Корнилова Т.В. Смирнов С.Д. Методологические основы психологии

fnaea

l.

O6urae

I

1.6.

lfoHsrr.tr

o6beKTa

,4

npeaMera

HayqHoro

hccAeAOB

aHnfl

(norHaeare^bHafl

cnTyaunn)

fi,nx

aualuza

uayvuofi

4etreJrrblrocrr{

B cool.tsercrByr.un.x

pasAeJrax

Mero-

AoJro[rU

BBeAeH

u

paepa60raH

p.rrA

cneur.ra-4brrbrx

uon"qrHrl.

Hau60"rree

o6_

urHN{

r'r3

HnX.qBrflerc{

noHrr'e

rro3HaBareJrbHoii

cnryaqrlra

Ilo4nrr,

1g7B].

floauanare;rbHa.fl

crrryaqr.rfl

BKrrroqaer

s

ce6s

noeHailil;;orono.ru

(pa3pblB

lrexay

cOopMyJrupoBaHlrori

n uayre

npo6,reuofi

"

"ralou,"",nr."

u

HayKe

cpe/Icrnalrn),

[peAMer

r.rcc

JreloBarurfl,rpc6onarua

K

r]poAynry,

a raK_

xe_cpeACTBa

oplaHu3auHr{

r4 pea,,Irl3aur{n

HayqHoro

nccJreAoBaHu.s.

14cno,tnsosaHrroe

3Aecb

noHgrtre

npeAMel.a

ucc"rleAoBaHil"rl

rpeArtorara_

er

ero

4uQSepeHrIHarIUrc

or

noH.rrrn.rr

o6r,erra

uccreAoBaHil.s.

flpe4n'rer

r{ccr'renoBaH.,r,

g.Brs.ercs

o4Hoii

H3

rleHTpaJrbHrtx

xareropurl

MCTOAO,IIOTH'ECKOTO

AHA,'III3A.

3APOX4CHUC

II

PA3BI,ITIIC

HAYI{II

CB.3AHO

C

Qoplruponau'eM

u

tsMeHeHr.reM

npeAMera

Hayr(u.

pa4lrxa-rruoe

r43N{eHe-

HHe

rlpeAMera

tlccJreaoBaHn.s

BeAer

K peBoJtrloulru

s

caMoii

Hayre.

Irpegruer

lrccJreAoBaHr{s

Br(Jrroqae

r

s ce6s,

odrexr

u"yr"nir-,-rccrreAo_

BareJIbcKyIo

3aAaqy,

cucreMy

MeroAoJlorrrqecr(Hx

cpeAcrB

Ir

nocJreAoBa-

TeJ'IbHOCTL

UX

[pUMeHeHLIf,

.

B 6o,ree

ynpouleHHoii

r.rHreprrperarlrur

npeAMer

r{ccJ,reAoBaHus

DaccMar-

prLBaercs,

KaK

cropoHa,

rrJ'rrr

ac.'e*T,

o6texra,

roropr,rii

n"noap"4aru"nrro

BbIsJ'IeHserc.rI

B

HeM

crBo3b

npr.r3My

npo6leurr.

-

llpe4lreru

ucc,'reAoBalr"r

"oryi

6rirl

paaHorl

crerreHr{

o6rqnocrn,

Hau-

6oaee

uacurra6Hrtlr

flBJrtrercs.

trpeANrer

AaHrr.fr

Hayr(H

B

(e,,IoM,

rotoprtii

BbIIIoJ'IH"fler

rlo

orHo[IeHIIro

K

[peAMery

qacrHoro

rrccJleAoBaHr.r.fl

r{e.r.oAo-

rorHq

ec

Kyro

QyHrcrl

lrrc.

Ilorr.qrue

<.

o6rerr

ilccr,reAoBaHn.fl

)>

TaKXe

rpe6yer

He

npocro

HeKoropa.{

qacrb

BHetuHefi

pea-nlHocrn,

rrp.sMo

yKa3aTb.

o6nexr

'nccJreAoBaH

ug,

-

Ta

o6"nacrr

HenocpeAcrBerrHo

ua6,rro4aeuoli

peiL/rbHocrr{,

A,r.rr

Koropoii

nnr.ssreHbr

ycrofiuunlre

u Heo6xoAr.rnbre

cB.s3H

MeXAy

OTAeJ'IbHbIMH

ee

cocTaB-rI.qrcUIr{NrH

U

3aKpe[J,IeHbl

B

cHcTeNre

Hayq-

ulrx

a6crparqnii.

!,rx

nocrpoeHnq

o6rerra

Heo6xoAuuo

rar(xe

or^eJ'rurb

ero

coAep)Ka-

HHe'

He3aBrrcl'rMoe

or rIo3Harollero

cy6rrerra,

or rpopult

orpaxeHl,I.g

sTOfO

coAep?KaHr{r'

rlpoqecc

IIocrpoeHil"rr

o6rerra

HayqHofo

ucclreAoBaHr.r.rr

He-

:::y:I."

6ee

no.ssaeu

wx

oco6ok

rro3lraBareJrbuofi

aa4avu,

HayvHoir

npo_

OJICMbI.

Cpe4crna

uccneAoBaHua

-

SyH4arvreHTaJrr,Hble [oH.rITr4s

HayKIr,

c

rro_

Moxlbro

Koropbrx

pacqJ'reHgerc.q

o6T,err

r.{cc"[eAoBaHnx

u

Soplay,rupyercq

floHrran

o6terra

I n

HOrO

hCcneaoBaHAfl,..

upo5,reua,

npnHurirrbr

r.r MeroAbr

Lr3yqenur

o5rerra,

cpeACTBa

fionyr{eHu,

3MIInpuqecKHX

AaHHbIX,

Bn,'Iroqat

TexHrlqecrfl{e

cpeAcTBa.

OAnu u

ror ?Ke

o6t,exr

N,roxer

tsxoArrrb

B [peAN{er

Hec*o,{bKrrx

pa3'brx

rrccJTeAoBaHrrii

n

Aaxe

pa3r'rr,1{Hbrx

rrayn.

coneplueHHo

pa3nl{qHbre

npeA-

MeTbt

npl{

II3VqeIlLIIl

qer'IOBeKa

cTpo.qTc.{

TaI{r.IN{I{

HayKaMLl,

KaK aHTpOno_

r'IOfI,Ig,

COqnoilofl{t,

rcIIXO,IIOrUA,

QnStto,tofuq,

3pfoHouuxa.

Iloarol,ty

roILqrHIo

[Peruera

HccJ'Ier]IoBaHuq

nporuBonocraBJ'Lqerca

ue o6t,ercr,

a aMnHptrqecrcag

o6.lacrr

-

coBoKyrrHocrb

HayqHbrx

Qarron

n ouucarrufi,

Ha

KOTOpbTX pa3BepTbIBaeTcq

[peArreT

Hcc"rre.4oBaH]rfl

.

tr4cxoltr

Ir3

AaHHoro

pacrurelleHug

Hayr{Horo

3HaHIr{

MoxHo

o6pncouarl

rIocJ'IerfoBarer'lbHbIe

STarIbI

HccJ'IeAoBare,TbcKoro

ABU)KeHu"q,

oTKpbIBalouIil-

ec.q cKB03b

rIpI.I3[.{y

HOpMaTI,IBIIO-MeTOAOJIOTUqeCKOTO

aHanl/.3a.

B

Ka.{ectse

Tar(r{x

gTanoB

BbiAer.srorcs:

rocraHoBKa

npo6;relrlr,

nocrpoeHr.re

u o6ocuo-

BaHIIe

IIpeAMera

IIccJIeAoBaHIds,

locrpoeHI{e

reopLlu

t{ IIpoBepKa

[oJryrreH-

HbIX pe3yr'IbTaTOB.

Baxuo

orN{errlTb,

r{To

rocraHonxa

upo6"rrenbr

o''upaerc,,

He

ro.rlbKo

Ha

o6uapyxeHue

HerroJ'IHorbI

HMelorueroc.q

3HaHu.q,

Ho H

Ha HeKoropoe

<<rrpeA-

3HaHIre>>

O

cnoco6e

[peoAoJ'IeHrI

g

atoi{

HerIoJ,IrIorbl.

IzInreHno

KpururrecKa,{

peQ,rencrla,

BeAyua.s

x

o6napyxeunn

npo6e,roB

B cr{creMe

3HaHufl

r{,rn

,,roxHocrr{

ero

He.qBr{brx

[peAtrocbrJ'rox,

rrfpaer

3Aecb BeAyilIyn

poar.

Ca,va

pa6o:ra

no

$opn'ry,rupoBrce

npo6,reuu

Hocur

npr4H

rlr{luaJrbHo

MeroAor'ro-

rnqecxrrii

xapaKTep

He3aBHCHMO

OT

TO|O,

O[Upaercq

rv r4ccJIeloBare,,Ib

co3Harer'IbHo

Ha

re llJ'IH

HHbIe

MeroAoJ'IofI{qecKHe

noJIoxeHLIg,

LrJtrr

oHrr

onpeAenqtor

xoA ero

ulrc,refi

HerBHbrM

o6pasolr.

Pa6ora

ilo nocrpoeHr.rn

u o5ocuoBalrurc

[peAMera

nccJreroBaHHr

raKxe

fl'B/rge'rcfl

rlpelrMyrllecrBeHrlo

MeroAoJ.Iorlluecroii,

B xoAe

Hee ocvulecrBn.f,-

ercq pa3BeprblBaHI'Ie

npo5,relrrr,

BKJ'rror{eHrie

ee B

cncreNrv

ayul"ir"yrr,l"ro

3HaHrr-q.

tr4ueHso

3Aecb

14 rlporrcxoAHT

CJrVsHne

MeroAoJloruu

c coAep-

xate,tr,Hori

cropouoii

npoqecca

[osHaHH.s.

MeroAoaonr.s

Ha

aroM

ara[e

BbITIOJIH.{ET

CKOPEE

KOHCTPYKTIIBHYIO,

HEXCIH

KPUTUIICCXYTO

QYUXTlUTO,

r(oppeKrr.rpyx

pa6ory

HccJ.reAoBare-[.q.

Ha

cral\vu

llocrpoeHH.fl

rrpeAr,iera

HccJIeAoBaHrt

qarre

Bcero

r

BBoA.rITcr

HoBbre

rro]i,srrrfl,

tueroAbl

o6pa6ot-

KI{

AAHHbIX

II

APYTNC

CPC.4CTBA,

IIPHTOAHbIC

AJT.'I

PCIIICHH.S

TOCTASICHHOI1

3aAar{n.

Ha eranax

nocrpoeHr,Iq

qacrHoHayrruoti

reopnu

u npoBepKrr

[or,ryqeH-

HbIx pe3yJlbraroB

ocHoBHa.g

cMbIcJ'IoBat

Hafpy3Ka

roxI,ITc.S

Ha.4BrIXeHLre

B rlpeAN{ernoM

coAepxaHun.

Orcrc4a

Br{AHo,

rrro

c [oMorqblo

Mero/Io"qo_

tuu carroii

no

ce6e

HeJIb3.{ perur.rrb

ur4 oAHofi

qacrHoHayquoit

eagauu

u

HeJ'rb3t

rrocrpor{Tb

npeAMerHoe

coAep}KaHrre

Hlrxarcoil

xoHrperuoil

o6,rra-

ct u.

fina

yc

IeIUH OTO

I4C[OJ'Ib3oBaH

LI.g

AOCTr{)KeUltti

lterorolo

rHqec

xofi

pa3T,tCHeHIIt

-

ATO

Ha

KoTopyrc

MO)KHO

lnaaa

I

.

O6urre

TABNCHH9

O

METOAONOThN

HAVK4

1 .7.

CooruouteHhe MeroaoAorlzrl

v

ncnxotar,ll...

erc.rl,

qro

rro3HaHlre

Ay[rr{

MHoro cnoco6crByer

rlo3HaHtrro

Bc'rKorl r4crrr-

ur,r, oco6enHo

xe

no3Harrnro rrpupoAbr>>

[Apucrorcnr,7976,

c.

3711.

3Ha-

r{eIIHe

aro

onpeAen.qerct

reN{,

rITo

rlc}Ixo"ryorug

c[oco6Ha

AaBarb

BIIaHI4e

o caMont

npouecce

[o3HaHu.s

I4 efo

pa3BHT]IH.

B ncnxo"rorut4

noJryrreHbl

AarrHbIe,

lto3Bongnuue

o5ocuosarb

Heo6xo-

Ar4Mocrb

MeroAoJ'IortrqecKoro

3HaHur KaK

Hexoroporo

[peA3HaHu.rl,

6ea xo-

TOpOTO nOO6UIe

HeBO3MOXrra

[O3HaBaTeJ'rb

Hafl

ile

flT e J]bHocTb

Ko,'r,'reKTHB

-

Horo r.rJ,nr

rrH4rrBu1yaJrbHoro

cy6benra.

Heo6xoAr.{Mocrb

[peABapureJrbrroro

3HaHH.{

s rort,

vru nHoii ero

Soplre

qeTKo

3a(br4Kct{poBaHa yxe

Ha

ypoBHe

qyBcrBeHHoro

rro3HaHnt

u co

sceii orr{err'lllBocrr,ro

Bblcry[aer

B cJ,Iyr{ae

paurroHaJrblroro,

a

reu 6o"ree

co6crneHHo

HayrrHoro

no3HaHu.s.

llpnsua-

Hlre

saxHeliuefi poIH

TaKoIo

[peA3HaHHt

aBTOMaTI{qeCKr{

trpr{BOAI{T

K Tpe-

6oaanurc

MaKcrrMaJ'IbHo

r,ry6oroii peQ-uerclru

ero,

qro

Lt cocraBrrfler

rrpeA-

MeT

MeTOAOJTOTHr.

1letag.

BKr'Ia.4 B

tueToAo,'roruqecKoe

sHaHue

Boo6rue,

rrcr4xo,rlorlr.fl

reu

6olee BbIcoKo

AonxHa

oqeHrIBaTb

3HaqeHr{e

MeToao,'ro-

nrvl

nilg,

ce6s cattoit.

