The Fracture Toughness of a Highly Filled Polymer Composite 459
Thanks are also due to Dr Richard Underwood who performed the roughness
measurements. We are also grateful to Dr Lynda White, Mathematics Department,
Imperial College London, for her help with the statistical analysis.
References
1. Obakponovwe, O., Williams, J.G.: Temperature Effects on the Fatigue of Highly Filled
PMMA. J. Mat. Sci. 41, 4976–4986 (2006)
2. Stapountzi, O.A., Charalambides, M.N., Williams, J.G.: Micromechanical models for
stiffness prediction of alumna trihydrate (ATH) reinforced PMMA: effect of volume
fraction and temperature. Comp. Sci. & Tech. 69, 2015–2023 (2009)
3. Williams, J.G.: Particle toughening of Polymers by Plastic Void Growth. Comp. Sci. &
Tech. 70, 885–891 (2010)
4. Morgan, G.P., Ward, I.M.: Temperature dependence of craze shape and fracture in Poly
(methyl methacrylate). Polymer 18, 87–91 (1977)
Appendix: Statistical Parameters
The data is analysed via a linear regression of,
1
Ym c
φ
−
=+
which may be written as y=mx + c. Each set of data (at each temperature) are y
i
and x
i.
The parameters used are
22
1
1
11
ˆ
and==
∑
n
n
ii
xx x x
nn
From a best fit analysis we may find m, c and R
2
, the correlation coefficient. The
standard deviations for the various parameters are.
For m,
2
2
2
1
1
2
⎛⎞
=−
⎜⎟
−
⎝⎠
m
m
S
nR
-c,
222
ˆ
=
cm
SxS
-c/m,
2
22
2
2
ˆ
2
⎡⎤
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
=++
⎢⎥
⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
⎢⎥
⎣⎦
cm
SS
cc
xx
mm m m
m
2
/-c,
2
2
22
2
22
22
22
ˆ
1414
⎤
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
⎛⎞ ⎛⎞ ⎛⎞
⎥=++++
⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
⎜⎟ ⎜⎟ ⎜⎟
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
⎥
⎝⎠ ⎝⎠
⎦
mmm
m
S
SSmm m
Sx x
cc c m c m
For all the sets used
ˆ
2.42, 2.43, and =9.==xx n