monel alloy

K-500,

799

nickel 200, 798

nickel 201, 798-799

nickel-chromium alloys, 799-80

nickel-copper alloys, 799

nickel-iron-chromium alloys, 801 -802

nickel, pure nickel, 798-799

Nickel and nickel base alloys

ASTM specification for

tube,

804

classification, 798-802

favorable properties, 797-798

forms of corrosion, 802,

804

low temperature applications, 798

magnetic properties, 802

nominal composition of

INCO alloys,

800

INCONEL,

800

nickel-copper alloys, 799

pure nickel, 799

product forms, 802

product forms and specification, 802-803

Nickel welding

considerations while welding,

805-808

methods,

808-809

post weld heat treatment, 809

of precipitation hardenable alloys,

805

of solid solution strengthened alloys,

804

Nickel flashing, 1020

Nickel steel, 9%

edge preparation, 839

electrodes, 839

forming, 839

guidelines for welding of, 839-840

merits, 838

post weld heat treatment, 840

surface preparation, 839

welding, 839

welding problem, 839-840

Nil-ductility transition temperature (NDTT), 672

Index

1109

Index

Niobium (columbium in

US),

606

Nitrogen added stainless steels, 726

Nitrogen blanketing, 404

Nonconformance reports (NCR), 867

Noncorrosive flux brazing, 101 1-1017

Nondestructive evaluation

(see

Nondestructive testing)

Nondestructive examination, 867

Nondestructive testing (NDT), 891

acceptance criteria, 892

AWS symbol for NDT, 894

of brazed joint, 1025

capabilities, 892

cost, 892

inspection equipment, 893

methods

(see

Acoustic emission testing; Acoustical

holography; Eddy current testing; Leak testing;

Liquid penetrant inspection; Magnetic particle

inspection; Radiographic testing; Ultrasonic

testing; Visual examination)

personnel, 892

reference codes and standards, 893

ASME Code Section

893

selection, 892-893

and limitations, 894

soldered joint, 106

written procedures, 894

Nonwetting surfaces, 397

Normal solubility, 403

No-tubes-in window design (NTIW), 452

Nozzles, 249-250, 565-567

design loads, 567-568

reinforcements, 566

Nuclear grade (NG) stainless steels, 735

Number of transfer units, 30, 32

Number of tube passes, 247-249

Numerical finite difference method, 320

On-line removal of iron deposits, 421

Openings, 565

reinforcement pad, 565

air-soap solution testing of, 565

tell-tale hole in, 565

Operating pressure, 22, 506

Operating temperature, 22, 506

Operation cryogenics, 840

Operations list

for

drilling of tubesheets, 871

for fixed tubesheet tube bundle assembly, 871

for long seams/circular seams, 870

for nozzles on shelvdish, 870-871

for shell preparation and forming, 870

Organization, 866

Outside diameter of the tubes

Oven soldering

(see

Furnace soldering)

Overall conductance, 2 10

Overall heat transfer coefficient, 288

in clean condition, 394

in fouled conditions, 394

Overbrazing, 1023

Over design, 630

Oxidizing agents, 4 16

Oxyacetylene welding of Nickel, 809

Oxygen

concentration cell, 603

in cooling water, 643

ingress, 397

Panelcoil heat exchanger, 6-9

Parallel flow exchanger, 13-14

Parameter, RI,, 526

Parameter

523

Parameters

523

Parameters

X,,

526

Partial braze joint (underbrazing), 1023

Pass arrangements for flow through tubes, 247-249

Passing brushes through tubes, 4 13

Passivation, 586, 637, 649, 738-739

Passivity, 586

Peak amplitude of tube response, 434

Peak stress, 502

Penetrants

fluorescent, 901

visible, 901

pH effect on,

corrosion, 588,

645

erosion

tube inlet, 652

Pickling, 738

Pipes and tubes,

ASME code requirements, 688-689

ASTM specification for ferrous tubes, 69

defect detection, 689-690

mill scale, 691

selection for heat exchangers, 689

specification for tubes, 689

standard testing for tubes, 690

tubing requirements, 689

Pit producers, 598

Pitch ratio, 430,

440

Pitting corrosion

of aluminum, 772

of austenitic stainless steels, 730-73

condition for pit initiation, 598-599

in cooling water, 651

of copper, 784

critical pitting corrosion temperature (CCPT), 602

description, 595

1110

[Pitting corrosion]