Eo;ree

roro, rc[xoJrorrr

r.r3AaBHa

noAqepruBaror

oco-

6yro

ee HyxAy

B noMorIII4

co cropoHbr

MeroAo/'Iornn

H HeBo3MoxHocrb

nupa6orxn opHeHTIIpoB

Arr

rrocrpoe

Hvs,

tr

pa3Brrrt4fl

rrcyrxoJroruqecrofi

IrayKH HcxoAg

na co5ctneuHo

ncuxoJ'roruqecKoro

3HaHrjt.

Calra

<.soaMox-

Hocrb

rlcl4xoJ'rorr{H

KaK HayxI,r

ecrb il,reroAoJ'rornqecKaq

npo6,relra

npexAe

Bcero>,

-

orMeqaJrr

"II.

C. Brrrorcxlrr? (1896*

1934)

n

pa6ore

<.tr4cropuue-

cxHfi

cntrc.rr flcr4xoJ,rorur{ecKoro

Kptr3rrca>

[Blrrorcxuii,

l992a],

c[euna,rrb-

Ho

nocB.{rleuuor)i

o6cyxAeHrrro

r\{eroAo.rrorrlrrecr(ux

npo6reu

trocrpoeurlll

HayvHoii

rrcuxo,'rornn. <.Hlr

B

oAnoii

HayKe

Her croJ'rbrnx

rpyAuocrefi,

He-

pa3pelul4Mblx

KoHTpoBep3,

coeAl{HeHl{.rr pa3J'rHr{Horo

B oAHoM,

KaK B

lrcl{xo-

Jrorr4ti.llpe4nrer

[cr4xoJ'Iofuu

-

caurrrl rpyAHlu?

tr3

Bcero,

r{To

ecrb

B r{t{pe,

Har{MeHee

noAAanuuficq

u3yrIeH[ro;

cnoco6

ee rlo3HaHHt

Aonx(eH

6urr, no-

"nou

oco6ltx

yxnqpeHuft,.rro6rr

[oryr{r{rb

ro,

qero

or

Hero xAyr,>. 14

Eatee:

<.Hu

oAsa HayKa

He [peAcraBJr.{er

raKoro

paanoo6paau.q

u

flo,'rHorbr Mero-

AoJ'rorl4r{ecKl{x

npo6,reu,

TaKI4x

ryro 3arflHyrbrx y3JroB,

Hepa3pe[II{Mbrx

npo-

ruropeunii,

KaK Ha[Ia.

lloaromy

3Aecb

Herb3.rr c4eJ'Iarb

Hr{ o4Horo

mar.a, He

rlpeAnprrH.sB

Tbrc.rrqy

[peABapr4Te,'rbHbrx pacr]eroB

x npeAocrepexeunfi >

[Burorcruri

,

I9B2a,

c. 417

-418].

3a

6o,ree

r{eM

Tpu

qerBepru

BeKa,

lpotueArxux

c MoMeHTa Hafivcaltfl

JI.

C.

Br,rrorcxr.ru

eroii pa6oru (ony6,rrexonaHa

a 1982 r.), ocrpora

c$op-

My"rlllpoBaHHbrx

rrM

npo6,reu

He curaAr{nacl.

<.Hlr

s oAHoii

u3 HayrrHbrx

o6nacrefipe3yJ'rbrarbr

KoHKperHoro

r4cc,TeAoBa

HVn

He BaB:ncsr n raroii

cre-

IIeIII,1 nptMo

I{ HeIIOCpeACTBeHHO

OT I4CXOAI{bIX

MeTOAOJ'IOfI,IqeCKI4X

IIOCbI-

.rrox r{ r{crIOJIb3yeMbIx

MeroAurrecKrrx

[prreMoB,

KaK B rrctrxoJlorr4ri>

[Btr-

rorcrufi,

I9B2a, c.

2181.

29

MbIC,'Iil

HCO6XOATTTUO

COIIETAHNC

TBOPqECKOIO

ABI{XEHH' <<CBEPXY

BHI.3>>

VI

<<cHr{3y

BBepx>.

calra

vero4oJ'ror'.{

crpo?ITcr

u o6ora'Iaerc.s

He

3a

cqer

KoHcrpy'poBa-

HHq

yMo3pfiTeJ'rbHbrx

cxeM,

oHa

Bblpacraer

ua

o6o6qeugr

sanoeBaHuli,

AocrrlrHyrblx

3a

crrer

ABulKeHHu B

trpeAr\rerHoM

co.{epxaH

ur,trpuaHaJlH3e

rofi

unu

unoit

o6nacrr

AeficrBr4rerirro.rr.

Jllo6ag

ycnelxHa.q

peaJIr{3aIIlL

N{ero4oJ,rorrrqecKoro

[puHllr.rna

B

KoH_

KpeTHO-Hayr{HOM

UCC,'IeAo&arrul4

ecTb

He

TO,'rbI(o

BKJTaA

B

AaHIryrc

HayKy,

Ho

H

B

MeroAonornro,

TaK

KaK

ara

pea,ru3arlu.n

He

ocraerc.q

6e:

uocae4_

ctsuil

nJrs'

Toro

3HaHu'q,

KOTOpoe

6r,r,ro

nagro

B

KaqecrBe

npeArrocbrJlKr{

MeroAa

Hcc"'IeAoBaHrl,q.

flocaeAnue

He rrpocTo

noATBepxAalorc.s,

Ho

tt

o6o_

raqanrcr'

Aorro,rrH-rIrorcsscqrcufipa3,

KorAa

oHn

Hayr{Haror

HoByro

)r(H3Hb,

Borr"rroruBlrrtrcb

B Marepnane

eilIe

o4nori

npe4lrerHorl

o6nacrw.

1.7.

CoorHoueHhe

Meroaono

rnu

H

ncnxouornu.

3Ha.f

eHxe

ncrxononrqecKoro

3laHufl

A^'

MeTOAO

AOf

Utr

H

ay

Krr

Bce,

vro

foBopu"locb

BbIIIIe

o

MeroAoJrornrl

HayKH

4 ee

eynrqn.rlx

B

rlacr_

HoHayr{HoM

I.ccJIeAoBaHI'Ifi'

cnpaBe'

Jt4Bo

H

B orHo[IeHHt

ncHXoJIorI{[.

OAHaro

nrc6as,

qacrHa,

Hayl(a

HMeer

cBou

cneqxeuvecxue,

ro,rnxo

eli

cnofictseHHbre

acnerTbr

orHoureHnt?

c

Hayxofi

o

MeroAe,

3aBr3blBaer

cBou

He''oBrop,Mbre

y3,'rbr

MeroAoJ'rorrqecK,X

npo6aeu.

cnerlusura

31-a

ofipe_

AeJr^ercfl o6rerrou

Aaguofi

Hayr(H

,

"ro

arronanocrblo,

ypoBHeM

pa3BHTr{,

HayKIl'

ee

coBpeMeHHbIM

cocro.rlHneu

(uaauq'e

pa3pbrBoB

B

TeopHH

HJIrH

Hecnoco6uocrb

orBerr'rrb

Ha

3a[pocbr

[paKTr{KH

roBopHT

O

Heo6x'AZUO-

crtr

MeroAoJroruqecrofi

uououru),

HaKoHeu,

reM

BKJIaAoM,

xoroputi

caua

Hay.a

Ae,raer

s

o6ueHays*yro

uJrrr

eunocoScxy,

*"roooro.,ino.

r,ru"_

Hoe

cocrollr

B ToM'

rrro

flcfixo,'Ioruq

or'oc,Tc.rl

K

rrucJy

I{ayK

o

qe/IoBel{e,

rIosTOMy

HCXOAH'Ie

npHHrIHrIbr

''c,'xororuqec*oro

ucc,,IeAoBaHII{

fl

ero

pe3yJrrbrarbr

He

Moryr

He

r'rMerb

spKo

Bblpaxeunoli

N{I{poBo33peHrlecxorl

oKpac*u'

oHH

qacro

HanpgMylo

cBt3arlbr

c rlpeAcraB.rreH'eM

o

cyIIIHocrIr

IIEJIOBCKA

II

ETO

OTHOIXCHUII

K

]\{IIDV.

Apyryn

raxHer?uyn

o.o6"Hno.rb

ncrrxoJ,roruqecKoro

3HaHr,rs,

oupeAe-

"rr.rlBllryrc

ero

MeroaoJ'rofHqecKoe

3HarreHHe,

orMerIrJ,I

eule

Apucrotenl

(3g4_

322

rr.4o

u.

s.)

B [epBbrx

crporrrax

cBoero

rpaKTara

o

lyure.

<.flpusHaBa.{

rlo3HaHue

Ae/roM

rrpeKpacHbrM

z

4ocrotZHrrM,

Ho

craBJI

oAHo

3HaHr4e

Bbllrre

Apyroro lu60

no

crerrelru

coBep[reHcr

aa,

nu60

no

toty,

u__ro

o"o

"r"rrr"

o

6oaee

soesnr[reHHoM

u

yArrBrrre]rb'onr,

6rr"ro

eu,

np"urruno

n.

,oii

"

opv-

roii

nptlvnHe

orBecru

trcc.rreAoBaHaro

o

Ayrxe

oAHo

143

[epBbrx

rr.recr.

Xylra_

31

30

lnaea

1.

O6urae

n

TaBneHht

o

MeToaonorhH

tr4rar,

nepnafl

[pr.rqHHa

oco6oii

3axHTepecoBaHHocrr,r

nclrxoJrofr,rH

B Me-

TOTXOJTOfI4qecxnx

paepa6orKax

3aK,]IIoqaerct

ts cJ'rox]tocrl,I

t{

t\{Horoil,,raHo-

tsocrll

caMoro

IIpeAMera

14ccJ'IeroBa]Il{.ri,

ero

Kar{ecrBe}IHoN{

cnoeo6pasnlt.

Bropaa

Itpnquna

3alr-{rcqaerc-s

B ToM,

r]To

rcltxo"rlofll-rl

HaKorIl,t,rra

or.poM-

HOe l(O,ltHqecrBo

3N{nHpI'IqecKoro

Marepl{a[a,

roropr,tfi

fipocro

HeBO3]\,IO)KHO

oxBarurb

6ea

Hosux

lvreroAo,rrorHrlecKlrx

troAXoAoB.

O6e ern

rrDltr{rlHbr

rec-

rro cBr3aHbr

\re}(ay

co6oii,

Kar(

h c

Aecrrlrou

rrtpyfl4x,

r{oropbre

lr.toxrro

6ut,ro

6rt

nepevlrcrrurl,

o5ocuonunaa

oco5yrc

norpe6rrocrr

rrcnxoJ'rorlltr

B N{ero-

AOJ'IOf

HrrecKIIX

opI{eHTIlpax.

Heo6xoruuo

ra*)Ke

yqecrb

oco6yrc

orBercrBeHHocrb

rrcnxo,Tora

aa

ny6-

JruKyeN{bre

Hr.{ pe3yxbrarbr

Ir BbrBoAbr

o

cyrq}rocrrl

rrcHxl{qecKoro

Ir

Aerep-

r{rrrlaHTax

ero pa3Brrlrx.

Buno4lr,

ocHoBaHrrbre

Ha HerrpaBoMepuol,r

o6o6-

IrleHuIt

pe3y,{braroB

r{acrHblx

I{cc,re4oraHtrit,

IIepeHoc

AaHrIbIX,

nor'IyqeII]IbIX

lprl

I,IayrreHIlLI

xI{BorHbIX,

Ha

qeJ'roBeKa,

a ItpH I,I3vr]eHHLI

6o,rrultx

_

Ha 3Ao_

poBbrx

"[roAe]i

rr

r. rr., [p],rBoA.qr

K

r{upr(yJ.r.rrulrlr

n o6ulecrBerrrroM

co3rraHrrrr

ngeii,

ncxaxeHHo

orpaxarc[Ir,rx

[pupo4y

rreJ'roBer{a

r.r BeAyrqux

K orpr{ua-

TeJIbHbIN{

COUl{anbHbrM,

a

urloIAa

I{ IIOJTUTI{qecKI,INI

IIOC,'tencTBr,LsM.

Eo,rr'rua-q

orBercrBeHHocrb

JIe)KIIT

r{ Ha IIcrlxo.rlofax,

pa6orarcu1l4x

c JrroAb-

N{lr

r{

vqacrByroqrrx

B

ar{arHocrrrKe

rr [porrro3r.rpoBaHr{u

nposeccuoHanr-

Hoi,i npurognocrr.r,

ypoBHt

pa3Blrrr.r{,

B rrocrar

roBr{e

K,rrHHr{rtecKoro

AnarHo-

3a, B

rlpoBe/IeHrrll

ItoNrl]JrleIccltot"t

cyAe6nori

llcllXor'Ioro-Ilcnxrtatptrvecxofi

sKcrreprE3r'r.

Pa6ora

B arllx

c$epax

rpe6yer

xopoureii

r\{eroAoJ'roruqecroit

r{ }r ero/{uqecroir

no4roroeru.

cle4yer

o6parurl

BHrrN{ar{ue

Ha

rrrupor(o pacrpocrpaHeHHyrc

rr rurruq-

IIyKt

nMeltHo

A,it.rl

rcI,IXor'IorIIu

Nleroro-rlortl(recKyIo

oult6xv,3aKnloqarcxly-

Ioc.q

B rIcKpl{TIIrIecKoN{

3allr{crBoBaI{I{Il

lI

IrcnoJ'tb3oBilt{uII

rIoAXo/IoB

II

npo-

{eAyp

(npex;1e

Bcero

recroB), paspa6oraHHbrx

[prrMer[rrerbHo

K nroA_sN{

coBcelr

,.tpyroii

KV.Irbrypbr,

nuort

coquaJ'rbHo-oKoHoMn.{ecKor:i

o6uuocru.

B nepeoii

r.rraRe

\rbr

Kparr{o

r,r3,qo}Ku"rrri

c}-ruecrByr.orur{e

npeAcraB

JreHns

o

\{eroAoJtoflrr{,

ee 3aAar{ax,

ypoBH.sx

lt

QyHrtlnxx.

B saK,'rrc.reHue

HyxHo

erue pa3

np€'.locrepeqb

or p€ue[ryprroro

rroHrr].raHr.r{

ee

eynrqrrui.

Kax sa_

yqHas,

Tar{

lr NreroAoJlortrqecKar

pa6ora

rpe6ylor

rBoprrecrBa.

