52
fnaea 2. Vlcropnn
pa3Bhrnfl
h coBpeMeHHbte
npeacraale+nfl...
<<.4oKa3aHlrofi>> TaI(Xe B
pe3y,'IbTaTe
BepuolIKaIIHl'I,
IOCKOJIbKy HI{KaKHe
yT-
BepxAeHHt
o
Saxrax
(yponeHr
vacrHbIX
BblcKa3LIBaHuii)
rre uoryr cJlyxl{rl
ocHoBaHrleM
A,'Ifl
npI{3HaHI'j'g,VLCTIIHHOCTU
TeOpeTnr{eCKOIO
IO,'IOXeHI{.{,
Bbl-
paxer{Horo
Ha
ypoB}Ie yr{uBepca,'Ibuoro
(o6o6rqeHuoro) BbIcl{a3blBaHI{s.
flpyrulur
cJ'roBaMu,
perrb
HAer
o roM,
qro
HI{KaI{oe MHoxecrBo
AaHHblx
B
rlo,rlb3y
3xcnepuMeHTa,'IbHoI"I rrllrore3bl
He craHoBHTcl
ocHoBallueu,
vro6lt
cqI{TaTb Bbrcxa3aHHoe
B r}IrloTe3e [peArIoJIo)KeHue
IICTI{HHbllvl.
HayvHrte
o6o6ts\eruug, He crpo.trcs I{HAyKTIIBHo.
BcerAa
cJleAyer
oxl'{-
4arl
o6napyxeHrls
HoBbIX
IaHHbIX,
npUMepoB,
KOTopbIe N{OIyr
rIpoTI{Bope-
qr.rrl,'rrc6oMy
MlloxecrBy
HaKoIIJIeHHblx
pallee <<noATBepxAeHltfi'> o6o6rqeu-
Horo Bblcl(a3brBauuq.
Hayrca
Qoptuy,'Illpyer
cBou reoperllrIecKHe
tronoxeHllg
uMeHHo
xax o6une BbIcKa3bIBalI
us. VI s,'IoruKe
rarltx o6o6rueHnfi
c,re4yer
npeAnoJlararb
pa3pr,rB
MexAy rl'IocKocrflN{H
qacTHbIX
cyxAeHHit, Ha KOTO-
pbre paclpocTpaHfleTcq
IPUHIII{I
HHAyKUII]I, lr
yHHBepCar'IbHbIX, ItOTOpbIe
He Moryr
6lrrl noArnepxAel{bl
IrHAyKrIrBHo. Ho
sru
yHuBepcaJlbHble BbI-
cKa3blBaHHg, rrpereHAyrollll4e
Ha
poJIb
TeopeTllr{ecKHX
3aKOHoB, rtOryr
6lnr
onpoBepfHyTbl
oTIbITHbIM [yTeN{, T.
e. C TIOMOIqbIo
npoTlrBopeqa[Iux
HM 3N{-
[]rpr{qecxux
AaHHbIX.
B arolr H 3aK"'Iloqaercs
TIpI4HIIHn
acuMrlerpt{I{ BbIBo-
.4a
o HayqHoii
runorese Ha ocHoBe
sKcrlepuMellTa"'IlHofo
I,ICCJ'IeAOBaHI'IS.
Ilpuuqun acHMMerpLIu
3ax,'Iloqaercfl B ToM,
r{To
rnlore3y
NroxHo
Qa.nlcu-
$uquponarl
(orneprHyrr),
uo ue,rrsa
[oATBepAHrl
(Aoxasarl
ee llcruH-
nocrl) Ha
ocHoBe orrbrrllblx
AaHHbIX.
OaarcnQuqfipyeMocrb
-
HaJIuqLIe [pLIHuHlI4aJItHofi
soeN{o)KHocrl{
Ans,
rt;ro6ofi. rnnore3bl, npereHAylouefi
ua
craryc Hayunofi,
6rIrr ornepr-
Hyroft
B xoAe oM[upl4qecKoft nponepxn.