detection of pits, 600

of duplex stainless steel, 760

gauging resistance

pitting, 602

mechanism, 599

morphology of pits, 600

of passive alloys, 596-599

parameters responsible for. 596

pitting index number (PRE,), 602

pitting potential, 599-600

prevention, 600-601

of superaustenitic stainless steel, 763

of superferritic stainless steel, 756

of titanium, 815

of zirconium, 823

Pitting factor, 600

Pitting index, 602, 731

Pitting potential, 599-600

Pitting resistance equivalent number (PRE

PEh),

602

Plastic coatings, 635

Plates

(see

cilso Plate heat exchanger)

Chevron plate pattern, 355

intermating troughs, 354-355

plate materials, 355

plate pattern, 353

Plate and frame heat exchanger

(see

Plate heat ex-

changer)

Platecoils

(see

Panelcoil heat exchanger)

Plate-fin heat exchanger

advantages,

applications, I7

172

corrugation selection, 176

economics, 172

features, 169- 170

fin geometry selection

herringbone fin, 175

louvre fins, 175

offset strip

fin

(OSF),

174- 175

pin fins, 176

plain fin. 172- 173

plain-perforated fin. 173-174

flow arrangements, 172

limitations, 17

172

manufacture and inspection, 177

matenals

construction, 177

mechanical design, 177

size, 171

Plate heat exchangers

(see

also

Plates)

all welded type, 358

applications not recommended for, 359

benefits. 35 1-353

brazed

type,

357

Index

[Plate heat exchangers]

comparison with shell and tube exchanger. 353

connections, 356

connector plates, 356

construction, 347-349

corrosion, 366-367

description,

4-5

Diabon F graphite type, 358

double-wall type, 358

flow-flex tubular type,

357

flow patterns and pass arrangement, 349

fouling, 23-24, 367

frame, 356

gasket, 356

glue-free gaskets

type,

358

limitations, 23, 367

nozzles, 356

plate, 353-355

semi-welded type, 357

specification Sheet, 370

standard performance limits, 35

thermo-hydraulic fundamentals, 36 1-364

heat transfer correlation, 362-363

pressure drop, 363-364

thermal design methods

E-NTU

approach, 365-366

LMTD

method, 365

tie bolts, 356

useful data, 351

where

use, 358-359

wide gap type, 357

Plate steels

ASTM

specifications, 686-687

classification, 685-688

quality description, 685

Plug type dezincification, 607

Pneumatic test

of heat exchanger, 995-996

of tubes, 690

Pneumatic testing of exchanger, 996

Polarization

diagrams,

585

measurement,

85 -586

Polymerization

(see

Chemical reaction fouling)

Polythionic acid craclung, 6 I7

Polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking (PASCC).

617, 734

Poor braze fillets, 1023

POP-A-PLUG, 613

Porcelain enamelled flat plate heat exchanger,

342

Porosity of regenerator matrix,

3I7

Post cleaning inspection, 410

1111

Index

Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) of welded joints,

ASME

code requirement, 855

annealing, 853-854

defects due heat treatment, 858

effectiveness of heat treatment, 858

effects on steel quality, 854-855

heat treatment charts, 855-856

methods

PWHT, 858

NDT after PWHT, 859

normalizing, 854

objectives, 853

PWHT cycle, 856-857

quality control during, 857-858

quench and temper, 854

solution heat treatment, 854

stress relieving, 854

welding related failures, 858

PREj,

austenitic stainless steel, 602, 73

duplex stainless steel, 602, 768

ferritic stainless steel, 602, 763

superaustenitic stainless steel, 602, 763

Precracked Charpy V-notch test, 672

Pressure drop, 363-364

in tubes and pipes, 287-288

Pressure vessel steels for sour environments, 660

Primary stress,

500

bending, 500

membrane,

500

Process control, examination and inspection, 867

Prod magnetization, 906

Prod spacing, 906

(liquid penetrant inspection), 891

Pull through gauge, 965

PWHT, 992-993, 997, 1000

of cladding, 850

of dished ends, 1000

of shells, 997

tube-to-tubsheet welding, 992-993

Quality control and quality assurance, 861, 864-866

aims

of,

864

ASME

code, 868

auditing, 874

authorized inspector, 868

defined, 864

documentation, 874-875

documents of the quality system

check list, 872-873

quality control plan (QCP), 869

operation process sheet, 869-873

economics of quality assurance, 873-874

management, 863

[Quality control and quality assurance]