Mero4o,ro-

rnqecxr.r

KoppeKrHa-q

pa6ora

rpe6yer

rBoprrecrBa

s eue

6o,'rbueri

crenenn.

flonltrxn

npr.IMeHeHr.q

[c[xo,rof

aMLI

HoBbIX KoHuenrytu'rlHblx

cxeM, pa'

-

BrlBaet"{blx

B coBpeMeHHoii

Irtero4o,rofnn

HavKLI,

Hara-lKl{Balorc.{

Ha

ABorI-

Koro poAa

rpyAHocri.l.

flepnaa

rpyAHocrb

cB.fl3aHa

c Ha'rlrqneM y

mo60ia

ra-

xoii

i<oHqelrlra,rluori

cxclrbr

onpeAeneHtroro

qI{c"rra

<.creneHeii

ceo6oAbl>.

Tax,

uanpnNrep,

cpeAr.i

crellr{aJrucron

s o6,'rac'ru

crrrcreN,rHoro

no4xo4a (r4,ru

cltcrel,rHoi.i

r{eroAoJtorr{ll)

ne4yrca

nr{cKyccr,rH

orHocrrreJ,rbHo

ero

cylUecrBa,

IpaHI4II

IlprIMeI{rrMOcTI,I,

OTHO[re]IL{Jl

K

TeOpUlr, sMIII{pIIH

I,1

npaKTHKe.

1,7,

CoorsoueHr4e MeroaoAorAA u nchxolorhh...

VrasaHHrte BbII[e rpyAHocrn He Moryr 6urr,

npeo4oJrenbr MexaHzr{e-

cKH,

T.

e.

nyreM

npor{3BonbHoro

flpeAfloqreHus o[peAeJreHHoft

ronqenry-

aaruofi

cxerubl H

o[peAeJleHHoro

[peAcraBJreH]rq o [peAMere

ncHXoJrorHI{.

3Aecr

ueo6xoAnuo

npoBeAeHr{e

cBoero

poAa

aKc[epr{MeHTarbHo-Mero,qo-

JIOTI|TIeCKOTO nCCJIeAOBaHVIq, HJIU MeTOAOJTOTUqeCKOIO

SKCIIep14MeHTa,

pe-

3yJrbrarbr

Koroporo rroMorurrl 6rt

yrovnurb

u o6ocHoBarb

KaK caMy Mero-

AororuqecKyro

cxeMy, TaK

H [peAcraBJ'reHHe o rrpeAMeTe

rrctrxoJrorHr4.

MeroAoaorugecrcHft aKc[epHMeHT

-

rrpoBepra B xoAe

Ko]rKperHoro Hc-

cJIeAOBaIIUt

3Bp[CTHqHOCTU I{ nOJ'Ie3}IOCTH

MeTOAOJ'IOILIqeCKOIO

3HAHHfr

roro

r,urn rrHoro

ypoBHs

Arq

peueHr4s

Bo3HrrKrrreft

n nayrce npo6aenru

(no-

3HaBareJrbuofi

rpyaHocrn).

Ycneurgoe

peureHHe

rrocraBJreHHofi

uayunorl

3aAaqtr

c

noMotrlbro

pa3-

pa6arunaeuofi

ueroAo.nortr[ no3Bo,'r.ser o6ocnonarb

nocJreAyroqee nprr-

MeHeHI{e

TOrO

Xe

MeTOAOIOTUqeCKOIO 3HaHLtC

Ars

peIIIeHIIt

aHaJ'IofHrIHbIX

HayrlHblx npo6.nerta.

fnaea

2.

Vlctoplz,s

pa3lurvtfl

h

coBpeMeHHbte

npeAcraB^eHHfl

O HayqHoM

no3HaHnH

2.1

. AcrophqecKas

orHochrenbHocrb

*opr,

cpeacrB,

haea^oB

h HopM

HayqHoro

no3HaHht

c,'IOeO <<Hayl(a>>

5yrna,u,Ho

o60sua.raer

<<3Halrue>.

Ho Hayvuoe

3Harlue

lprrrrqr{[rra"rrbiro

orr-[rqaercr{

or

Apylrrx

ero

B}IAOB

-

Xrtter.ict<oro

(lr,ru

o6u4errHoro),

<|rr,rcico$cKoro,

penuruo3rroro,

xy.4oxecrBeHrloro

r.{

Ap.

Hayxa

nporruxaer

B

cyuHocrb

nerqefi

3a

''otsepxHocrb.sBreHur-r;

BbrAeJ'rr{er

o6rqee

B eArrHrrrrHotrr;

orBJ'reKaercr

or r{oHl{pernoro,

BocxoAq

r a6cr.parr-

HoN'ly;

coBepuraer

oSparHoe

ABr,rxer{He

-

or

o6uero

K

r{acrHoMy

n or

a6cr-

paKTHoro

K KoHKperHoN,ry;

orAenqer

3aKoHoN{epHoe

or

c-ryuariHoro.

Hayu-

Hoe

3HaHr,re

Hocr,rr

cncreltnlIIi

xapanrep

u crpeMlrrc.s

x o6lextnnuocrn;

oHo

flpeArroJ'rafaer

Bo3NroxHocrb

rrpoBepKrr

Ha r.rcrrrHHocrt

(repnonxa-

quro).

Kpurepurr

lrcrrrrrHocrr.r

ruoryr

5rrrb

BHyrpeI{rrnlrtr (cor,tacoBarrrrocrb

n J'roruqecKa.{

rrerporr.rBopeql,tBocrlr

rrayuriori

reopun)

rr

nHeilrHnrfl.r (no4-

TBeplK/IeHlle

BLITeKaIOIUIIX

II3 TeoprIII

IIIrIoTe3

3LIIIIIpuqecKnivrrr

4alrHtrl.ru).

PautloHa,rtreNI

I,I aN{iII{pIr3M,

cro.qurle

I{aK N,IeroAoJ'IorrlqecKrIe

rIo3HuuII

3a

flp}IHqruer'r

arr,rx

Kpr,rreptreB,

itcropllqecKu

NreH.q"rrH

cBorr

eopr,tu.

Ho

n

xaNAuii

lrcroptrrrecrrrii

nepno4

pa3BnTrre

HayqHoro

no3lraHl{.{

TaK

r{,.,ru

nHaqe

oprrerrTr'rpoBa,'tocb

r{Nrelilro

Ha rrux.

Hayuuoe

aHaHrre

-

3To

pauuoHar'rr,Hoe

3HaIIue,

orBerlanruee

crporr{N{

rpe6onaHnaN{

.rorilrrecKoro

($oplra,r

luoro)

orrucaHH.q

caMoro

3HaHrr.s,

MeroAoB

ero

rloJyqelluJI'

Ilcnonb3yer{oro

HHcrpy\.{eIITapilq,

KplrrepHeB

A,'It

OIICHKIT

EfO

HCTI,ITIHOCTI{

],I BITI'IIOYEHHOC

I] KOHTCKCT

rOfi U,rU

I,rUOJi

[IAY'I-

Hoir reopr.rr.r.

Ha ocHose

Havrlrlofo

3Harril.q

rr€r-roB€K

l{orrcrpyr{pyer

KaprlrHy

MHpa

u

ce6s B

Hen.

KorrcrpyxrrrBHar po.rrb

reoprru

rrporBn.qercfl

ylKe

B

nu6ope

roH.qrr'rri (reprrurrou),

cuoco6oe

flocrpoeHnr

Bbrcr(a3brBaHui;i

n n npo-

IIeAypax

r{x oIIepaur4()HaJ'[r3arJI'rr'1,

ueo6xo4ulrlrx

AJ-rrr

repuQnraquu

(no4-

TBepxreHr'r.q

ucrr{HrrocrrI)

urru

Qa,rrcuQnxaqnr.r

(Aoxa:are,rrcrBa

Jro)KHo-

cru)

eHaun.q.

2.1.

hcropraqecxaq

orHocrarer\uHocru

Sopla,

cpeacre,

raeanos

H HopN.r...

33

OAnaro

Sopurrr

[peAcraBJ'reHH.s

Hayr{Horo

3Ha}In.s,

araJ,roHbr

HayrrHocrl.r,

HoplubI

H cpeAcrlla

I'IccJIeAoBaTe,rlcroii

AegreJ'tbHocrt{ r{e

ocTa}orcr

rrocro-

,SHHbIM],I,

OUH

TACTOPUqCCKI{

OTHOCNTCJTIbHbI

I,I

PA3BI{BAIOTCg

BTTCCTC

C

PA3-

BI{T'IeN{

r{y,'rbrypbr

n o6urecrseHHor'

co3HaHtr.s

B rIeJ,roM.

B

uane

1

yxe

orN{eqaJ'Iocb,

rrro

BO3HI,IKHOBeHHe

lrayKr{

6lt,ro

cn.ssaHo

c

[o.rIBJIeHHeM

pe-

s'rercnlt

HaA

3HaHIIer{,

T. e.

[o-qB,'IeHueM

3HaHu.q

o

cail{oM

3HaHIrIr.

cyaq"-

crBoBaBUree

Ao

roro

o6ltAeuttoe

3HaHHe

nepeAaBaJloct,

H

I,IcnoJlb3otsaJ,Iocb.

He

cTaI{oB.scb

npeAN{eTOLI

CI1equa,t

bHoIO

alraJlu3a.

flepeorl

crali'er"r

pa3Brrrwfl

',ur

rpopuoiir

cyuecrBoBaHr{,

HayKr{

cra,,ra

<<3aMKHyra.fl

TeoperurrecKa.f

HayKa>,

[p]rN,repoN,l

xoropofi

r{o2Ker

c,rry)KI{Tb

yr{eH,e

llu0aropa

(aropaa

rroJ'ror}uHa

VI

n.

ao

H.o.i1.

Hayvnoe

3HaHrre

3AeCb

Bbrcryrraer

B

@Opue

oco60r"r

(Hoaofi

''o

orHorlreHrrro

K npeAr{e.rHoMy

unpy)

peaJ'rblrocrr{

r{Aea,rrH3r{poBaHrrbrx

cyuuocreii,

IIpexAe

Bcero

qr.{ceJ,r

H reoN,rerpHqecxux

rpopr,r.

Pa60ra

c aroii

peaJrbr{ocrb}o

o3HarraJTa

oco6ym

Qopuy

uayvuoii

Ae-qrerTbrrocrlr

(a

lpenueli

rpequu

eue

He

orAe,rreHlryn

or

rplr,rocorlcroii).

Hayvuoe

3rralrue

n

nrrearoplr3Me

rrpeBpaqaJ,rocb

B ca-

MoueHllocrb'

a ycraHoBlta

Ha

qncroe

IIo3HaHne,

Ha

ca^,roAocraroyuocrb

Hayl(u

IIpeAnonaraJla'

r{To

3ajlaqu

ee HITKaK

He cB.s3aHbr

c

3a[pocaMH

[paK-

TIIKH'

XOT.q

ee pe3yJrbrarbr

rlpr{

c,rlyqae

rloryr

6r,rrr,

uplnteHeHbl

AJ'Iq

peue-

Hu.s

npuKnaAHbrx

3aAarl.

B

Kaqecrse

aropoli

rpoplru

HayqHoro

rro3Har{rr.s

BbrAe,'rrrJracb

<.earry-

aJ'rbHo-o[I{careJrbHat

HayKa>,

nprrMepor{

xoroporl

Mo}Ker

cJlyxr{Tb

rpaH-

AI{O3Ha'I

In.g

cBoefo

BpeN{eHtI

cI,IcTet\Ia

HayrJHoro

3HaHI4q,

I{3J'IO)KeHHaq

Aptrcrore,reM

I'r

Ha

N.{r{or'e

BeKa

3aAaBlla.q

ocHosttoi,i

BeKTop

pa3Bnrrl.rl

uayr.

B

orJ'rrrqrre

or

oropBaHHOI'I

OT peaJrbHocrlr

aauxuyrofi

TeoperHqe-

cxorl

uayrur

Qanrya,rrno-oIIrrcareJrbHoii uayre

cnolicraenHa ycraHotsKa

Ha

u3yr{eHl4e

peaJ'rbHr'rx

o6nexron

B ol{pyxaroxreNr

qe.rroBeKa

n,"p",

,*

,a,"ua-

cn{ruxaquro,

cr4creMarHrJecKoe

orucaHIIe,

conocratsJ'reHrre

Apyf

c

ApyfoM.

rlpeAcrag-nenr.te

o6

HAeaJ'rbllbrx

o6rerrax

coxpaH.sJ'Iocb,

Ho oH,

He

abrrec-

H'Inil

3aAaqy

I'r3yqeHrr.rl

pea,rlbHbrx

o6r,exron.

Harypa,ruculqHOCTb

TaKOfO

HayqHoro

[oAXoAa

rrpo.rrB.rr.rllacb

B ToNr,

rITo

u3yrIaeMttfi

o6terr

II9HHiIIaJI_

c{

KaK

rre

3aBilc.r[qul"I

OT

aKTa

IIO3HaHns.

crrHree

fiepBoro

u BToporo

rroAXoAoB

6u,r

ocyuecrBJ're'

ts

Hay*e

Hosoro

BpeMeHI{

(XVII

e.),

xoraa

[pou3orx-[a

nepBa.q

Hayr{Harr

peBo,rr]oqrr.{

(f

fa_

nutefr.,

H.

Kouepuux,

I4.

Keu,rep,

I,I.

Hlrcrou

r{

Ap.).

D,reueHranru,

$arra_

MrI_

HayKu

cra,'ru

npl{3HaBarbcr

ue

,rrc6rte

qyBcrBeHHo

B'c[pHHUMaeMbre

co6brrnx,a

drarrrr

oco6'e,

'ncro"rrKoBaHHue

(n'.r14arc'I[ec.rr

rHTep[peraquu)

----:-

I

ocrrosate,'Ir

pe,ruruosuo-rlrraoco$cxoro

yqeHfir,

tcxoA14'uero

fi3

rrpeAcraB-

,'lclrH.q

o

qtIcIe

KaK

ocHoBHOl\1

npuHIIlIIre

Bcefo

cyrqecTRytoulefo.

2 2391

34 lnaaa

2. Zcrophs

pa:errrln

h coepeNaenuure npeacraeneHhq...

