Kuppan T. Heat Exchanger Design Handbook
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1094
[Air cooled heat exchangers (ACHE)]
design aspects, 221
design procedure,
sizing, 224-226
fan design, 222
as per API 671, 219
fin
material, 218
forced draft vs. induced draft, 220-221
header boxes, 218, 219
in low temperature environments, 220
temperature control, 220
orientation of tube bundle, 2 I9
recirculation, 22
1
tube bundle construction, 21 8-2 19
tube bundle-fin geometry, 21 8
AL-6X.
755
AL-6XN.
755
ALWL, 755
Alclad
(see
aluminium clad alloys)
Alkali dosing, 416
Alloys for subzero temperatures
(see
also
9% nickel
steel)
ASME code requirements, 834
aluminum, 834-835
austenitic stainless steel, 837-838
welding considerations, 840-84
1
carbon steels and alloy steels, 836
9% nickel steel, 838-840
copper and copper alloys, 836
crystal structure, 833
ductile-brittle-transition-temperature
(DBTT),
832-833
fabrication of cryogenic vessels, 838
nickel and high-nickel alloys, 836
notch toughness, 833-834
titanium and titanium alloys. 836
Aluminum brazing
alloys, 1014
filler metals, 1015
fluxing, 1015-1016
methods, 1016
precleaning, 1014
principle, 10
1
3
sheet, 1015
surface oxide removal, I0 14
temperature control, 1013
Aluminium for low temperature applications, 835
Allowable stress, 503
Alonized, 635
Alonizing, 775
Aluminum and aluminum alloys,
alclad alloys, 774
alloy and temper selection, 774
Index
[Aluminum and aluminum alloys]
diffused steels, 775
classification
of
wrought alloys, 767-769
for heat exchanger applications, 766
heat exchanger tubes, 770
limitations, 767
pipes, bar,
rods,
extrusions, and forgings,
770
plates and sheets, 770
product forms and shapes, 769
properties, 766-767
temper designation, 769
wrought alloy designations, 767
Aluminum alloy designation
lxxx series, 767
2xxx series, 767-768
3xxx series, 768
4xxx series, 768
5xxx series, 768
6xxx series, 768-769
7xxx series, 769
Aluminum clad alloys, 774
Aluminium, corrosion of,
chemical nature
of
aluminum: passivity, 770
in cooling water system, 774
corrosion prevention and control measures,
774-775
in diesel engine cooling water system, 774
forms of corrosion, 771-774
resistance
to waters, 77
I
surface oxide film, 770
Aluminium welding
corrosion resistance of welded joints, 777
filler metals, 777
hot cracking, 776
joint design, 777
joint geometry, 777
parameters affecting welding, 775-776
plate cutting and forming, 777
preheating, 777
surface preparation, 776
welding methods, 777-779
Aluminized
(see
Alonized)
Aluminum bronzes
(see
Copper- Aluminum alloys)
Aluminum dip brazing, 1016
Ammonia cracking, 617
Ammonia in cooling water,
644
Angle tube protectors, 610
Anode, 580
Anodic polarization, 584
Anti-oxidation additives, 402
Antiscalants, 4 16
API 913
Index
Argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD), 709,
754
Arrhenius law, 402
ASME Code, Section
11,
670, 1004
ASME Code, Section
111,
10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 424, 427,
428,430,435
ASME Code, Section
V,
919, 921, 929, 932, 937,
940
ASME Code, Section
VIII,
8 1, 482, 484, 494, 496,
497, 498, 501, 514, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529,
533, 534, 540, 541, 542, 554,
555,
557, 558,
559, 699, 702, 864, 865, 870, 882, 885, 894,
896, 929, 932, 940, 941, 945, 958, 987, 1024
ASME Code, Section
IX,
867, 884-885, 888, 901,
924
ASME Code, weld joint types,
505
Assembly of channeyend closures, 993-994
ASSET test, 773
ASTM A 353 alloy steel, 837
ASTM A 357 steel, 836-837