Tarltu o6paaou,
npoBepnfl HcrI,IHHocrb
reoperllrlecKl'Ix
runore3,
rIcH-
xoJlor,
xax u,'Irc6ofi
apyroii
HccneAoBareJlb,
rlcrIoJIb3ylouIHI"I
sKcflepHMeH-
ralnHufi MeroA,
4eiicrnyer
rro [prIHqI{[y
<<or
rlporl4BHoro)>.
To ectr
ou
BbIHyXAeH
OnpoBepraTb HeBepHbIe
fHrIoTe3bI, a He
roJIbKo l{cKaTb
rIoATBepx-
TCHlj.fl
BEPHbIM.
I4rar,
onpoeepxeHl,Ie HerIpaBHJIbHrtx
teopufi
,
[porllBopeqauux
ycraHaB-
.rIrIBaeMbIM
axcrreprlMer{T;Lrrbno oIIbITHbIM
AatlHbIM,
-
ocHoeuofi nyrb
3Kc-
[epuMeHTaJrlHofi
npoaepKH Hayr{HtIX
r}Inore3. Sror
npnHqun, uanectxntft
TaKXe
KaK
AoKa3are,'tbcrBo
or rlpornBHoro
(ultt
acuMMerpufl
BbIBoAa Ha
ocHoBe aKcrrepr{MeHraarHofi
[poBepKI,I
reopuu),
6r,Lr sHseAeu n
pa6ore
llonnepa 1933
r. xax o6uag
MeroAoJloru.a
aKc[epl.IMeHra,'IbHoro
MeroAa
B Hayre
(ouy6.rruxonaHo
Ha
pyccroM
n 1983 r.).
14 aro BMecre
c aKcllepu-
MeHTaJIbHbIM
MeroAoM Boc[pIIH.aJ'Ia s XX
n. nctrxoJ'Iorll.s.
OAnaxo
sAecb cKpbITo Hexoropoe
nporuBopeque,
Ha3BaHHoe
B MeroAo-
JrorLtru. HayKr{
oIIHI{M I43
rlapaAoKcon Kap,ra
flonnepa. OHo
gax,tto'Iaerc.q
2.6.
flpraHuhn
SanucvtSzuhpyer'rocrh
rranoreg
e
reophh xphrhqecxoro...
53
B TOM,
r{TO
pa3BUTUe
HayqHorO
3HaHrI{ [AeT IIOCTynaTe"IIb]IO KaK IIpUparUe-
Hne. B
ro
x(e BpeMr rryrb orrbrrHorl nponeprn reopufi
rpeAflonafae'r ux
oflpoBeplr(eHr.te.
Calr
llonnep
gro
rlporuBoperlue
BKJ'IIoqnn B
pa3tsrrrlle
N{e-
TOTXO,'IOfltLI ItptlTIlqecKOfO
p8?:-IlI3NI.1:
tlayqIIOe
3HaHtle pa3BIltsaeTc.s TaK,
qTO
o16pacrrnaercs BCe 6o,'rrrue
ea6,ryx4euufi
.
B
peey,rlrare
ricc,'reAoBarrna
yveHrttl oKa3brBaercr
yrre
rlepeA
Apyroii
npo6,renaoft,
qeN{
Ta, c xoropoii
oH r{aqa,rr rlocraHoBKy rrccreAotsare,rlcrotl
qe,rn.
flpocrpaHcrBo npo6,relru r{3N{errur-rrocb. Taxrrlr
o6paaou, B
HayrrHoN{
rIo3HaHtItI
qe,,toBer{ecKaq
lrIbIc,'Ib
ABI{)Kerc.{
Bce
xe locTyrlaTe,'Ibuo
-
rfiop-
Mynr{pyroTc.s Bce HoBble rH[oTe3bI o IpuqHHHoM
BJII4.TIHnI{ TeX ltJ'lt{ I'IHbIX
rlaxropoa
Ha u3yrraeMlle
peaJlIIu.