B KollTexcre

orrpeAeneHHoii

reopun.

Blepnsre 3Mrrilprrrlecxa.s o6,'racrl

ua-

ylrrr

crpoilJ'racb

r(ar oco6rn:t c-rroii

uayvuoii xaprnuu

Mlrpa, B xoropoit rpyrrx-

qnol{npyrcT

}rAea,'rbr{L,re o5lexru

HoBofo

rlrrra

-

Teoperur{ecKrre

r(oHcrpyx-

Tbr r{ rrayr{Hble

l\{oAenu, B

Koropbrx orpaxeHbl

cyilIecrBeHHbre

cropo}rbr r{

cB.q3r.r

peaJrlbrttrx

o6t,erros.

3ril N,roAeJrII

crpoarc.fl rra

AonyuleHHgx

n

u1ea-

"[n3aIIHqx

rr,r[a: np.qN{onrtuer?uoe

ABnxeHHe,

r.rAeaulsr,rii

ra3, [ycroe [po-

crpaHcrBo,

a6co-uxrruuii

naxyyrr t{

T. fr., Koropbre oAHoBpeMenHo

r{

ynpo-

IIaK)T, rI

yCJto?KrLflroT

HayqHylo

KapTrHy

lvflrpa. Boeuoxso, uau6o-lee

BaxHtrir,r

npuo6pereHr,IeN{

rrayKu Hosoro

BpeNfeHu;lBrrtqerc{

rro.rrB,'reHI{e axcneplrMeH-

TaJ'rbHofo

N{eToAa,

Qoplty,rupoBaHlre

Hoplu u [paBHn HayqHofo

3Kc[epr4MeH-

TLIpoBaH14.q.

flpoucxo4ltr

rexHoJrofn3arlr.Ir

\,rbrrx.rleHI4.rr,

Bo3HIIKaer 14rrxeHep-

HO-KOHCTpyKTHBI{bIii

THII IIO3HaHLIq,

B KOTOpOM

nSanMOAefiCrBI{e C

peanbHbrrlr

o6t

exrolt onocpeAcrBoBaHo

uAeaJrbHrru o6nerrolt

(reoperltqecKHNI

KoHcr-

pyxron).

Ha

erofi

cra1:r,Lr

pa3Buruq

rrayKr{

nogB,'r.serc"s

ycraHoBra

He roJrbKo Ha

rro3r{aHlle,

Ho u Ha npeo6paeoeaHrre

N{r{pa c rroMotubro onpeAeJIeHHbIx

rex-

HorroruqecKux

onepaqrrii.

B ocHone

nepnori

uayrHoii

peBoJrroqr{H

Jrexa,'ro

TaI{Xe

COeAI{HeHI{e

MaTeMaTHTIeCKI,IX

MeTOAOB

C 3N{[HpnqeCKUMI4 I,ICCJTIeAO-

BaHnflr\rr.r,

rITo

BrrepBbre [pr.rBeJlo

K Bo3HlrKHoBeunn

co6crBeHHo

reopern-

qecroii

Hayxu

-

HayKr.I KJ'raccrrlecroii.

Peey,rnrarlt

lrblc,rleHrroro 3Kcrrepr4NreH-

Ta

yqeHble

cTpeMr.rnrrcb

Bolr,'roTr{Tb B

IrpaKTHKo-[peANreTHoM,

BeIIeCTBeHHOM

nrr4e1. Heue{xnii

acrporroM,

MareN{arr{r(,

Susr.rrc

n rpu,rocorp 14.

Ken,rep

(1571-1630)

pa6oroii <.O

ctepeoruerpr4rr

Br.rHHbrx 6oqex,> rroJ'roxuJr

HaqaJ'ro

ItrrrerpaJlbHoMy

lrcgr{cJ'IeHurc.

Beuqou

AaHHoro

rnrra rro3HaHuq

flpl43Haerc.fl

HI'IOTOHOBCKaJI

I\leXaHUKa, IIOJIOXLIBIIaJI

IIar{aJO COBpeMeHHoMy

eCTeCTBO3Ha-

HHn n

yTBepAIIBIIIaJT

IIAeaJrbHbIt"I

o6pa.: <, ecrecrBouc

rlblTareJlg

>.

Kraccnqecxaq

Hayra

(rclaccuvecxoe

ecrecrBo3uaune)

-

cLIcreMa 3Ha-

Hnii I{ cnoco6os

ero fioryrreHn.s,

nocrpoeHHax

Ha a6crparuurr rro3Haro[Ie-

ro cy6lerra,

BbrHeceHHoro

3a rrpeAe"rlbl

car{oro npouecca rro3HaHI{g

14 TeM

6o,ree

noeuaBaeMOI-o o6texra.

M

up e coorBercrByrcruer?

KJ'raccnqecxofi

xaprnue Mrtpa

npeAcr aB Jrs.Jrcs.

KaK coBol(ynHoc'rb aroMoa

(neqHnx,

KoHKperHbtx

n orlerbHbrx), cyure-

CTBYIOIIIUX

B TIYCTON{ IIPOCTPAHCTBE

PqAOtIOIO}KCHHO

C

IIEJIOBEKOM.

3ro rax 6H

,{se

pa3Hbre

Berrlr4,

ABe

He3aBrrcrrMbre

Apyr

or

Apyra

peaJrb-

Hocrr,I. B Hayuuorl

KapruHe

peaJlbnocrr{

KJlaccuqecKoro

ecrecrBo3HaHu.g

Qaxru

H

aJIer\{eHTbr peaJ'IbHocrr.r

BeurecrBeHHrr

u cy6crauuIIoHarTbHbI,

oHIt

orAeneHbr

He ro,'rbKo or

cy6tenra,

Ho t{

Apyr

or

Apyra.

I

(Duau.recxne

Ir acrpolloMI{qecKre

t13r\{epeHl.rq a

Heii

coqerarucb

c rvrbrcJrer{HbrM

sKCnepnN{e

H TtlpoBar r rer\{.

Bropaa

HayrrHar peBoJrKlur.rfl

rrpor.r3orxJ'ra

s XVIII

-

nepnoii

rroJroBrrHe

XIX

s.,

KorAa

Bo3Hr{KJro

Ar{cqr{rJ'rr.rHapHoe crpoeHrre

HayKH.

MexaHHcrn-

r{ecKa-{

Kaprr.rHa

N,rr{pa

rrorepq,'ra

craryc

o6ueuay.{Hoil,

cnequr}rrrqecKue

Kaprr,rHbl

Mlrpa

[orBrrJ'rlrcb

B 6nonoruu,

xriMrru

]I

Apyrnx

o6ract.qx

aua_

unq. Ha'{a,Iacb

lrucrryilnuHapHa.rr

4r'r0SepeH{rtaL\vfl

r{AeaJroB

r{

lropl,{

Ha-

yrrHofo

3HaHH.q.

PeeKo

Bo3pocr'ra

npor,r3BoAr.rreJrbHa.s

cr{,Ia

HayKrr,

HayqHbre

3HaHr'r.s

craJ'rrr

rrpeBparlarbc"rr

B ToBap,

r.rlterculHrl

pbrHorrHy[o

rleHy

fi rlpu-

Hocaquii

npu6u"nr

nprr

ero

npor43tsoAcrBeHHoNr

norpe6aeHl.ru.

Ha.ra,Ta

cK"rla/IblBarbc.{

cHcreMa

[prIKJ'IaAHbIx

II

IIH)KeHepHo-TexHuqecKl{x

HayK,

llrpaloxrnx

poJ'rb

rrocpeAHn

Ka MexAy

rpyH4aueura"rr

bH br Mr{

3Hanrrr[,ur

r.r

npoH3BoAcrrolr.

flponcxoAr{na

auooepeHurraqrrr u cIIeuua,,r]{3auu.s

pa3_

rtIrrHbrx

Qopu

uayvHor,i

4eare-tlHocrr{

r{ cKJTaAblBa.r[rcb

coorBercrByrouue

HN{

HayqHbre

coo6ulecrna.

3ur

craAuu pa3Brrrr,rg

Hayr(rr

coorBercrByror

Soplre

MeroAoj'rorx.recxoii

peQ,rexcrrur

HaA

Hayxoii, pacxprrrolyr

e r,raee

1

KaK <<OHTOJ'IOr[3N{>.

lloc,reAurcrc

rperl

XX

B. cB.rr3brBaror

He

croJrrbKo

c Hosoii

Hayvuoft

pe-

nolrcqueii,

croJ'rbKo

c Bo3HHKHoBerlIeNr

uonor)i

craAuu

B

pa3Burrln

cotspe_

NIeHHOIO

O6UleCtna,

urn uosoii

stloxH

B nru3r{rr

r{eJrloBeKa,

KorAa

rpvn

Bce

6o,r

lue

onocpeAcrByercl

cSepo

ri Hayr{

Horo

3 HaH

l rs.

.[lpouseo4cret

:ua-

Hnr'i

ua. nHaer

3aHr,rMarb

fJraBel{crBy}otuyrc

poJtb

rro

orHolteHrrro

K Mare-

plraJrbHoMy

npoH3BoAcray.

Bex

nrrQop;naqnorrHbrx

rexHo,torHri

*

oAHa

r{3

lreraQop,

orr

trcbrBarouux

3ry

craAr4ro.

KouuyHnxauu"rr

HaqHHaer

oIIocpeA-

crBoBarbc.fl

uHQop,r.raquoHHbrMlr

rloroKaMrl,

a

cereBa-s

opraHllsaur{.q

3Ha-

uuit

-

pea/rur3oBaHHag,

B

qacrHoctu,

n tr4urepHere -

sce 6o,'rlue

BMe[r]I-

Baerc.{

a (ryurqr.roHHpoBaHrle

r.r3Haqa,lbHo

60aee

crpoliHr,IX

H

3aMKHy'rbrx

cI{creM

npoQeccuorraJ'rbr{brx

auaurrfi

.

2.2.

Cy6ueKThBHoe

n

oGbeKTuBHoe

3HaHhe

B

Teophfx

no3HaHhfl

Pacrpurl're

3aKoHoB pa3Br'rr4g,

HayqHoro

3HaHr{r

u

e'pa6orxa

KpHrepr{ets

pa3J'IlrqeHr.rs

o6nextueHoro

r.r cy6rexrHBHoro

ts pe3yJlbrarax

[o3HaHr,r.s

-

saxHellln14e

HanpaBJ'reHI{.s

N{eroAonor

vrt

Hay Kn

n

XX crolernn.

HayvHoe

3HaHr{e

-

rax o6lexrl{BHo

ycraHoBJ'IeHunre

$arrlr

HJrH

HaAbIHAuBrr1yalrb-

Hble

cxeMbl

[o3HaHLI.rr

H TeOpeTI43I,IpOBaHI,IS,

CTO.trrqLIe

3a I,IX

IIO,'IyrIeHneM,

_

qBJ'I.g

eTc.'I

o IIocpeAcTBoB

aHH

bI M.

cy6rexrunHoe

BHaHHe -

3ro

c,creMa

rrpeAcraB,re'uli

cy6lexra

o ue-

rlocpeAcrBeHHo

3HaeMor{,

T. e.

[oJ'IyqaeMoM

B

pe3ynbrare

HenocpeAcrBeH-

Horo

Ha6,rpAeHlrt

3a

BHeIIHHM

MI{poM

r4lru

Bo BHyrpeHHeM

rrJrraHe

ABr.rxe-

HI,I'I

MbIC,]IH.

KThBHoe

h

o6uextheHoe

3HaHhe

B

36 laasa

2. Zcrophr paEshrris

h coepeNrenHure

npeacragneHhr...

Xor.q

o6bexrnBHoe

3HaHue

HeBo3Moxlro

Br!,e vJru 6eaoruocureJ'rbHo

r

cy6t,eriltnHoMy,

JIorHKa

H

pocr

ero He

Moryr onr4cblBarbct

ncnxoJlofu-

qCCKUTII,I

KOHIIEI]UU.gMII.

lfcuxoaoruaM

-

oro

BBeAeHue

B Teopllro rlo3HaHHl

rarfix npeAcraBr'Ie-

uufr,

o

po,rn

cy6teKTLIBl{oro

3*att4g., Koropble

o[paBAbIBaIor

cMe[IeHZe

cy6t,exrnnuoro

u o6lerrnBHoro

B 3HaHI,tI{.

Ha

arane, KorAa

llcuxo rotrrfl

eille

He

BblAe,rrunacb

ue

Qlr"tocoQvtLr,aro

6st"no

raxxe

nyreM

npeoAoJreHrrg

cxor'racrr.tKH

l.r lrerarpraanqecKoro

83r,r.rrAa

Ha Mr{p.

C

<<ncuxonoruauou'>

[.

IOnna

(

1 7 1

1

-

17

7

6) 6opo l.cn

?1.

Ka:rn

(17

24- 180 4),

a s Hosefiuee

Bpervr.rr

ero KpIITlrKosa,T

K. flonnep, orcrardBaBruuii

soal4ox-

Hocrb

IIocrpoeHI{.rI

o6rerrunnoro

3HaHrIg.

Oulrpaacr Ha ltAetl

Ax.

,Iloxra

u

!x.

Eepx,rn,

IOlr

rrbrra-rrc.rr

Bcrarb Hag6opb6ofi

N{arepnaJ'rr{3r,ra

u lrAea-

,'IIr3Ma.

floexe

(n

r,rare

3)

ou 6yaer

[peAcraBJTeH

r{aK cropoHHr4K

accouila-

HLI3Ma,

IIoroMy

qro

B oTJIHTII{e

or,4orxa

crIHTar

accoql{allltrc

npeo6,ra4arc-

Irlr,rM MexaHuauol.r

pa6orbl

co3HaHHq.

Syayru ceHcyar'IlIcroN{

LI arHocrr.rKoM,

oH

oTAaBaJ'r

nepBerlcTBo

onblTy

r{ c npe3peHr{eM

roBopH,'I

o rHrroTe3ax

(o

Henr urr

6yAeu

roBopr,rrr, B

rJraBe

B,

rorAa

pevr

noii4er

o6 onucare.tr,-

uort ncuxo"rrorHu

B.

flu,rlrea).

B reopxra

[o3]raHnrr

A.