ASTM A 553 steel, 837
ASTM grain size, 833
ASTM salt spray Test
B-117,
1038
ASTM Test A262 C, 760
ASTM Test B 154, 620, 790
ASTM Test E208, 672
ASTM Test E399, 672
ASTM Test E813, 672
ASTM Test G30, 760
ASTM Test G 34, 773
ASTM Test G36, 760
ASTM Test
G
47, 773
ASTM Test
G
48A, 760
ASTM Test G 66, 773
Atmospheric corrosion, 590
Attachment of expansion joint
to
shell, 966
Attachment
of
microorganisms, 403
Austenitic stainless steel,
alloy types, 728
alloy development, 726
alloying elements, 728
composition, 728
cryogenic applications, 727
elevated temperature strength, 727-728
in heat exchanger applications, 727
mechanical properties, 727
properties, 727
type 304 stainless
steel,
728-729
type 310 stainless steel, 729
type 3 16 stainless steel, 729, 753
type 321 stainless steel, 729
type 347 stainless steel, 729
types of, 726
I095
Austenitic stainless steel
corrosion resistance of,
forms, 730-738
mechanism of, 729
passive vs. active behavior, 730
resistance to chemicals, 730
sigma phase, 730
stainless steel in sea water, 730
stress corrosion cracking in boiling water reac-
tors, 735
welding,
benefits of ferrite in weld metal, 743
chromium equivalent, 743
considerations, 742
constitution diagram, 743
control of distortion, 748-749
corrosion resistance of welds, 752
decay, 736, 737
De Long diagram, 744, 745
dissimilar metals welding, 75 1-752
ferrite determination, 745-747
fumes, 749
microfissuring, 742-743
mock-up test, 745
nickel equivalent, 743
porosity, beginning and end, 750
postweld cleaning, 752
postweld heat treatment, 750-75
1
practices
to
improve weld performance, 749-750
procedure variation, 744
roof fluxing, 750
Schaeffler diagram, 743, 745
sensitization, 748, 841
underbead cracking, 750
variable weld penetration, 747-748
WRC 1992 constitution diagram, 744, 745
Authority and responsibility, 866
Automotive radiators,
durability tests, 1037-1038
tests for corrosion resistance, 1038
AWS
Brazing and Soldering documents, 1026
Axial rigidity
of
the shell, 514
Axial rigidity of the tube bundle, 514
B-Jac program
for air cooled exchanger (AEROTRAN), 134
for
mechanical design (TEAMS), 489
for shell and tube exchanger (HETRAN). 133
Bacteria concentration, 403
Baffles
classification, 234-235
disk and doughnut baffle, 238
EGG-CRATE- GRID^'
support, 242
1096
[Baffles]
Grimmas baffle, 242
longitudinal baffles, 240-24
1
NESTSTM
baffles, 242
NTIW,
238-240
orifice baffle, 238
RODbaffles, 241
transverse
baffle spacing, 235-236
baffle thickness, 236
double segmental baffles, 236-237
orientation of baffles, 236
segmental baffles, 235
triple segmental baffles, 237
window baffles, 238
Baffle type damage, 460
Baffles dnlling, 967
Baking on effect, 396
Balanced exchanger, 14
Bei(x), modified Bessel function of the first kind, 514
Bellows, 557
design,
bellow materials, 563
limitations, 563-565
shapes, 563
Bell-Delaware method (for shellside design)
auxiliary calculations, 277-280
central baffle spacing, 276-277
crossflow velocity, 280
evaluation of geometric parameters, 275
input data, 276
heat transfer coefficient, 283-284
heat transfer correction factors, 277-283
pressure drop, 284-287
correction factors, 277-283
shellside parameters, 276
Ber(x), modified Bessel function
of
the first kind, 514
Beta phase attack, 608
Bimetallic cell, 582
Bimetallic corrosion
(see
Galvanic corrosion)
Biocide, 403,417,418,419, 625-626
Blast cleaning of fouling, 410
Block heat exchanger, 828
Bolted flanged joint design,
construction of bolted flange joints, 540