manual, 866, 868-869

review and evaluation procedures, 874

retention of records, 868

system elements, 866-868

Quenched and tempered steels

compositions and properties, 7 16-7 17

description, 715

joint design, 7 17

postweld heat treatment, 7 17

preheat, 7 17

stress relief cracking, 718

weldability, 7 17

welding processes, 7 17

Radiators

fin density vs. fouling, 165- 166

mechanically bonded core. 167- 168

-row, 166- 167

soldered core, 168

Radiation recuperators. 342

Radiation sources, 9 10-9

Radiator manufacture by soldering, 1028- 1029

Radiography, 9 10

Radiographic testing

(RT)

acceptance criteria, 919

application, 9 10

density of radiograph, 916

documentation, 919

examination of radiographs. 9 17

full radiography, 9 13-9 14

gamma rays technique, 9 13

general procedure, 9

identification marks, 9 13

image quality indicators (IQI), 916-91 7

location markers, 9 13

merits and limitations, 91

panoramic radiography with isotopes, 91 3

principle, 9

processing of x-rays

films.

913

quality, 91 5-9 19

radiation sources, 91

recent developments in, 9 19-920

reference documents. 9 12

requirements, 9 12

safety, 9 12

sensitivity, 9 15

spot radiography, 9 15

surface preparation, 9 13

of weldments of pressure vessels, 9 13

x-rays and gamma rays, 91

x-rays clues to welding discontinuities, 9 17-9 19

written procedure, 9

1 1

-9 12

1112

Radioscopy, 920

Rating of a compact exchanger, 206-2

Shah’s method for rating, 21

Rating of heat exchangers

of compact heat exchanger, 135

inputs, 135

of shell and tube heat exchanger, 135

steps in rating problem, 137-138

LMTD method, 138

E-NTU

method, 137

Reduced frequency, 430

Reduced period, 320, 329

Reducing agents, 416

Regenerator thermal design

correlation for j and f, 319-320

design methodology, 334-335

designation of regenerators, 326

fluid bypass and canyover, 334

Galerkin method for, 329-330

heat capacity rate ratio, 324

heat transfer, 325

influence of longitudinal heat conduction, 332-333

Romie’s solution, 333

methods, 321

Coppage and London model, 32 1-325

E-NTUo

method, 32 1-329

A-II

method, 329-331

Rozelos method, 331

parameter definitions, 325-326

solution techniques, 321

surface geometrical properties, 3 17-3 19

thermal effectiveness, 32

thermo-hydraulic fundamentals

Regenerator mechanical design, 335-337

drive for the rotor, 337

seal design for

rotary

regenerator, 336

thermal distortion and Transients, 337

Regenerators

(see

also

Fixed bed regenerator; Rotary

regenerator; Regenerator thermal design)