IOua 6u,ra aa,roxeHa

4noiictneHHocrb

B orHo-

IUeHuu K

npoueccy

u

pe3ynbraraM

HayqHoro

3HaHr.rq.

C o4uofi

cropoHbr,

BCe,

qTo

rroToM

npeAcTaBreHo

B

HayqIIoN{ 3HaHr.Itt,

nepBoHaqalbHo

npeA-

craBJreHo

KaK

3HaHrle cy6rexrnnHoe.

C

4pyroii

cropoHbr,3anoHbr

rrHAyr(-

urrlr

no3BoJI.slor

crpotlrb

ale,'roBexy

o6o6ureuue,

npeABocxnlqa.rl

To,

qro

6yAer

nponcxoAnrb

rrpu rex xe

ycJroBr4rx

n 6ylyrueu,

r.

e. B Kar{ecrBe

J'ro-

rHrrecKl{x

3aKOIIOB

OHH

nO3BOJ'I.qIOT

r{eJ'IOBeI(y

pacKpblBatl

o6bext}tsHoe

3HAHITE.

flo:xe

KaHr sne,'r

tro]Igrue anruHonlHr?, yqurbrBar

Hepa3perxr.rMocrb

npo6"reuu

nepeHoca

cy6rerruauo

Bocnporr3BoAr{Moro

3HaHnr

ua

o6rer-

TIIBHoe

IIoJ'IoxeHIIe

seqefi

B MI{pe.

Anrlruouuu -

aro rrport{Bopeqautre

Apyr

Apyry,

Ho oAuHaKoBo

AoKa-

3yeMble

cyx.4eH[{r,

BblcTynarcqr{e

Bo3tr{o)KHbrM}1

oTBeTa\.{n

Ha Bo[pocbr,

KOTOpbIe

CTaBIIJIa paul{oHanbHag

KocMo,,Iorllg,

B

rIacTHocTI{:

.

o KoHeqllocrurtJrLt

6ecroHerruocrl{

Mr{pa Bo

BpeMeHII

Ir flpocrpaHcrBe;

.

o 3aKoHe

npr4r{uHHocru

unu

cso6oAe

npldr{tlHHocrll.

M. K. MauapAarxBr{,rrr4 (

1930-

1990) cvlrraa,

qro

Ha caMoM

4e,re

npo6.te-

My npr4qlrHHoii

4ereplruuaul{I{

trocraBr{r'I

etrle

flexapr,

a

KaHt, roropr,tti

He-

rlocpeAcrBeHHo

He ornpan

ct

ua

fiercapra,

<<Boclpor{3BeJr

Kapre3naHcKylo

peBo-[roun

ro

B caMoonpeA

e Jreulr.zr

MbrcJ'rrr >, nepeQopnry,rxpoBaB

npo6aelry

c,rleAyrourr{M

o6pasonr: <<...cyrlecrByer

J'rH

rrpr{r{t,rrrHarr cBr3b

Me)rcAy

A u

E

2.2.

CyQte<rhBHoe

h o6uerrheHoe

3HaHhe

B reophrx

no3HaHhe

n o6r{en

nlrAe?,>

[Manrapaaurnunn,

1992,c.

100-1011.

Oro noenpaulaJro

K r]o-

cras"rreHuoii

Ieraprolr

npo6,relre:

ecJ'rr{

BpeMeHHbre

MoN{eHTbI

AtrCKperHbr,

To

I,I3 npeAblAyuero

He Mo)r(er

Huqero

Bbrrer{arb

B [ocr'IeAyrouelr.

To,

qro

I{Meer

Mecro cefoAHn (6yu'

To BocxoA

conHua

r,rJ'rr4

cocro.rrHlte

4o6pt-r4yu[rx

ua

AaHului

nrolreHr),

He Moxer

6trrr,

nplruuuofi

roro,

vro

6yAer

3aBrpa,

a

TO,

1ITO

eCTb CeIOAH.g,

IIe r{BJ'IgeTC{

CIeACTBIIeN{

TOrO,

qfO

6r,UO

Br{epa.

O5ocHosarrue

lexapronr

reopun

HerrpepbrBHoro

rBopeHH.fl

Mr{pa

craB}r-

Jro

noA Bolrpoc

caMo

[oHr,rN{aHr.Ie

npl{qnHHocTr{

lr Bo3MoxHocTu

no3HaH[q

sTOrO

Mr{pa.

KaHr nnnca,r

B Hee HeAocrarou{ee

3BeHo

-

<<BpoxAeHHbIe

uAer.{>.

K. flonnep

(1902-1994),

npoure4ruurt

nyrl or

rrcuxo,'rora (c

saqnroit

pa6ornl

no rBopr{ecKoMy

MbutrJreHr{ro y

K. Ero,repa)

Ao

KpyrrHer-nuero

Me-

ToAo.rrora

HayKH H a[Hcretrf]ro,'rora,

gau6onee

qerKo

Bbrpa3HJr

rIO3r4ur{rc,

corJ'racHo

xoropoii

HeJ'rb3.rr

cNre[rr.IBarb

3aKoHbr

LlH/.rlB4ryalrbHoro

rro3Ha-

HrIs rr 3aKoHbr pa3BI{TH{

HayKLr KaK

IIo3HaHI{s,

BeAyIIIero

r o6lerrunHouy

3HaHr'rto.

ou,

paccuarpnBas,

ocHoBHbre

3Tarrbl

craHoB"rreHIll

npo6,reltlr

eos-

Nro)Klrocrll

o6t eKtuarroro

3HaHr,r.s,

[oKa3a,'r

c,]reAylouee.

Heo6xoAHnao

.Ierxo

pa3r'II{qarb

norutlecKylo

u IIcHXoJIorI,IqecKylo

rpaKToBK!I

3aKoHoB

ITHAyK-

rlrlu.

A.IOlr

cqlrraa

rrN,renHo

,rrornqecxyro

[ocraHoBKy

npo6,reuu

rrHAyK-

IIr{r{

Hepa3pe[rauoit.

f,

eficrnure,rbHo,

KaKITN{

O6paeolr

MoxHo

oIIpaBAarb

rrpopbrB

a o6o6r1eHnn,

rotoplrii

AeJ'raer

qer'roBeK,

BbrBoA.rr

o6rqee

lrpn aHa-

Jru3e

Iloc,'reAoBareJ'rbHocrn

qacrHbrx.qB

nenvfi?.Ilornqecxu

IrMeHHo

caM sTor

rlpopblB He

IIoAAaerc{

AoKa3arenbcrBy

KaI{

cxeN{a

[paBI4JIbHof

o, vJtll

1ro-

croBepHoro

BbrBoAa

B Mr,IltrJreHilg.

Muoroxparuoe

3Mnl4pHrrecKoe

[oATBepx-

AeHI{e

roro

l4r'ru r.rHoro

Qarcra

(ruu

uHoroKparHoe

Hacry["rreHl{e

oAHoro

u

roro xe co6urna)

nosno-l.qer

BbrBoAurb

J'Itr[rb

sNrrrr4puqecKue,

r. e.

ua6,rro-

AaeMbIe,

3aKolIoMepHocTLI.

3axoHocoo6pa3Hocrb -

aro

yxe

Apyrorl

acnexr paccMorpeHrr.q

fiotsrops-

ellbrx

co6r,Iruft:

uHrepnperarluq

ux

c ror{Krr

3peHr.{

xaroro--nn6o

3aKOHa.

3axoHlr

xe B

HayKe rrpeAcraB,,r.srcr

co6ofi

AeAyKrHBHbre

KoHcrpyxurt{

(x

aronry

Mbr BepHeMcs

B

rnaBe 4).

vr o6rncHeHr4e

aMrrupr{qecr(Hx

3aKoHo-

nrepuocreii

crpollJrocb

B HayKe

BcefAa rIHbrN{

rlyrer\{

-

or

o6uero

K

r{acrHoMy.

tr4HAyxrunHo

3aKoHbI

He BblBoArrc.q,

noroMy

rrro

Hr{KaK;ur

rroBTopseMocrb

caNra rro

ce6e He

Ae,Taer

co6rtrue

ueo6xoAuntru.

3ra neo6xo4uuocrb

pac-

KPbIBACTC.fl

B

IIHOM KOHTCKCTC

-

IIPCACTABIEHHOCTI{

CYUIHOCTHOTO

B CA:/'HN{.

nou.

Llngyrcuut

-

o6o6urenlre

or

r{acrrroro

r o6r,qeuy

-

Hr{r{ero

He rotsoprlr

o

cyruHocrHoM,

T. e.

He Moxer pacKpbrBarb

3aKoH.

flpyrofi

Borlpoc,

r{To

HH-

IyKTI{BHO

BbI{BJ'IeHHbIe

3aKoHoMepHocrl{

MoryT yq[TblBarbcr

B

npoqecce

trocrpoerru"rr

Hayr{Hbrx

fHnore3.

calra

xe rrrore3a

6yAer

oaHavarb

Hacryrl-

JIeHt{e

AoraAKI{

o roM

cyIrIHocrHoM'

qro

JIe}KI'IT

B ocHoBe

noBToD.fleMocr}I.

37

.-l--

39

3B ft,aea 2. Vlctopun

pa3Bnrufl

h coBpeMeHHbre

npeacraBleHVg...

flcnxo,roru.recKa.rr rpaKToBKa

3axoHoB trHAyr{rlrrr.r

o3Harraer cneAyrouee.

rlyncrno

yBepeHHocru,

LrJ'IlI Bepa,

-

Bor ro oclloBatlre,

cor,IlacHo l(oropo-

N{y

qe.rroBeK

AeJraer

r,rHAyKTr{BHbre

BbrBoAbr.

OH eepnr,

rrro

ec,'rr.{ co6brrue

N{HoroKparHo Hacryrrano,

To rrp}l rex xe o6cro-srerlcrBax

cneAyer o}n}1-

AaTb

ero HacTyrr,'reHnq

r.{ B

Aa,'rbHeiiuelr.

IIOrpe6rrocrb

qeroBeKa

B 3aKoHo-

l4epHocT_flx, HX olKHAaHI,Ie

-

Apyfas

rrpeAnocbrnKa,

To"rrKaroulsfl {€r'roB€K?

B HarrpaBr-r€lrrru

r{HAyKTllBHoro

trocTpoeHrrr HayqHofo

3HaHrrfl. TaxHu o6-

pa3oN{,

npo6,relry

r{HAyKur4rr Mo)nHo

rpaxTotsarb Kar(

rcr4xoJ'rorrrqecxyro

npor5.rcrtv

Bo3HuKHoBeHus npafrtartr.lecKoii

Bepbt B rreqro,

TecHo cBt3aH-

Hoe c

AeiicrBr{e\,r

H c rtr6opol.r i\{e}KAy Bo3Mo)KHbIr{lr

a.rrbrepHaruBalru.

B ronrqecxym

[ocrarronxy npo6,reN,rbr

rrnAyKurrr.r xpnrepnii Bepbr

He

tsxo,{rlT. 14

ro co5ltrne, B HacrylrneHue Koropofo

rre,rtoBeK

He BepHT, T. e. }Ie

paccMarpuBaer

B

Kar{ecrBe

cepbe3Hoii a,rlrepHarutsbr,

He BKJ'rroqaercq r{M

B

cxeMy BbIBoAa

(xar

rre coorBercrByroxlee nparMarnr{ecKoii

nepe).

K.

llon-

IIep

AeNIOHcTpr4pyeT

3To

lra [puNrepe r43BecTHoro

UHAyKT]rtsHofo BbrBona,

cB.s3aHHoro c o)KHAaIIIIeM

nlo6oro

qeJ-roBeKa, r{To

3aBTpa BHoBb eeotlAer

conHue.

Co,rnue Moxer 3aBTpa Bce-TaKH

He neor?ru...

Halpr{}Iep, rroroMy

qro

co,'rHrle Nroxer B3opBarbc.fl,

TaK

qro

HrIKaKoro

3aBTpa He 6y4er.

Koue.{-

Iro, Tar{yrc Bo3NIoxHocTb

He c,'reAyeT

paccN{aTprrBaTb

<<cepbe3Ho>,

T.

e.

[par-

Nrarl,IqecKII,

noroMy

qro

oHa He

trpeArlor'Iafaer

HTIKaKIIX

AeI"IcrBI,IiI

c Halxefi

cropoHr,r: r{bl rrpocro

Hrrrrero He MoxeM

T}/T rroAe,'rarr

Iflounep,

2002).

llrax, ocraHoBlrr{c.s

Ha roNI,

qro

o6beKTHBHoe aHaHIte

He cBon[Tc.rl

K 3Mflup]IqecKrr

BbrBeperrHbrN{ 3axoHoMepHocrsM.

llpu arotu Bo3HrrKaror

ABe

npo6,reuu. llepnax

-

npo5,reua

o6rexrnsuoro

Ha6,rro4are.[.s. B HeK,'rac-

cr{{ecKrrii neplroA

pa3Burr,r.q

HayKr.r orra cra,rra

o6cyN4arlc"fl r(ax npo6neMa

I,IcKaxeHLIg 3HaHI{g

B rlpouecce n03HaHIIg

ero cy6T,eI{ToN{, KaK 3atsHcI{r{ocrb

Hayr{Hofo

3narrr{r or r{cflonb3yeMoro

MeroAa. Bropaa

-

[po6,'reN,{a

r4crtrH-

Hocrn HayqHoro 3HaHu.s. 14sgea'

B N{eroAo,rroruu o5cyN4eHr{ro

rroA,'re)Ka-

nlr

pa3Hbre

acrreKTbr

rtpo6,'reNrbr HcrrrH

Hocrrr.

C

oAuor? cropoHbr,

aro rrpo6Jrel{a cyu{ecrBoBaHnr

3aKo}roB

(r

xoro-

pbrx

n [peAcraBneuo o6r,ertuBHoe

3HaHr{e) unreuuo

rar

cy6t,exrunno

Qopuy,rnpyeMbIX,

T. e. He cyuecrByroulrx

BHe 3aBr{cr{Mocru or rro3Haro-

ulero

cy6lexTa.

3aKoHbr

ycTaHaBnHBaroTcfl

qeJ'roBeKoM

BHe

aKTa

rro3Ha-

Hug, T. e. <<B rrpnpoAe>> oHrr

He cyurecrByrcr

(<.o6re(TrrBHo>

o3naqaer

3Aecb

-

BHe aKTa

r{x

ycraHoB,'rewux).