design procedure,
bolting design, 543-545
flange design, 545-554
gasket design, 541 -543
flanged joint types, 539-540
Borescope, 898
Boundary layer disturbances, 189
Braze stopoffs, 1012
Index
Brazing,
advantages, 1OOO-1001
of aluminum,
101
3-
1020
of cobalt base alloys, 1020
codes and standards, 1026
control of distortion during,
101
3
definition and description, loo0
disadvantages, 100
1
filler metals, 1002-1004
fixturing,
1006
fluxing, 1005-1006
heating rate, 1012
of heat resistant superalloys,
1020
inspection of brazed joint, 1025
leak testing, 1025
methods, 1005-1012
of nickel base alloys, 1020
post braze cleaning, 10 12
precleaning, 1004
process control, 1012-1013
quality
of
the brazed joints, 1023
quality system in brazing, 1022-1023
scale and oxide removal, 1005
of stainless steel, 1021
temperature, 10 12
time, 1012
Brazing filler metals, 1002-1003
Brazing furnaces, 1009- 10
10
Brazing methods
controlled atmosphere brazing, 101
1
dip brazing, 1007-1008
furnace brazing, 1008-1010
torch brazing, 1006- 1007
vacuum brazing,
101
1
-
10
12
Brush and cage system, 414
Bypass lanes, 26
1
-265
C and
S
technique
(see
Crown and segment technique)
Calibration of measuring instruments, 868
Capacity rate ratio, 14
Carbide precipitation in nickel welding, 808
Carbon dioxide in cooling water,
644
Carbon-manganese steels, 714-7 15
Carbon-manganese-molybdenum steels, 714, 7 15
Carbon steels
corrosion resistance, 7 10-7
1 1
fabrication,
7
1
1-7 13
hardness limitation for refinery service, 7 12
in feedwater applications, 710
in refinery operations, 7 10
killed steels, 709
for pressure vessels, 7
10
product forms, 710
Index
1097
[Carbon steels]
Cladding
(see
also
Explosive cladding; Stainless steel
rimmed and capped steels, 709
strip cladding),
semi-killed steels, 709
advantages, 842
weldability considerations, 7 12
ASME code requirements in using clad material,
welding defects, 7 13
852-853
welding electrodes, 7 12-7 13
cladding thickness, 842
welding processes, 7 12
failure of clad material, 852
Carryover leakage, 336
inspection of overlays, 846
Cast iron, 708
methods of cladding,
Cathode, 580
explosive cladding, 844, 847-848
Cathodic polarization, 584
loose lining, 842-843
Caustic cracking, 617
resistance cladding, 843
Caustic scrubbing, 402
roll cladding, 846-847
Cell density of regenerator matrix, 3 17
thermal spraying, 843
Ceramics
using plug welding, 843
drawbacks, 832
weld dilution, 844
engineering ceramics, 832
weld overlaying, 745, 843
favourable properties, 83 1-832
purpose, 842
heat exchangers, 832
Clad bond strength, 852
Ceramic bayonet tube heat exchanger, 340
Classification of shell and tube heat exchanger
Ceramic heat exchanger, 3 16-3
17
design features, 251
Ceramic-metallic hybrid recuperator, 3 17
differences between TEMA classes R, C and
B,
Characteristic flow length, 189
255-256
Characteristics of instability, 437
fixed tubesheet exchangers, 252-253
Chemical brighteners, 1019
floating head exchangers, 253-255
Chemical cleaning
of
scales, 420-421
selection, 255
Chemical reactants, 416
TEMA classification, 255
Chen’s Strouhal map, 430, 431
U-tube exchangers, 253
Chloride cracking,
6
17
Clip-on protectors, 6 10
Chromate inhibitor, 63
1
Cobalt 60, 91
1
Chromium carbides precipitates, 606
Codes
Chromium-molybdenum steel, 7 18-724
A.D. Merkblatter, 494
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
ASME Code, 490-493
advanced 3Cr-Mo-Ni steels, 724
Div. 1 vs div. 2, 492-493
applications, 720
Section VIII, div.