BaNHrru
Anq
MeroAonoru.rx flonnepa sB,'rqercs
pa3Ae,'renl,re
calrux
Sar-
ToB Ha
ycranoBneurrue
(e
ro.v
rrru l.rHort r{cc,'reAoBaHIJu) u npuHurlaeMbre B
KaqecrBe uHeHutl, aepoaauuri
rrJIrr r{rrbrl{ o6pa:olr rrpeACTaBJrenHoii cy6rex-
ruenorl
pea,'rbHocru.
{rx
nocrpoeuua reopur?, npererrAyrorunx Ha o6rex-
TUBHoe 3HaHrre, Heo6xo4urro
yqurblBarb p?3r'IlrvrI€
noH.qruii cy6texrunuo-
ro rr o6r'exruBrroro 3HaHua. K.
llonnep,
paspa6oranuruii
anorrcquousr,Iii
noAxoA K rIoHI,INIaIIurc
pocra
Hayquoro,
a 3Har{lIT, o6texrueHoro 3HaHlIq,
npeAno)Kr.rn
pa3,lrHqaTb
Teopun
IIo3HaHI4.q, oc]IoBaHHyxl Ha 3ApaBo\,I cN{bIc-
re, u co6crseHHo Hayr{Hbre
reopr{H. C ero ro.{xH 3peHns, rny6ovaiinrnl,t aa-
6,ryxAeHneu.flB,'rserc.a cNre[reHHe
Mupa tlclrxonorrt.Iecxorl
pealruocrtt (oH
Ha3brBaer ee co3HanueM, r{,'ru
mind) tt nupa reoplli u rllrlore3, uMeIoxrHX
craryc
o6t,exrltsuofo 3rraHr{r.
K. llonnep
qerxo
pa3AeJrsn
Mr.rp cy6rexrunHoro rr Mr{p o6bexrr.rsHoro
3r{ar{Hs. Mup 1
-
aro Mr{p
Quauvecrori,
flpeAMerrror"r
pea,{brrocru.
IIcuxo-
J'IOfltqeCKaq
peaJIbHOCTb,
CBq3aIIHa.g C I4H^LIBIIAyaJ'IbHbIM IIO3HaHlleM, IIO-
MeuIeHa
r{M B Mrrp 2.Teopnu H rlrrlore3ll
xrrByr B MHpe
3
-
ua4uu4unu-
Aya,YIbHOM,
[peACTaBn.flrOUleM
rr
AOTaAI(r{,
n O6beKTUBHOe 3HaHl{e.
Crapat
reopu.rr rro3HaHrlg,
ocHoBaHHaq Ha 3ApaBoNI cMblc.ile,
BHoclIT,
corJracHo llonnepy,
<<HauBHyIo nyraHl{Uy>>.
OHa
npocra rI Ha3blBaeTcq aB-
TOpOt{ <.6a4efiHOri'> reopueii
(or
c,rona
<.6anaqr>,
Koropas Monrer 3arro,'r-
Hxrncr). Cxeua
<.6a4eiiHoii'> reoprrH u:o6paxeua Ha
puc.
1.
OAHaxo
cHaqa,ra flpnBeAeM
ocHoBarurfl frocrpoeHlloii raxuv o6parort
Teopuu rro3HaHu.s
(cy6t'errunHoii
reopun, ottnparcqeitcs wa e4panln:i
cN{brcJ,I).
<.Ecrr,r
BbI
l{'1rr .q xoruM
ysHaTb
o
r{Hpe HeqTo
erle
Hen3BecTHoe,
HaM
HaAO OTKpbrTr' f,'ra3a rr
orrqAeTbc.q Kpyror{. w ruaMI }IaAo HacTopo-
xHTb
vulI{
n np]rcJ'IyuaTL'crI
K 3ByKaM, oco6errHo K TeM,
r{To
u3AaIoT
Apy-
rl4e,'IIoAu.
Taruu o6pasou,
pa3Hbre Halrru
qyBcrBa
cny)I{ar HaNl lrcroqHrr-
KaMu 3HaHI4g, I,rcroqHnxawll',
rrJrrr BXoAaMH, B HauI[ co3HaHllrt
(minds)r>
IIlonnep,
2002, c. 66].