Keller L., Gordon E. The Lives of Ants
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ab
c d
11 Leafcutter ants. a. Atta cephalotes workers characteristically slice circular
patterns in leaves. b. Workers bring home the harvest. c. The fungus garden within
the nest. d. Leafcutter ants are sometimes referred to as parasol ants because of
their way carrying their cargo.
12 Throphallaxis between two workers in Oecophylla smaragdina.
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13 Some ant species are organized into supercolonies, allowing brood and
worker exchange between different nests. a. In the polygynous form of Solenopsis
invicta nests are frequently interconnected. b. The wood ant Formica paralugubris
can form populations containing large networks of interconnected mounds as
indicated by this group of nests each marked by a yellow balloon.
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cd
14 Invasive ants. a. Workers of the ghost ant Tapinoma melanocephalum drink
from a drop of water b. A male and workers of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis
invicta. c. A queen, a male (with wings) and workers of the pharaoh ant Mono-
morium pharaonis. d. Two workers of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile
exchange information.
a
bc
15 Unusual family structures. a. New queens in Cataglyphis cursor are produced
by parthenogenesis. On this leaf a worker (right) is near a queen. b. In some
Pogonomyrmex species, queens mate with males of their own lineage and males
of another lineage to produce new queens and workers, respectively. c. In the little
fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata, queens produce new queens and males by clonal
reproduction. The workers, pictured here, care for the brood and the queens
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cd
16 Robots developed to study collective behaviour a. Swarmbots form a chain to
cross a gap in their path b. Khepera robots mimicking ant foraging behaviour c.
Communication using light in a group of E-puck robots. d. Tiny (2-cm) Alice robots
forage for large and small objects. Large object foraging requires co-operation
between the robots.