1,
492
composition and properties, 7 18
Section VIII, div. 2, 492
creep strength, 720
BS
5500,
595-596
filler metal, 721
CODAP Code, 494
joint design, 720
definition, 489
joint preparation, 720
Coil inserts, 374
Larson-Miller tempering parameter, 723-
Coiled tube heat exchanger, 2-4
724
Colburn j factor, 192
modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel, 724
Cold blow, 306
post weld heat treatment, 724
Cold craclung,
preheat, 720
defined, 691
reheat cracking, 724
fisheye craclung,
700
temper embrittlement susceptibility
hydrogen induced cracking, 692-693
CVN impact properties, 722
lamellar tearing, 696-700
step cooling heat treatment, 722
underbead cracking, 696
temper embrittlement
of
weld metal, 723
weldability tests, 706
welding metallurgy, 720
Collision type damage, 460
welding processes, 72 1
Collocation method for Regenerator design,
Circulation to clean fouling, 4 12
320
1098
Combined-thickness approach for clad plates,
503
Compact heat exchangers
(see
also
Air
cooled heat ex-
changers; Fin efficiency;
j
and f correlation;
Plate-fin heat exchanger; Radiators, rating
of;
Sizing; Tube-fin heat exchanger),
advantages, 12
characteristics, 159-
160
constructional types, 160
plate-fin, 169-177
regenerators, I60
tube-fin, 160- 169
j
and
f
factor correlation, 192-201
Complexing agents, 4 16
Concentration cell, 582
Condensers, 19, 165
Contact resistance, 189- 192
Contained fluid mass, 433
Coolant
fill
test, 1038
Cooling inclusions. 597, 655
Cooling tower,
11
Cooling water corrosion,
causes of corrosion in, 640-646
cooling water systems
once-through, 646-647
open recirculating, 647
closed recirculating, 647
vs. corrosion, 649-650
corrosion control methods, fj48-649
corrosion processes, 642
forms, 65 1-652
of individual metals,
aluminum,
650
austenitic stainless steel, 65
1
copper and its Alloys, 650
steel,
651
superfemtic, 65
1
superaustenitic, 65
1
titanium, 651
Langelier saturation index
(LSI),
642
materials for condenser tubes, 652
prevention of scale, 642
scale deposition, 641
scaling control, 642
Cooling water fouling,
biological fouling, 4
17
cleaning of scales, 420-421
in closed recirculating systems, 418
control of scale formation, 4 19-420
influence of surface temperature on, 4 18
iron oxide removal, 421
in once through system,
418
online chemical control of foulants, 418-419
[Cooling water fouling]
in open recirculating system, 418
particulate fouling, 4
18
scaling, 417
Cooperative research programs
HTFS,
158- 159, 269,430
HTRI,
158,
269,430
Copper alloys, corrosion of,
ammonia attack, 800
biofouling,
801
condensate corrosion,
800
in cooling water, 791
copper and aquatic life, 792
corrosion resistance, 784
dealuminification, 788
denickelification, 788
deposit attack, 790
dezincification, 787-788
exfoliation, 791 -792
forms of corrosion, 784-790
hot spot corrosion, 790
inhibited alloys, 788
relative resistance,
to
stress corrosion.