C

apyroit

cropoHbr, aro npo6,relra

B K,'rrcr{eH Hocru Kp r{Tepues o6be

xrun Horo

(

xax HaAbrHAr,rBnAya,'rbHoro

tr

cyxlHocrHoro

aHaHua)

yxe

B npoqecc

cy6:sexu{BHOro, u,'rrl rcrixororu-

qecKoro,

n03HaHII.q.

B ce.qslt

c noc,re4Heri [ocraHoBKoii npo6aeulr

BepHeMcr K KJraccnqe-

cxoil ctarynu rrpeAcraBneHH.rr Hayq]roro

3raHlatr. flpn erolr

Mbr

yBuAlrM,

rrro

2.2.

Cy6vexthBHoe

h o6uexrNeHoe

3HaHhe B

Teophrx no3HaHxt

llpooJleMa

ooT,eKTI'IBHofo

SHaHHt

raK I,IJII4

I,IHaqe

oKa3blBaerc-g

cBt3aHHoI"I

c rIoHHMaHr4eNr

Tofo,

qTo

TaKoe

paur{oHaJ'rbHocrl

(e

nosHaHrrH).

B ucroprrn

Honoro

BpeN,reHu

AeKaproBcxoe

kogito (<<Mbrc,,rro>>

rr3 r!{brc-

/lIt-6brTLrg

-

<<t\rbtcJllo,3HaqHT,

CyUIeCTByTO>)

npeBpaTHJIoCb

B

llllerc

l-apMo-

Hr,rn,

Ha:rBalruofi paquoHa.rrblrocrbro.

,IlatuHcroe ratio

osua\aer

<<nponop-

ur.r.fl>,

<<N,tepa>.

tr4lteHrro

AyxoBHoe

ycrr,'rrre

rtperBopger

HeorlpeAeJ'reHHocrti

B HeKyIO

IapN{OHI,IIo,

T. e.

I\IbICr'Ib BblpbtBaeT

qeJIOBeKa

H3 XaOCa

*

Xaoca He-

3rraHnq.

M. ManrapaatuBr.rJ'rr.t

o5cyx4aer

nepnHii

n3 BbrAe"rrerrHbrx

ac[efi-

ToB

-

Bo3MotKr{ocrb

ocMl,rcJlerru{ ycrpoiicrna

nlrpa

(<.y111e,r,rlrru6ell-

lrocrb>>,

unr{

yl{onocrr,rrae}rocrb),

nuo4a

/Ianee

[peAcraBJ'reHL{e

o

po"rrv

Iiy"rrbTypbI

r{ rrayl(n

KaK N.{exaHr{3N{oB

BocflpoIr3BoAcTBa

rraAr,lHAr.rBl{Ayanb-

HOI-O 3HaIrLIg.

Taxoe

coBpeNIeHHoe

rloHI{t\{aHI,Ie pauI4oIIaJIlI3r,ra

BbIBOAI{T

ero

3a paN,IKt{

orAeJ'rbHoro

tpn,rocor}croto

HanpaBJ'reHus.

ParluoHa;luann -

$u,rocorf

cxoe

HarrpaBJ,reHr,re,

ilpr{3Harollee pa3yM

oc-

HOSOTi

lo3r{aHr,Ifl.

B arolr

acrer(Te paquoHanrl3r{

rrporuBorrocraBrJ{erc.rl

31r{rI14pr.r3r.{y

KaK ceHcyaJ'rr'r:lMy

c ero npLl3HarrHeM

ToJ'rbKo

gyBcTBeHHOfi

AaU_

Ilocrrr

3rraHr{.{.

Ho s

6o,'ree

IUHpoKorl

cN{r,rc,'re at\Ilupr.I3t\.I

TaKxe

Bbrcryrraer

ran o5leAnHn'l'eJrbr{oe

Haqa,rro

I\JItr

pfl1.a

reopuir

llo3Harrut.

Sunupusm

Kar( HarlpaBJ-rerrlle

B TeopIIt{

tro3rlaHu.fl

rrprl3Haer

qyBcrBeH-

ttltli onur

Ilcror{rII{Kot\,I

BcgKoro

3fial,jj/,fl.

or

raroro

rIoHIlN{aIIHJ{

SMlrltplI3-

I\{a

uAer rrpeAcratsJleHr.re

o6

alrnl.rpr{qecKoM

t{ccJreAotsaHr{rr

KaK

AarorueM

Qarrrrvecxyto

ocHo

By

Anq

Hayr{Hbrx

o6o6ueslrii

r.r

s},rcKaer,rsaHuii.

3runtrpnvecxoe

u reoperuqecKoe

3rraHne pa3rttlllrbrN{

o6pasou

coorHo-

cnJ'Itrcb B

xoAe

pa3BrlTua

HayKH.

vxe ua KJIaccHqecKoM

sTaIIe

HayqHOe

rto-

3HaHHe orlrpaercrr

rra 3N,Inrrpr{qecxnfi6asuc,

rro3Bo,TrIIoilIuli

oqeunrart

npa-

BoMepHocrb

reoperttxo-loHguriiuoro

cocraBa

HayqHor.o 3HaHrrq.

Or

paqnorraJll{3N{a

cJleAyer

orJ'rnqarb

anpnopr,IaM,

roropuii

BbIBoAIIT

rpnrepnfi

llcrr'rltHocrlr

3HaHl,r.s

3a

IIpeAeJlbI

pa3yNra

I{ onbrra.

Arrpnopnalr

rrpeArro,rraraer

3HaHr4e

[peAlrecrByrouluM

onbrry

r{

He3aBH-

CHMbIM

OT HCTO.

OAuaxo cl{aqa"[a paccMOTprlM

Te cyuecrBeHHbre

[rar-r4

n rrtpa6orre

KpLrrepr4eB

o6bexrlrsHoro,

He cBoAr{Moro

K cy6lexrueuouy

(avuupuve-

cxotrly) 3HaHtr.fl,

KoTopbre

cheJrara

HeMerlKarI

KJraccuqecKaa

SH,rocorlux.

I4.

Kaur tsJ'roxrlJ'r

I{plrreplrrr

o6tenrnnuocru

B caMI,I

cxer\{bl

rlo3HaHu.q

qe-

,'roBeKorr

oxpyxarcuero

Mtrpa. B ero

uAea-rlrcrnqecxofi

Teopuu

rro3Ha-

HH.rr rr3Meperrr.ta (xareropr.rr.r)

npocrpaHcrBa

r,I

Bpeil{eHr{

AaHbr

qeJ'IoBeI(y

aflpnopHo.

tr4

paqtrona.nblrocrb

IIo3HaHH.rI

aaKJ'rroqeHa yxe

B caMoM

npo-

rlecce rroJryqeHr4.a

aN{rrHpuqecKHX

AaHuux.

{eiicreoBarb

)r(e

c

pauuoHanb-

IIO

IIPHHgTbIMH

3AKOHANTI{

MO)I(HO I,I

BHE KOHTEI(CTA

IIH,4YKTI,TBHbIX

NOKA-

:}ATEJIbCTB,

l

-

l-.

i-l ny:"

glpggglpltrr

X X s. :

Bo3 H 14

K H oBe

H h e

HeKn acchqecKoro...

41

Kaur

nounlraJT,

qro

orprrrlarenbHoe

pe[reHne

onrolr

npo6leulr

r{HAyrc-

uuu

yHHr{Toxaer

pauuoHaJrb}rocrb

ocHoeanlrfi

noaronoua*ori

o"ar"nrr*,

_

ocHoBonoJrararculeii

reopr'r

KJrraccr4qecxor?

nayrlr.

140unpnL,troMoBcKorvlv

3aKoHy

lrHAynqr*r

c.raryc

anpr{oprro

Ac.r?crnyrcqero

3ar(oHa.

K""r

;;;;;;;;

BCe

npeArlIOXeHLI.g,

B

TOM

qI,ICJIe

I{

Hayr{Hble

BbICKa3bIBaHIIq,

BO_[epBbIX,

I1o

Kpnrepr{rc

r'rx

lpocrorbl.

{a,ree

Hepa3,TOXI{MbIe

BbrcKa3brBaHH.S

OH

Ha3Ba-,r

aHaJII'lrlrqecKHr'IIr,

a cocraB,'reHHble

H3

HrIx -

crIHTerI{qecKHN{H.

r,rn

oueHxlr

I'ICTI'IIIHO.TII

Bblcl{a3blBaHutl

raxuo,

qro

Ilcrul.rHocrb

LLT,I

J,IoxFlocrb

rlpo

CTbIX

B'ICKAEITNAHTTI]

NIO)ITHO

YCTA}IOBI{Tb

B

PAMKAX

J,IOTIIK}I,

LIJII.

KC'HCJIC

HLI_'

Br,rcKa3brrant'i.

Bo_nroprrx,

oH

npe^,,roxr.r/r

paccNrarplrnarl

lrc6oe

npe4-

JTIO)KEHI{C

I'IJTH

B'ICKA3'IBAHI,IC

,'O

KPI{TEPII}O

UX

NPIIT.'3AH

UiIUAUCTUTTHOCTb,

H,'rrr

BepHocTb,

KaI(

anpHopHbre

u

a[ocTepuopHbre.

Anpuopnr,re

BblcKaabrBauu,

_

3To

BrrcK?3brBrHrrq,

He

HyxAauu.rec,

B

3\'lnrpuqecroii

nponepxe,

fiocKoJ'rbKy

oHn

u3Har{ar,rr,HO

npr.IHHMaIorc,

Karr

BepHbre.

Anocrepuopubre

BbrcxaabrBaHlrg _

sro

aNInupLIqecKHBepHbreBbrcKa3r,rBaHrrr.

sNI,'upilqecKIrnoAAepxallHbIe,

Anpuopu

rte

aHa4HTuqec(rre

B blcKa3brB

arru

fl ,tB

JI

srorcs

BepI{bIMLr

ro

or

_

peAeJIeHI{ro'

oAHaro

HercHo,

Moryr

,tH

6lrtt,

clrutetnqec*Lle

BIrICKa3bIBa-

HU.s

BepHbIN{u

anptropHo?

KaHr

oteetur,

r{To

Aa,

Moryr.

Cnutergr{ecKrrMq

rr

BepHbrr{Il

ailp'lopHo

oH

crrurarr

apur}verlrry,

reoMerpuro

n

rrpnHI1trrr

npr-

yuHrrocrrr

(r.

e.

aHavrlre,Tblryrc

qacrb

rrbroroHoscKor?

rplralrxn

j.

llpu

arolt

oH

llcxoArlj.I

H3

Toro,

qro

qeJ,roBegecxnri

HHTe.rLrreKT

uso6pe_

TaeT

H

HaI(JrIaAbrBaeT

CBOI,T

3aKOHbI

Ha <<qyBcTtseHHyro

TpqclrHy>>,

HaBoA.g

Tetr

caMbrM

[oprAon

B

npupoAe.

parluonaarnocrb

3aAaHa,

TaKHrvr

o6paeonr,

B anprropHbrx

crpynrypax

rro3HaHu-rr

rreroBeKa.

K.

rlounep

y*"rir"u"r,

oro

::-1,i:L11"1

reoprrr

pyxlry,'ra

B

ror

IloMeHr,

KofAa

cra.4o.scrrbrM,

ql,o

B

Ho_

Bou

Kapr,He

N{Hpa

HbloroHoBcKarr

reopng,

B

cBoFo

oqepeAb,

oKa3?Jrrcb.r''Ir,

o4Hofi

ti3

rlrnore3,

a

He

anpuopHbrM

3HaHueNr.

Ec'tlr

cor'racHo

reopn,lr

rro3HaHus

KaHra

o6rerrnnsoe

AaHo

a

cy6rer-

TI{BH'M

(nocpe4crnoM

alp'opHoro

anaunx),

To

B

HeKJraccilqec*Hx

napa-

ArIrMax

cy6lerrunuoe

oKa3aJrocr,

BI(JIrogeHI{brM

B

rlpoqecc

co3AaHH,

o6tex-

TI,IBHOTO.

2.3.

HaytHae

peBo^tolrun

XX

s.:

Bo3HhKHoBeHHe

HeK^accllqecKoto

ecTecTBO3

HaHUn

Tperra

HayrlHafl

peBor'rrouu.s,

rroJlHocrblo

npeo6paeonaBlla.rr

HAeaJ,rbl

I'I

HopMbI

Hayr{Horo

[o3HaHIr.g,

npoH3oIrIJ'Ia

B

KoH(e

XIX -

ua.{aJre

XX

n.

Pa4nraltuoe

H3MeHeHue

Kaprr,rubr

Mr.tpa

Haqarocb

euJe paHbrrre

c

oTKDrr-

l'ltoM

SJIeKTpI{qecrBa,

rorAa

6tt,1'to

BBeAeHO

npeAcraBJIeHI{e

O

[oJ'te

cuJ'IbI,

tiutor'rH.slotueN{

npocrparlcTBo

N{e}KAy

o6t,erraltu.

tr4lreuHo

pa3r't14rIHble

llllllbt

B3attNlogericrnrrfi

il{e)Klly

o6texralrn

3arr.rrJ'Ir.r

Uer{TpaJ'rbHoe

N{ecro

B

trotr<tii r<apruHe

r{upa.

c orrpurl.reM

3J'reMerrt.apHbrx

rracrr'Irl

r.r

Ae.r[lMocrrr

n lI)Nta,

craHoBJ'IeHr{eM

peJ'I.rIT}rBI4CrCrori

u xnantonotl

TeopI,It{,

[o.rIBJreHn-

t

M r(oHrlelurrr.I

Hecrar{rroHapuoii

Bce,renHofi

B

KoclroJ,rorr{r4

x

ApyrHMr{

atro_

xir.4brIbIMH

orKpbrrr4qMx

cQopulrponar'racb

HoBas (Her-raccnuecxar)

napa-

/tr

I

l'Ma

ecTecTBo3HaI{II.f

.

llexaaccnqecxat

Hayrca (ueraacctrvecroe

ecrecrBoeHarrrre)

-

cr.rcrer\{a

rtt;Uil'tfi

u cnoco6on

Irx

IIoJIyrIeHHg,

ocHoBalrHar{

}Ia

[peAcraBreHl{sx,

qro

llM

rlpoqecc

rr [poAyrTbr

no3HaHr{s

HeJrb3.rI

a6crparuponarb

or npoue/Iyp

r.r

Ilx'/lcrB

(BKrroqaq

HayqHble

reopulr),

c noMorublo

Koropr,rx

Mbr

rIo3HaeM

Mr{p.