construction material, 3

corrosion resistance, 3 15

description, 10-

1 1,

158

fixed bed, 307-309

fuel savings due

preheating combustion air, 305

gas turbine cycle with regeneration, 304

life, 3 15

recuperator, 306

regeneration principle, 303

rotary

type,

309-3

strength and stability, 3 15

in thermodynamic systems, 3

for

waste heat recovery application, 304-305

Regenerative burner, 340

Index

Reheat cracking, 724

Remote field slit eddy current testing, 945-947

Repassivation potential, 600

Resonance, 425

Reverse flange, 540

Reversing flow, 413

Reynolds number, 193, 2 10

Ring flange, 540

ROD baffle, 241, 297, 454

heat exchanger design, 297-299

Roll bending machine, 997

Rolling-in process,

amount of thinning of tubes, 974

basic rolling process, 971

criterion for rolling adequacy, 972

expanding in double tubesheets, 978

factors affecting rolling process, 976

joint cleanliness, 975

joint reinforcements by annular grooves, 978

leak testing, 980

leak tightness of rolled joints, 977

length of tube expansion, 974

mock-up test, 974

optimum degree

expansion, 972

rolling equipment, 97

sequence of tube expansion, 976

size of tube holes, 976

step rolling, 978

strength of rolled joints, 976-977

tube end growth during rolling, 975

Rolling of shell sections, 961-963

Root fluxes

protect stainless steel, 750

Rotary regenerator

(see

also

Regenerator),

comparison with recuperators, 3 13-3 14

desirable characteristics for the matrix, 3 12-3

drive, 3 10

for gas turbine applications, 3 10

merits, 313

operating temperature and pressure, 3 10

salient features, 309

size,

surface geometry, 3 10

total heat regenerators, 3 13

types, 310

Ljugstrom type, 309

Rothemuhle type, 308, 309

Rothemuhle regenerative air heater,

1 1,

308

RT (radiographic testing), 891

Ryznar stability index, 642

Salt concentration cell, 582

Salt spray (fog) test, 1038

Scrapped surface exchangers, 20

1113

Index

Sea-cure, 754

Sealing devices, 265

Sealing strips, 265

Secondary stress, 501

Selective leaching

(see

Dealloying)

Self cleaning fluid bed exchangers, 4 15-4 16

Sensitization

of austenitic stainless steels, 735-736, 748, 841

of ferritic stainless steels, 757

Sequestrant, 403, 416

Sequestrant and chelate chemicals, 41 8

Service oriented crack, 707

Shell, 247

longitudinal stress, 520-52

Shell and tube heat exchanger

(see

also

Disk and

doughnut heat exchanger; ROD baffle heat ex-

changer)

baffles, 234-242

Bell-Delaware method for rating, 275-280

classification, 252-255

constructional details, 229

design methodology, 265-290

crossflow velocity, 290-291

expert system, 299

heads, 263

shellside clearances, 263-265

shellside flow pattern, 265-269

shellside performance, 269

shell types, 256-262

sizing, 270-274

tube arrangement, 233-234

tube bundle, 246-247

tubes, 229-233

tubesheet, 243-246

Shellside passes, 249

Shellside performance, 269

Shellside flow streams, 265-269

Shellside flow patterns,

stream, 266-267

B stream, 267

C stream, 267

stream, 267

flow fractions for each stream, 267-269

F stream, 267

Shellside performance, 269

Shell-to-baffle clearance, 264

Single wall single image technique, 913

Sizing of heat exchanger,

compact heat exchanger, 137,

12-2 14

and optimization, 137

sensitivity analysis, 137

of shell and tube heat exchanger, 137

size

a heat exchanger, 137

[Sizing of heat exchanger]

steps in sizing problem, 138

LMTD method, 138

E-NTU method, 138

Sizing

of shell and tube heat exchanger,

Bell’s method for approximate sizing, 271 -274

calculation of surface area, 274

design considerations, 27

determination of shell size and

tube

length, 274

estimation of overall heat transfer coefficient, 273

guidelines, 270

method to determine number of shells, 273

specify the right heat exchanger, 270-271

thermal design procedure, 27

Skin effect, 943-944

Slenderness ratio, 448

Sludge fluidizers, 41 9

Solder bloom corrosion, 1037

Solders, 1027- 1028

Soldering of heat exchangers

(see

also

Radiator manu-

facture by soldering: Solders; Soldering pro-

cesses; Ultrasonic soldering of aluminum heat

exchangers)

of aluminum coils by flux soldering, 1029

cleaning and descaling, 1028

destructive testing, 1034

discontinuities, 1034

elements of soldering, 1026-1028

flux residue removal, 1029

inspection of solderd joint, 1033- 1034

joint design, 1026

non destructive testing of soldered joint, 1034

soldering fluxes, 1028

tube joint, 1026

tube-to-header solder joint, 1027

Soldering processes

dip soldering, 1028

furnace soldering, 1028

torch soldering, 1028

ultrasonic soldering, 1028, 1029- 1033

Soot blowing, 410

Sopt Varestraint test, 706

Sound hologram, 933

Sour environments

(see

Hydrogen sulfide environ-

ments)

Spacers, 265

Specific pressure drop,

364

Speckle interferometry, 934

Spiral plate heat exchanger

advantages, 369-370

applications

construction material, 368