789
resistance
to
sea water, 791
snake skin, 790
steamside stress corrosion, 789-790
sulfide attack, 791
Copper and copper alloys designation
admiralty brass, 781 -782
aluminum brass, 782-783
aluminum bronzes, 782
brasses, 781
copper-nickels, 782-784
fire refined copper, 781
high copper alloys, 781
high purity coppers, 780
inhibited admiralty brass, 782
leaded brasses, 781
Muntz metal, 781
naval brass, 782
oxygen-free coppers, 78
1
phosphorous deoxidised copper, 78
1
silicon bronzes, 782
tin brasses, 78
1
Copper alloys physical properties
designation of copper alloys, 779-
784
copper casting alloys, 780
in heat exchanger applications, 780
product forms, 784
in steam generation, 780
wrought alloys, 780-784
Index
Index
Copper alloys welding
dissimilar metal welding, 796-797
buttering, 797
interalloying, 797
factors affecting weldability, 792-793
of copper alloys, 794-796
of high copper alloys, 794
PWHT, 796
Copper Development Association, 779
Copper-nickel, 10%, 783
Copper-nickel, 3070, 783-784
Copson curve, 733
Core mass velocity equation, 212-213
Correction of nonconformities, 867
Corrosion
(see
ulso
Cooling Water; Corrosion fatigue;
Corrosion resistance
of
individual metals; Crev-
ice; Dealloying; Dezincifiction; Erosion-corro-
sion; Fretting; Hydrogen damage; Intergranu-
lar; Inhibitors; Material selection;
Microbiologically influenced; Pitting; Stress
corrosion cracking; Uniform),
behavior
of
passive alloys, 586
brazed joint, 1034- 1036
corrosion kinetics, 584
electrochemical, 581 -583
factors affecting, 586-588
factors that favor localized attack, 589
forms of corrosion, 589
of iron in aerated aqueous system, 581-582
mechanism, 580-582
passivation, 586
polarization, 584-586
reasons for corrosion studies, 579-580
soldered joint, 1037
uniform corrosion vs. localized corrosion, 579
Corrosion allowances, 146-147, 367, 592, 630
Corrosion coupons, 638
Corrosion fatigue
of aluminum, 622, 773-774
of
copper, 622, 791
definition, 62
1
of ferrous alloys, 622
influencing factors, 621 -622
intensity, 622
prevention, 622
relationship with stress corrosion, 622
of titanium, 815
of various metals, 622
of welded joints, 622
Corrosion inhibitors, 649
Corrosion monitoring
approaches, 638
benefits, 637-638
I099
[Corrosion monitoring]
limitations, 640
offline techniques, 639
online techniques, 638-639
requirements for success of,
640
techniques, 638
Corrosion prevention and control
principles of, 627-628
by proper design, 628-630
modification of environment, 630
use of inhibitors
(see
Inhibitors)
use of corrosion resistant alloys, 630-633
bimetal concept
cladding, 633
duplex tubing, 634
protective coatings, 634-635
surface treatment, 635
electrochemical protection, 635-637
cathodic protection, 635-636
sacrificial anode, 635
impressed current method, 636
anodic protection. 637
passivation, 637
in cooling water system, 647-649
Corrosion resistance
of aluminum, 77 1-775
of carbon steel, 7 10-7
1
1
of copper, 784-792
of duplex stainless steel, 760
of austenitic stainless steels, 729-738
of
nickel, 802-804
of superferritic stainless steel, 756-757
of superaustenitic stainless steel, 763
of titanium, 814-817
of zirconium, 823
Corrosion tests of tubes, 690
Corrosion of weldments, 626-627
Corrugated surfaces, 38
1
Counterflow exchanger, 14
Creep embrittlement
(see
Temper embrittlement)
Creep resistant steels
(see
Chromium-molybdenum
steels)
Crevice corrosion
of aluminum, 773
control, 604-605
in cooling water, 652
critical crevice corrosion temperature, 605
description, 603
locations prone for, 603-604
mechanism, 603
vs.
pitting corrosion, 604
prediction,
605
of stainless steels, 732-733
1100
[Crevice corrosion]
susceptible alloys, 603
of titanium, 815
of zirconium, 823
Critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCCT), 602,
605, 732
Critical damping ratio, 433, 467, 468
Critical pitting corrosion temperature
(CPT),
73
I
Critical velocity, 437
(see
also
Threshold velocity)
Cross contamination, 352
Crossflow exchanger, 14-16
Crossflow velocity, 449, 453-455
determination of, 290-291
Crown and segment (C and
S)
technique, 999
Cryogenic gas liquefaction system, 18
Cryogenic separation processes,
304
Crystallization fouling
(see
Precipitation Fouling)
Cupronickel alloys
(see
Copper-nickels)
Curie temperature for nickel, 802
CVN test. 672
Cylindncal shell under internal pressure, 533-534,
535
Damping, determination of, 466
for
gases, 467, 468
for liquids, 467, 468
Deallo ying.