I Ie

cyulecrnyer

<<qI,IcrbIX>>

cpaxror

KaK

TaKoBbrx:

ecJ'ur

B rparcre

Her N,rec-

r;r

('utvroMy

cy6r,erry

[o3uaHr{.s,

To oro

He

rrayvnufi

rfarr.

I

lc;re4

ea

Bo3Hlrr{HoBeHHeN{

HeKJ'raccnqecror'r

HayKH

(rulocoSlra

cra,ra

ur'r\u,rcJgrb

H3N.feHerrHrr

rI{na

paurrotlaJ'IbIrocrll

KaK

onpeAe./IeuHot"t

<<oHTo_

ttr)r'rul

ytr{a>>,

croarqeti

3a

rlpeAcraB.rleHl{trIH

o

KprlTepu.qx

HayrlHofo

3I.Ia-

tilDr.

7i[,ra

KJraccusecKoii

HayrH

arrr

Kpr.rrepr.rr.r

[peArronaraJrH

oprreHrrrpoBr(y

llitvriltoro

3HaHHrI

KaK o6terrtrngofo

Ha

KJ'Iacctrqecxrtfi

<<uAeaJ,I

patrHoHarb-

ltrx'ilI>.

<.HeK,'laccH,IecKat

)Ke

lpo6,renra

oH.r'oJrorLIH

yMa...

yxoAlrr

cBoI{-

ilrr l(()pH-sMu

B Te

H3NreHeHWnueit,

Koropbre

Bo3HLrKaIor

s

XX

s.

-

B

CB{-

ril t

:ra4avei;i

BBeAeHIrt

co3Hare/tbHblx

tr )Ku3IleHHbIX

nBJ'IeHLlii

S

Hav.{nvlo

h,rl)nury

N,rupa>

[Malrapaaurnu,rr.r,

1984,

c.

3].

I I:rlrertultrcb

caMrr

Borrpocbr,

I(oropble

MoxrHo

crrgrarb

rrayrrHbllun.

('

ro,u(u

3peHH"q

Her"rlaccHqecKoro

ecrecrBo3HaHut

Borlpoc

o

roM,

KaKoBa

l|r',t.rtt)ltocrb

caMa

IIO Ce6e,,tnmen

cN{blcJla.

flosHasa'I

MI,Ip,

N{bI

I(OHCTT{TVLI-

ly('i\t

ct-o

r.I

He

roJ'rbno

o6Hapyxunael\{,

Ho rI

co3AaeNl

B

rreM

TaKIte

csoricisa,

fr,t()l)f)rc

Ao

qe,'roBer{ecroi.i

4eare"rtb}rocrH

I{e

cvulecrBoBaJrvr

rr

Bo3HnKaIor

trr111'1i11

BO

B3aHMOAefrcrsnu

c

qe.rroBeKoM.

3ta u4el,

Kaxyqa.trc.g

ilapaAoK-

r ,r,rt,rtrrii

Arq

o6rtAeuHoro

co3HaHrr'',

rra

carvloM

Aexe

[p.qNro

BbITeKaer

H3

|'|rr'/l.y

x)r{ero

o6qenpuu.aroro

yrBepxAeHrrr.

.ILo60e

csoricrso,rrc60ro

,frr'('r('r':r

He

npl{HaAJlexrrr

sroMy

o6lexry

caMol{y

uo

ce6e,

a

BcerAa

npo-

rllrrlil(''r'('rr

roJrbKo

Bo

B3aI{MOAetlCrnuu

c KaKr,rM-J'IH6O

4pyrnu

o6T,exrou,

llllil'l('

l olrop-g'

cyrUecrByer

B

rIpocTPaHcTBe

Me?KAy

[epBbIM

LI BTopbIM,

Tpe-

I t,ilr\r

r|r''

A.

o6rexrou.

IuI c

no;rueHueN{

B

MHpe KaqecrBeH}Io

HoBofo

o6lerc-

tfr lf

( ('/ll)yfHe

o6rexrtt

npr.ro6perarcT

HoBbre

cBoiicrta,

Morylque

ce6g

o6-

lf,tf

)y/lilt|r,

To,'IbKo

BO B3alrMorefictstlv

c

STIIM

HOBbIM

o6lerrolt.

Tarlru

flrrlf f,f Nr

o(r]'elrroM

trBJlflerc'

qeJ'IoBeK

rarc

cy6texr

rlo3HaBareJ,Ibltoli

Ae.g-

It"|lrilo(

t'n lr

efo

co3HaHIae.

z

uayvrla.q

KaprHHa

MI{pa

ecrb

coBoKylrHocrb

rr

r'\

r'rr()ii("r8,

o6uapyxunaeMblx

MLIpoN{

B xoAe

Iro3HaBareJlbl{oro

B3aI{Mo-

42

lrr,aaa

2. Actopun pa3B/,-rul

H coBpeMeHHHe

npeacraBneHur..

AeIicrtsur

c cy6:beKroM

r03rrarrnq

(rlopr.ra

Me'roAo,qorrr.recnoi.i

pe$,rexcl'ru

lta4

uayxoli, pacKpblrat

B r,qaBe

I tcar< <t.ltoceo"nort.rstvt>).

B rrex,tacclrgecKOM

ccrecrBogHaHr.Ir{

ilperuer

rr

ueror He

or4eJrc}rbr

/{pyr

oT

/Ipyra;

[peAN{eT

rre

cyruecTByeT

/Io

Toro,

Kar( oH

rraqHlraeT

Ll3yqaTbcr.

B

o(rbexrrrsHoM

ire

3Har{lIrI

rraqrrHaer

rlvnxur.ronnpoBarb

ra <<Ae,'rbra

rro-

I{ilrIarrr'rrr>>,

Koropag

neo6xoAul,to

Bo3}IHKaer

B

cBr3H

c

<<Herrpo3paqHocrbru>

caN'Ioro

cy6r'erra

rlo3lranrq.

tr4rat<,

n XX

g.

rraueu

HJtucb

HAea,'ItI

rrayvrroii

lICTrrlIrrocrtr

w6aulu

crlopuy,rupoBaHbr

troBbie

uAea-ilbI,

r.IJrH

Trrrrbr, paqr{o-

Ha.rrblrocrH

*

I{eK,'racctt.recKrai.i,

a raK}r(e

flocrrreK-rraccrr.reclcr4ii.

3ro 6u,ro

rIoAfo'r'oBJreHo

raKlKe

I]prr;]Hatlr{eNl

o6r'extlrRrroro

cyurecrBoBaHL{r

c,ryuaii-

lIocrI'I

lI

TeN'I'

qro

IIa cMeHy

K-rl:lccrqecKIINI

IIpeAcraB,TeHu.qM

o xcctrori

tt

,rHHeliuolYt

AerepM

rrrlatlHu

n

pI,I

I]rJ[{

IuIer r

BepoqrHocrrroii

AerepMr.rHaut{tr,

ue"'reBoii

tr KpyroBol"r

flprrrurH]rocrn

(no4po6lee

cn.

r.rany

4).

2.4.

llosuruBusM

h ero polb

KaK

MeroaonorhqecKoro

6asuca

HayK

Ha

onpeaeneHHof

cryneHh pa3Burtfl

HayqHoro

no3HaHhfl

Kar

yNe

orMegaJ'rocb

B nepBor"r

rJ'raBe, rf

lr,rocodlHn

nc,3r.rrIIBLr3N,ra (O.

Konr,

l.

Creucep

rr

4p.)

lr oco6esuo

ero

pa3rroBrrArrocrb

<<cqrreHrr.r3N.r,>

(carierr-

rnant)

crpollJrncb

Ha rol{

Irocry,'Iare,

qro

rrayrlHoe

3Ha}Ine

tr

ecrb

Bblcuarl

rpopua

rreJ'roBeqecKoro

3HaHrr.fl

,

Bbrno,rHqrorua.rr

r{trpoBrl33peuvecxyro

rlryu-

KUIIrc'

T.

C. npeAcrasager

co60r:r

3rraHr,re

rsu,rocoscr<oe.

lloArtrHrroe,

T. e.

no3l{TrrtsHoe,

3]laHr.re

trro}Ker

6rrrl

no,ryveHo

ro-rrbl{o

B

parrKax

orAenb}rbrx

cIIeq[a,'IbIrbrx

IrayK.

IzIe

arux

crterIHaJIbrrblx

Hayr(,

no

Cneucepy,

rclrXoi-rotlrfl yHuKa]rbl{o

BbI-

Aenqerc.s

coqeralrlreM

accoqHaqr.rii

MexAy

Br{eurHr.rMH

r{

Brryrpet{Hr,rMr.t

rpaxropaun,

B

To Bpelfq

KaI(

AJ'rs

ocraJ'rbHblx

rlayK

Ba)Krrbt

nu6o

Br.Ie[IHrre

tpaxropu

(ecrecrneunlre

nayxn),

rlr6o nuyrpeHuue

(rfrr-rroco(llr

I,r lyr,ra-

HnTapHbre

HayKr{).

Hayra

KaI(

J'rorr,IKa

rrcqucJ'reHu.g

Bbrcra3blBarlnil

*

nltcraeuBarrHlyr

o rpar-

Tax

-

AoJrxHa

6lr-aa

3aMeHI{Tb,

C

TOqKrr

3pel{uq

llo3r{TrrBllcron,

co6ctneuHo

Qulocorllrrcr

r.r B

ee

paN{Kax -

Teopr.{rc

rro3HaHr,rr.

flpu

erou

yrBepxAaJ,rocb,

t{To

tlayKa

IIe

Hyi(Aaercx

r

tptr,rocoQcK}Ix

OCITOBaX,

CaMltM

xe

Qnnocorp-

crnlr

npo6-,reNf

arl oTBoAHJIacb

pOJIb

<.Uetarf

nelrvecKr,rx>>.

Taroe HeaAeKBarrroe

[peyBeJluqeHue

po,'rr{

HayK].r

B

rreJ'roBeqecxofi

>xnaHu

cblrpaJlo

reM

He

MelIee noJIo)tI'ITeJ'IbHyIo

po,'Ib

B pa3BUTI,IH

trcc,te4onaHl.tr.i

ca-

ltoii

nayrr'r,

B Heyrlgsllr

3arolroMepnocreri

lr

cf.rarropon

pocra

r{ayq}roro

3Ha-

nHa

(rlluocorpua

uayru

-

9. Mopprrc,

fI. 6prr4xMeH;

Heorro3rrrutsr.r3M,

"rorlr.lecrul"r

rro3r{Tr,rBr43M -

(D.

{DpaHn,

P.

Kaprran,

f.

(Derlre,rr,

r{

Ap.;

Jrofr.l-

2.4. floghrhehgv H ero

ponu

raK Nleroaonorz.lecKoro

6aghca Ftayx... 43

qecrnri

3Mrrl{prl3r'r,

Sl.r,rocoQlrx

J'rorrqecKoro analrrr3a

-

6. Pacce,r u

np.,

loruqecrul"r aroMn3M

-

"4.

BrrrreslrreiiH).

floanrusraM

-

lrarlpaBireHue

<pn,rocorlcxoir

ruuc,ru, flepeorleHnBaroulee

ponb

HenocpeAcrBerrlroro orrbrra, rpe6yrcqee

npauoii

aN{nupr{qecKofi

npo-

BePKr.{ Ka)KAOTO OTAeJTbHOTO

yTBep)KAeHrI.{

r.{ tlpl{HuxarcU]ee poJ'rb

Teope-

rr{r{ecKoro 3Harrufl

(oco6eHHo

cpu,rocof cxoro).

C

ro.rxu 3pelrr{q oproAoKcanb}roro rro3r.rrrIBrI3Ma

HayKa He o6'ssla$er,

a J'II{IIIb OIIlICbItsaeT tB,'IeHUg II OTBeqaeT He Ila BOIIpOC

<.nOVelty?>>,

a lla

Borrpoc

<.rax?>.

KpHrepueu HcTr{r{HocTr.l BbrcTyrraeT orbrT,

y3Ko

rroHr{Mae-

uurl xax coBoKyrrHocrb

qyBcrBeHrrbrx

nepe)KHsaurrii.

Svnltpr.t:u rrac.trrc-

"IIeHHe "rtorl{KlI

BblcKa3btBaHui\

gnng.rc'rcg

Ang

IIo3LITHBH3N{a

ocHoBHbINITI

Kpr{Teplr.qNrH rrayqHof o 3HaHu.s.

!,na

no6ofr

pa3HoBI,IAHocrl,r

aNIrIrlpII3Ma KaK eArurcrBeHlror".r lrero4o,ro-

rrr,{ecKoii nlar@oplr

u HayqHoro

rr03rraHr,rs cra,'nr xaparTep}rbr :

.

a6co,rrcrlr3arlilr

ponu

aN{nupuqecKrlx

AaHHbIx,

ux c6opa rI otrlrcaHns;

.

HeAooueHl{a reoprrll. 3aAa.Ia HayKIr

-

onIIcaHI{e H rlpeAcl{a3a}Iile, Ho

rre o6lscrreHue

Qaxron;

.

oAHoHanpaB,rreHHaff 3aBncrrMocrb reoprrH or aMnHprJH

(aunupnx

aa-

AaeT

Teoprlrc, Ho caMa

oT

Hee He eanncllr);

.

I]pol]eAypa aepnrpuraqu lt

(4oxaaareJlbcrBo,

IIo.{rBep)I{AeHIIe !IcrI.IH

-

nocru), Koropa.q ocyilIecrBJ'r{erc.rr nyreM rrpoBepKx rnrrore3

Ha

Qax-

TUr{eCKyIO }ICTIIHIIOCTb I{,'llI COOTBeTCTBIIe

.{aHHbIlvI

qIICTOTO

OIL'ITa

(a

He nparrnxu B lrlfipoKolr clruc,re) u

AonxHa

6url ocyuecrBrrMa

B orHoIUerIlIu,rrc6oro orAe,'Ir,FIoro,IIo f IIr{ecI(oro

yrBepxAeHHlt

;

.

yrBepxAeHrre

BHeucroprlrrHocru [o3HaHrll

KaK HeKoropoii ecrecrseu-

nor"r cnoco6rrocrrr

treJroBexa.