of copper, 787
description, 607, 787
influencing factors, 607
prevention, 608
Debris filter
(see
Upstream filtration)
Deflection equation for tubesheet, 514
Delaware method
(see
Bell-Delaware method)
Delayed cracking
(see
cold cracking)
Deposit analysis, 408
Depressants, 4 17
Desalting, 402
Design methods, 502-503
Design criteria, 503
Design problem
(see
sizing)
Design specifications, drawings, design calculations,
866
Design temperature, 22. 506
Design-by-analysis, 503
Design-by-rule. 503
Detuning effect, 454
of tubes, 454
Dezincification
(see
also
Dealloying),
in cooling water,
652
influencing factors, 608
prevention
of,
608
types, 607
Index
Differential aeration cell, 582
Differential temperature cells, 582-583
Digitization of radiographs, 920
Dimensional tolerance tests of tubes, 690
Dip brazing
brazing procedure, 1007
choice of flux, 1007
flux bath, 1007-1008
flux pot, 1007
heating means, 1007
immersion time, 1007
limitations, I008
preheating the assemblies, 1007
quality control, 1023
scum and sludge removal, 1008
ventilation, 1008
Direct contact type heat exchanger,
11
Directional property of aluminium, 772
Discontinuities
in brazed joint, 1023-1025
in soldered joint, 1034
Discontinuity stresses, 502
Disk and doughnut heat exchanger design, 291
-
296
Disk type rotary regenerator, 310
Dispersants, 403, 417, 419
Displacement leakage
(see
Canyover leakage)
Dissolved gases in cooling water, 643
Distortion agents, 403, 416
Divided-flow shell
(see
TEMA
G
Shell)
Documentation, 868
Double pipe heat exchanger, 2
Double segmental baffles, 454
Double wall single image technique, 9 13
Doubly enhanced surfaces, 381
Drag force, 429
Drains and vents, 249
Drilling and roding of tubes, 409
Drum type rotary regenerator, 310
Dummying of tubes, 453
Dummy tubes, 265
Duplex stainless steels
composition, 758-759
corrosion resistance, 760
corrosion tests, 760
NDT of welds, 762
process applications, 760
weldability problems, 760-761
balancing the phases, 761
heat input,
761
liquidation craclung, 761
welding methods, 760
welding practices, 761
1101
Index
E-Brite 26-1, 754
Economic benefits of regeneration, 3 14
Eddy current testing,
application, 939
ASTM
specification for, 940
automated tube inspection system
(ATIS),
947-
948
calibration, 945
inspection of ferromagnetic tubes
magnetic flux saturation method, 944-945
remote field slit eddy current testing, 945-947
inspection of tube interior, 944-945
limitations, 947
operating variables, 942-944
principle, 940
probes, 940-941, 943
configuration, 94
1
recent advances in, 947
signal processing, 94 1-942
test equipment, 941
test frequency, 942-943
testing of weldments, 945
tubesheet diagram for windows, 947-948
written procedure, 940
Edge effect, 943
Effect of minor elements on nickel welding, 805
Effects of
pH,
on corrosion, 588
on cooling water corrosion,
645
Effective tube mass, 433
Electrolyte, 580
Electrostatic scale controller cum preventer, 41 9-
420
Elements of brazing,
brazing methods, 1006-1012
filler metal selection, 1002-1004
fixturing, 1006
fluxing, 1005-1006
joint design, 1001-1002
post braze treatment, 1012
precleaning, 1005
surface preparation, 1005
Embossed-panel
(see
Panelcoil heat exchanger)
End closures and formed heads design,
conicaYtoriconica1 cover, 536, 538
ellipsoidal cover, 535, 537
flat cover, 535, 537
hemispherical cover, 535, 538
torispherical cover, 535-536, 538
End ring
to
weld tubesheet to shell, 970
Enhanced surface cavities, 389
Equivalent bolting pressure,
5
19
Equivalent design pressure, 523
Erosion-corrosion,
of aluminum, 773
cavitation, 61 1-612
in cooling water, 652
condenser tube failure, 609
control, 612-614
of copper, 788
description, 608
erosive wear, 609
influencing parameters, 609
impingement Attack, 610-61
1