Taxoe rroHrNraHr4e aMIIIipHsMa

KaK aK-

UeHTyarlur{

MeroAo,rorrrqecxoii no3rrUrrl{

He cJleAyer cr\.re[rrrBarb c 3a-

rououepHofi

Ar.r{

HayqHofo rro3HaHr{s optreHTl{poBrofi

Ha rto,'ryqeHr{e

onbtTHbtx

AalHbtx

I,t lx

patlHoHa,lbHbn"t,

B

ToNt

rJnc,te

n teoperuvecxttfi,

aHa,'llI3.

BogHnxulrii e XX e. HeorIo3IITrIBu3M npocraBx,'r aKrIeHr

Ha

po,trr.r

3Ha-

KoBo-TeopeTIIqecKlIX

cpeAcTB

HayqHoro MbrruJreHrrs (npexAe

Bcero

g3bl-

xa),

orHoueHltsx reoperuqecKoro annapara

u aMnrrpr4qecxoro 6arllca,

Qyuxqnu

MareMarrr3arlun u

Qopua"rrH3aur{H

3HaHL'tA.

Heonosumuau3.ht

-

B

y3I(oM

cMbIcJ'Ie

c,'roBa Jlorur{ecxuii rIo3urI{Br{3M

30-x rr. XX n.

(n,trr

<.tperuii

rIo3r{TI{Br.r3M'>); n urrrpoxoM cMbrcJTe

-

Bce

rro3urrrtsucrcKLre leqeHn s 1920

*

1960-x rr.

OcHosurn\4

cpeAcrBoM orrvcatug. v. aqalrLr3a

Hayr{Horo 3Hat:,z^g, B Heofio-

3I,rrHBn3Me craHoBLITct an[apar MareN{arllqec'xoti,torurn.

9yncrneHHo

_l

ftaaa

2. Vlcropun

pa3Bhrvfl

h coBpeMeHHbte

npeacraBne+r4e...

BocflptrHr{MaeMbre

(baxTbr

6rr,rn eal,reHeHbr

rrporolroJrbHbrMtr

I]pe,ano)KeHH-

qMtr.

Oco6oe 3Haqerrne

trpHAaerc.s

JrrorurrecKolry

auaJItr3y

s3brKoB HayKr.I

r,r

Ae,\roHcrpaqrr{

BaBr{cI{Mocru

cnoco6oB paccN,rorpeurr.a

4eiicrnrrreJ'rbHocrr{

or rr{[a r4crro,'rb3yeMofo

q3brra.

flpr.r eronr

c KoHua

1930-x rr.

Hap.qAy c

aHaJIL{3or.{

cuHTai{cr{ca

rr3bII(a (ero

rHyrper{Her:r

crpyKTypbl)

Har{HHaer

pa3-

BnBarbc.q

aHaJ'rrr3

ceN{aHTHKtl

t3bIKa

(ceirluortrrr.r),

aarparunarcuuit

coor-

HOIUeHIIe

C,'lOBa C

peaJ'IbIIOCTtTIO,

a He TOJIf'Ito

C

TIyBCTBeHTIbIMLI

nepe)KIIBa-

HLI.qMu

(vr.rcrlru

onr'rrou).

f,o

roro 3Harrelrur

B

Ayxe

oilepaUi.roHa,rr,r3r{a

cBoAu"rrr{cb

x cnoco6anr

HX ar,rnupuqecxoit

npoBepKu.

Cr.urHoe B,'rri.rrHr.re

vqert

n,.

IOMa

a Heorro3rrruBn3r,{e

orpa3uJrocb

B

rro-

HUL{aHIII'I

STOIO

TeqeHHg

KaK coeAIIHeHI,I_fl

eIO UAeI{

aIHOCTIIUI{3NIa

C MeTO-

golorHeii

MareNrarr,rr{ecrori

"uorlrxn

IOn,rocoScxaf

aHur.rr{r'ronegwx,

1967,

r.4,

c.4B]. Bnrrxulle

3. Maxa

(1838-1916),

ancrprlircrcoro

(rusura

u

Qn-

,roco(ra-u4eaJrvrcra,

xoroptrfi

rportrBorrocraBr.r.rr

KaHToBcKoN{y

IroHr,rMarrurc

penrrnBHcrcKoe

IloHrrrralrue anpnopHnx

Qoplr

rro3Harlrr,

orpaxarcxlee

HX

cy6T,eKTHBHoe

I]pol{cxoxAeI{I{e,

[po.qBuJ'Iocb

B

rIoHIrMaH'Itt <.ttetirpa,rl-

HOCTI{>

SIInUpHqeCKOIO

MaTepI,IaJ'Ia

HayKI'I

KaK HeBO3I'tO)KHOCTI'I

OTHeCeHI{.9

HayrrHbrx

Sarron

K r.{r{py

o6bexrlrsHoro

u,irr{

cy6t,errnnHoro.

OnlrrHue

QarTbr

nonyqu,Iu

rra3BaHLIe

<<rrepex],IBaril.tiir>

s TepMrIHOr'IOrr.rn

P. KapHa-

na

(

189

1

-

1 970), ne4yulero

rreMeuKo-aNreprrraucKoro

Qn,roco$a

r.r JrofuKa,

ofiIlpaBrxerocA

Ha v4.ev ancrprrficroro

$u,roco$a

u J'rorl,rra

,rI. Blrrreuu-

reliHa

(

1889- 19S t;l rr asr,rrriicrcoro

Qrrlocorpa,

J'rorr{Ka

H coqrrorora

E. Pac-

ce,ra.

KapHan 6r,r"l oAnltlr

r,r3

yqacrHuKoB

3Har,reHtrroro

Beucxoro

l(pyxxa2,

B

paMKax

r{oToporo paepa6oraHtr

ocHoBHbre

nAeI{

JrorHqecKoro

rro3uTLI-

BI,T3MA.

!onepHe

K co.4epxaHr{rc

ouyueHui;i

KaK

HerrocpeAcrBeHHo

AaHHoMy

orIbITy r,rcKJrloquJro

Borrpocbl

o6 orrroueuHLr

3Ha:r,ufl

K BHerxHeNry

MHpy

H

Bo3HltKHoBerurto

qyBcrBelrHbrx

oulyrqeuuii y

cy6rexra.

llpu

arolr Kpr{rrr-

qecKoMy

aHar'rrr3y

c

paq[oHaJrucrl{qecKr{x

nosuqufi

B Heorro3trrnBH3]!re

noABepranrlcl (teHoueuo"rtoIHs,

sK3r,rcTeHrInanH3M,

r,rHTyuTr{Br,r3u

A. Fepr-

coHa, Heocxo"rlacrllKa.

6. Pacce,r (1872-1970),

c6,rnarrnurvilcs.

c Heoro-

3IIrI4Br.IcraNru

B cBorrx

Bo33peHrrflx

s 1920-1930-e

rr.,

a raKire p.{A

Apyrr4x

BeAyrrlux

$n"rrocoQon

aroro

HarrpaBJreHr.r.s,

6ylyuw

arericraMu, pe3Ko

Bbr-

cTylaJIr4

lrpoTxB

penilrHo3Horo

trppaquoHaJrr,r3M

a t{ arrrocTI,IuH3Ma.

I

C 1929 r. xu,'r B

,rlorr/lole.

2

O6pasonarrrrbrr"l Ha ocrroBe

ceN{}lHapa

M. lllar.rxa

npu xaQe4pe

$r.r-rrocoQur.t

I4rrAyxrr{Bubrx

nayx Berrcroro

yHuBepcr.rrera

s 1922 r., oH

rrpeKparr.rr'r

cBoe cyxle-

crBoBarrue B KoHrIe

1930-x rr.

(n

ceasn

c rur6ealn

Illrrrra

u npr4xoAoM

lraqlrc-

ron). C

grnM

r(pyxxoM

nepBoHaria.nrHo 6rr,ra

cBrlsarra

r.r

AeqrcJ'rr,rrocrr

K. IIou-

nepa.

2.4.

flo:hrhehEv

N ero

ponu

raK veroaonorh.lecroro

6aErlca

Havr...

45

Orpuqanue

arHocrHIlu3Ma

lIeolrtl3rITr{BrrcrbI

o6ocuosblsa,'ILI

To,,rKoBaHIr-

eM

[o3rraHlrr

xar paapa6orKr,r

roc.rreAoBareJlbHocrr,I

onepaqni'r

no

nepeBoAy

r{yBcrBeHHbrx.4aHHbrx

B 3Har(otsyru

rpopivry, ycraFroBJreHr,reM

QoplrantHlrx

co-

orHorxeHl'rii

N,rexAy

osopu,reuublNfr{

TaKIIM

O6paaolr

Bbrcr{a3blBaHrI{t{tr

(nvecro

reoplru)

H

AeAyKTr.rBlrbrl{

BbrBeAeHrreNr

rrpeAc*a3aHr{ii

lls

ceop-

MHPOBAHIIOIl

CUCTEMbI,

A

TAXXC

II3N1EHEHHCM

CAMUX

QOPUA,TITIUX

CHCTCM

nplr o6uapy)KeHnr,r

B Hr.rx

flporlznopevuri

lr,'rr,I

rrecoorBercrBn.rr

ollbrrrrblM

AAHHbIM.

B"Ayutrr

.4JIg

l{eono3rrtr.ts}rcrcrofi

MeroAonor}r

14 ocraBalrcg

sneleHHHI1

eqe

s

pa6orax

"II.

Burreururel"rHa

rrpr{Hrlul

repll$rrxaquu,

roropuri

upe4-

IIOJIAIAET

YCTAIIOBJ'ICHI,IE

'ICTI,IHHOCTTI

I'IIII

J'IO)KHOCTI{

HAYTIHbIX

NPCAJIOXE-

nufi nyrev

cpaBneHr,r.q

lrx c

Qarranu

orrblTa.

Paerrl.{ne

MexAy 3HaqeHurlMu

H cMbIcraN{H

B HayqHoM

.s3bll(e

npu 3ToN{ orprluaJrocb.

M. Ill,rurc

o6ocHo-

Bar'r roxAecrBo

MexAy

ocMbrcJleHHocrblo

rlpeAJ'roxeuwit

u ux nepucpuqu_

pyeMocrbro,

T. e. cMbrc,rr

oroxAecrBJr

flJrcfl. co

cnoco6ou

fipoBeplrrl

Hayr{Ho_

ro

yTBepxAeHH.rr.

Kpureplrfi

xe

HcrlrHbr

oroxAecrBJ'r

gJrcx

c

Sopua,rruuM'

ycJroBl{sMr{

npoBepl(u

Ha

I{crlIIIHocrb'

a 3HaHIIe

ncrI4HbI

-

c Bo3MoxHocrblo

IIpeAcKa-

sarltr

6yAyulhx

oruyuleHnfi

cy6rerra

(no.nyvaeuurx

B arrx yc,ronuax)

rax

orltITIibIX

AaUHrrx.

llpuvIIHHocrb

cra,'Ia

rroHutrlarbc'

uMeHHo

KaK

[peAcKa-

3yeMocTb.

flocragonxa

npo6,reurt

:Ha.{euuli

B KoHTeKcre

rr3yrJeIIug

Hayr{Horo 3Ha-

nua

uorpe6oBarra

nepexo4a

x uonoii

TpaKToBKe

rr3blKa.

CosN{ectHN{octr

IIPEAJIOXEHI{iI

N

HCU CTAJ'IA

BbICTYTIATb

CTOJIb

)KC

CI,IJ'IbHbIM

KPHTCPIICM

I{CTIIHIIOCTII,

KaK

U O[bITHat

npoBepKa

BbrcKa3bIBaHvft.

14 zleca

rroruqe-

cxuii

nosutunHsN{

ue 6bt,'I

rocJIeAoBareJrIeH,

IIocI(oJ'IbIty

3HarleHLIe

qacro

rlo-

HlIMaJIocb

KaK Bo3Mo)KIlocTb

Bblpa3uTb

o4Hr/'

3HaKH

nocpeAcrBoM

Apyrl4x,

a IIe Kar(

o3Har{enue

peaJ'IbHocru.

3a raror?

uosurrl4eli

croglla

KoHllertqu.fl

AByX

BI.rAoB

rrcrprHHocrtl.

BsoAn"[oct pa3J:rr4qr4e

r{ex4y

$axrnvecxoft

ucruu-

Hocrbro (rar

uaarrnaeutrii

upnHq

vn Kopp

e cnou)

eu\uu

-

corJracoBaHr4.rr

npel,[oxeHr,rx

u

Qaxra)

H.[ofHqecKoii

ncrlrHsocrnrc

(rar

Ha3brBaeMa.rr

r(o-

?ep

eH4ua,

T. e.

B3alrMocof,'IacoBaHHocrb

Jroruqecr(I{x

npeAJloxeHufi

4pyr

c

4pyrou).

Tpe6onanue

ucqepnbrBarouleli

nepnQuuupyeMocrr{

KaxAoro ocMbrcJ,reH-

HOrO HayqHofo yrBepxAeHr.Ig

B Heo[o3I{Tr,rBIIsMe

6rt,to

aaueueHo

BO3Mo}K-

HOCTbIO

ero

qacrl,Iqrroli

n xocneuHoli

no4rnepxAaeMocrH.

!,ra

aroro

noHa-

go6unocn

HapqAy

c rroHrrr,reM

HenocpeAcrBeHHoit

nepueuxaqn

n

(npxvax

[poBepr€

yrBepxAeHr.rfi

,

rpopuy,rr,rpyrcuux

AaHHbre

Hafrro1etvrs.

H

sKcfle-

puMeHTa,

rrJrr.r

yrBepx4ennrl,

<puxcr.rpyn4r{x

3aBHcr{Mocrr{

MexAy

arHMH

4auHuntu)

BBecru

[oH.qrrre

xocseHuofi

nepu$uxaqzlt (ycraHon.neHr4e

Jro-

I

Корнилова Т.В. Смирнов С.Д. Методологические основы психологии

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.