pattern, 609
seals for plugging leaking tubes, 6 13
TEMA guidelines, 610-61
1
of titanium, 8 15
tube inserts, 613
Ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA), 4 18
Evans diagram,
585
Evaporators, 164
EverFin-40 (Furukawa Electric) fins, 390
Exchangers for air conditioning and refrigeration,
164-165
EXCO test, 773
Exfoliation corrosion
of aluminum, 773
of copper, 791-792
Expansion joints
classification of, 555-557
bellows, 556-557
formed head, 555-556
design
bellows, 563-565
formed head, 557-563
fatigue life, 564
flexibility,
555
Expert system, 300
Explosive bonding
(see
Explosive cladding)
Explosive cladding
angular cladding, 847
inspection of joint quality, 848-849
parallel cladding, 847
processing of clad steel plates, 849-852
forming, 850
welding, 850-852
tube-to-tubesheet welding, 847-848
end effect, 848
plug welding, 848
welding geometries, 847
Extended surface heat exchanger,
10,
159, 376-
378
Extension to other shells and geometry, 289-290
External circuit, 580
External lowfin tubes, 378
I102
Index
F. parameter for elastic restraint of the tubesheet, 515,
[Flow induced vibration (FIV)]
516
dynamical behaviour of tube arrays, 425-426
Fabrication of shell and tube exchanger
(see
also Roll-
empirical nature
of,
427-428
ing-in process; Tube bundle assembly; Tube-
evaluation procedure, 49-45
1
to-tubesheet joining methods; Tube-to-tube-
prevention guidelines,
45
1-455
sheet joint welding)
failure mechanisms, 425
details of manufacturing drawing, 959-970
flow induced vibration mechanisms,
hydrostatic testing, 995-996
acoustic resonance, 425
making of certificates, 997
fluid elastic instability (FEI), 425
nitrogen filling, 996
turbulent buffeting, 425
preparation for shipment, 996
vortex shedding, 425
shop floor practice, 959
hydrodynamic forces, 426
stages of fabrication, 960-997
mechanisms vs. flow mediums, 427
tlow chart, 961
possible damaging effects, 424
stamping of vessel, 996
principle, 423-424
Fatigue analysis, 494
probable regions of tube failure, 424-425
Ferritic stainless steels,
tube response curve, 425
conventional types 752-753
Flow periodicity
(see
Vortex shedding)
new and old types, 753
Flow reversibility,
41
-43
Ferrite,
in
duplex stainless steels, 747
Fluid bed regenerative heat exchanger, 338
Ferrite gauges, 745
Fluid damping forces, 436
Ferrous sulphate dosing, 649
Fluid elastic instability
Fill and
soak
cleaning of fouling, 412
acceptance criteria, 441
Final inspection and test approach,
891
analytical model, 438
Fin efficiency. 201
-206
Connors
analysis, 437-438
Fill factor, 943
design recommendations.
440-44
1
Fin-fans
(see
Air coolers)
fluid elastic forces. 436-437
Fin length,
301
instability criteria, 440-44
1
Finned tubes with surface modifications, 189
quasi-static model,
Fired systems.
19
stability diagrams, 44
1
FIV (flow induced vibration), 423
unsteady model,
J
Fixed bed regenerators
(see
C ~ C
Regenerators)
displacement mechanism. 439
checkers, 308
velocity mechanism,
440
merits, 309
unsteady model, 438, 439-440
settings, 308
Fluid physical properties, 209
shape, 307
Fluid properties and allocation factors, 250-222
size. 308
Fluidized bed waste heat recovery heat exchanger,
surface geometries, 309
416
Fixed matrix. 10
Fluid-structure coupling, 425, 437
Flame soldering
(see
Torch soldering)
Fluoroscopy, 920
Flange moments, 546
Flux removal test, 1023
Flange thickness, 546
Formed head expansion joint design, 562-563
Flexible fibrescopes,
898
Formed membrane
(see
Bellows)
Floating head
Forming of heads and closures, 998-1000
with
backing device,
254
Fouling
(see
also
Cooling water fouling: Fouling pre-
externally sealed, 254
vention and control)
outside packed, 254
costs of fouling, 395-399
pull through. 254
effect
on
thermo-hydraulic performance, 393.
395
Flocculating agent, 417
expert system, 406
Flow area goodness factor, 387
fouling curves, 399
Flow excursion,
413
fouling data, 404
Flow induced vibration (FIV)
fouling model, 400-40
1
approaches
to,
analysis, 427
fouling monitoring, 405-406
1103
Index
[Fouling]
gas side fouling, 401
gas side fouling measuring devices, 404
vs heat transfer augmentation devices, 398
how fouling is dealt at design stage?, 405
instruments for monitoring of, 404
mechanisms
biological fouling, 403
chemical reaction fouling, 402
corrosion fouling, 402
particulate fouling,
40
I
-402
precipitation fouling, 403
solidification fouling, 403-404
modes of fouling, 399
oversizing, 395, 405
parameters that influence fouling, 395-399
research
in
fouling, 405
stages of fouling, 399
TEMA fouling resistance values, 405-406
vs. type of heat exchanger
Fouling prevention and control
(see
also Fouling)
chemical cleaning, 4 10-41
2
by chemical additives,
4
16-4 17
foulant and common solvents,
41
1
solvent and compatible base metals,
41
1
cleaning techniques, 408
control of fouling from suspended solids, 417
measures
to
be taken at design stage, 407-408
mechanical cleaning,
off-line, 413-416
on-line, 409-410
Fracture mechanics, 932
Fracture toughness, 672
Freezing fouling
(see
Solidification fouling)
Fretting corrosion, 62
1
Functional requirements of materials,
brittle fracture, 671
corrosion resistance, 676-677
avoid these combinations, 676-677
favored combinations, 676
creep. 672-673
fabricability, 679
fatigue strength, 670-67
1
heat and corrosion, 676
resistance to temperature, 673-676
sources of material data, 677
strength, 670
toughness, 67 1-672
Furnace brazing,
atmospheres,
1008-
1009
brazing furnaces, 1009
controlled atmosphere brazing, 101
1
furnace heating, 1008
[Furnace brazing]
NOCOLOCKTh'
brazing,
I01
1
-
101
7
procedure,
10 10
vacuum brazing,
I01
1
-
10 12
Furnace brazing of aluminum, 1016-10
8
Galerkin method for regenerator design, 320
Galvanic cell, 580
Galvanic corrosion,
of
aluminum, 77 1-772
area effect, 594
of brazed joint, 1034-1035
control,
in cooling water, 65
1
of copper, 784
description, 592
distance effect, 594
electromotive force series, 595
galvanic corrosion sources, 593
galvanic metals
in
sea water, 595
heat exchanger locations susceptible for,
593
magnitude, 593
of
nickel, 802
of soldered joint, 1037
of stainless steels, 730
of titanium, 8 14
tools to determine the degree of, 595
types, 593
of zirconium, 823
Galvanic series of metals in sea water, 595
Galvanizing, 635
Gammascopy, 920
Gas tungsten arc welding of nickel, 808-809
Gas-gas heat exchanger.
18-
19
Gasket materials for plate heat exchanger. 356
Gas-liquid heat exchanger, 16
General corrosion
(see
Uniform corrosion)
GEWA-T (Weilaand Werke) fins, 389
GEWA-TX fins, 389
GEWA-TXY fins, 389-390
Glass, 828-830
applications, 828
borosilicate glass, 829
composition, 829
demerits of glass material, 830
glass-lined steel. 829
heat exchangers,
829
hybrid heat exchangers, 829
mechanical properties, 829
properties, 828
resistance to chemicals, 829
Glass coil heat exchanger, 4