Indian National Committee on Large Dams. Design and Construction Features of Selected Dams in India
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fIlrb[$
DESIGN
AND
CONSTRUCTION
FEATURES
OF
SELECTED
DAMS
IN
INDIA
PUBLICATION
NO.
138
CENTRAL
BOARD
OF
IRRIGATION
AND
POWER
lndian
National
Committee
for
International
Commission
on
Large
Dams
Kastur,ba
Gandhi
Marg.
Ne*
Delhi
flssued
on the
occasion
of
Golden
Jubilee
congress
of
lnternational
commission
on Large DamsJ
New
Delhi
4ri%
NEW
DELHI
Octo
ber 1
979
FOREWORD
The
second
half
of.this
century
had
witnessed
a
large
increase
in
dam
construction
activity
in
this
,tun,ry.
prior
to
l9c0
ih.r.
were
only
42
dams
in
India
which
were
15
m
or
more
in
height.
By
r95r
the
number
had
increased
to
206-
The
Register
-of
Large
;
Dams
in
India
issued
by
the
Indian
National
committee
on
Large
Dams
on
the
occasion
of
the
Golden
Jubilee
congress
of
the
Inrernatioial
commi;ri;;
on
Large
Dams
being
held
in
rndia
in
october-Nov.*ber,^-tglg.
contains
technical
data
of
over
1550
dams
which
ar.
clar:itd
;;
l;;;.
dams
in
accorda'ce
with
the
criteria
laicl
down
by
the ICOLD.
In
the
fifties'
when
the
First
Five-Year
plan
of
Independent
India
was
launched'
foreign
know-ho*
to
a
limited
extent
was
availed
of
for
the
planning
and
desrgn
of
some
of
the
rarger
p-:.rr-
il;;;;,
by
the
early
sixties'
with
the
itrengthening
of
the
besigrr'ting
of
the
erstwh'e
central
water
and
power
comrn]rrion
undei
the
central
Ministry
of
Irrigation
and
power
as
welr
as
the
Design
organisatic
the
country
had
buirt
up
adequate
expertise
in
all
branci
and
construction
and
all
o;,
Ournlirojects,
some
of
r
the
largest
in
the
worrd,
have
since
b.en
handled
excrr
engineers'
A
wide
variety
of
dams-rnasonry
and
concrete
gravity
dams,
concrete
arch
dams,
earth
and
rockfill
oamr--h;";
been
designed
and
constructed
to
suit
individual
site
conditionr,
it,
^'!.otogy,
hydrology
and
the
availabirity
of
suitable
co'struction
materials.
on
the
occasion
of
the
Golden
Jubilee_
congress
of
the
IC.LD
being
held
in India
in
october-November,.
rgig,ihas
been
considered
appropriate
to
present
to
the
delegate,
un
overview
of
the
design
and
construction
practices
being
uooii.J
in
the
"or*.v.
A
few
completed
dams
have
been
chosen,
namery
B^hakra,
Nagarjurrurugar,
Koyna,
pong,
ukai'
Idukki
and
rapar,
to give
u
,.pr.sentative
idea
of
different
types
of
dams
constructed
in
itre
country.
Th;
articles
oo
ino*idual
projects
have
been
written
by
specialist
authors
to
whom
we
remain
obriged.
(r)
(ii)
The
Indian
National
Committee
is
happy
to present
this
publication
t9
tltg
delegates
to
the
Golden
Jubilee
Co"gt.rr'of
ICOLD
to
enable
their
having
a
clear
picture
of
the pre'sent
state
of
development
of
the
art
of
dam-engineering
in
India.
New
Delnr
October
1979
I
w
.
K.
C.Tuorraas
Chairman
Indian
National
Comrnittee
for
ICOLD
CONTENTS
Fonewonn
BHAKRA
DAM
'Pnnr
I-InrnoDUcrroN
I.l
Bhakra
Nangal
project
'1.2
The
River
Sutlej
,l
.3
Bhakra Dam
1.4
.
Geological
Investigations
1.5
Concrete
Aggregates
Investigations
1.6 Preliminary
Construction
1.7
Ropeway
for
Timber
,1.8
Construction
Agency
1.9
Organisation
Pnnt
I[-DesrcN
oF
rue
Dnu
lnp
AppuRTENANT
Wonrs
2.1
Layout
of
the
Dam
and
Appurtenant
Works
2.2 Diversion
Tunnels
2.3
Coffer Dams
2.4
Design
of the Dam
2.5
Foundation
Treatment
of
the
Dam
2.6
Consolidation
(Blanket)
Grouting
2.7 Intermediate
Curtain
Grouting
(F-Holes
Grouting)
2.8 Final
Curtain
Grouting
(G-Hole
Grouting)
2.9
FoundationDrainage
2.10
Mass Concrete
and
Prevention
of
Cracks
2.ll
Contraction
Joint
Grouting
2.12
Galleries
and
Shafts
2.13 River
Outlets
2.14
Radial
Gate
Spillway
and-
Spillway
Bridge
2.15
Penstocks
and
Head
Gates
2.
l6
Porver
Plants-Civil
Structures
P.qRr
ll I-MnrN
CoNstRUcTroN
Fn.qrunes
3.1
Excavation
of
the Diversion
Tunnels
3.2
Diversion
of the
River
Plcn
(r)
I
I
I
J
J
5
7
7
8
9
l0
l0
t7
2l
25
25
26
26
26
28
32
32
33
34
40
43
44
(iii)
(rv)
3:3
Excavation
for
the Dam
and
the
Left
power
House
3.g
Aggregate
cooring
cessing
Plant
3.9
Batching
and
Mixing
plant
3.I0
Concrete
placed
from
Steel
Trestles
3.1t
Penstocks
Fabrication
and
Installation
PeRr
IV-INntll
SroRece,
M'NTENANCE
nNp
opeRArroN
4.1
Proposal
for
early
Irrigation
4'2
Failure
of
Hoist
chamber,
its
repairs
and
subsequent
Storage
4.3
Damage
to
Spillway
'4.4
Repairs
to
Spillway
4.5
Instruments
for
observing
structural
Behaviour
of
the
Dam
NAGARJUNASAGAR
DAM
Pant
I-IwrnoDUCTroN
l.
History
and
Description
1.1
The
Giant
among
the
Masonry
Dams
1.2
Earlier
History
of
the
project
L3
Description
of
the
project
1.4
Description
of
the
Dam
2.
Geology
of
the
Damsite
3.
Foundation
Treatment
P.rnr
II-DrslcN
4.
Design
of
Dams
4.1
River
Diversion
4,2
Structural
Desi_en
of
Dams
5.
Design
of
Spillr,vay
5.I
Design
Ftood
5.2
Spillway
profile
.5.3 Spillway
Bucket
5.4
Crest
Gates
6.
Design
of
Outlet
Works
7.
Design
of
power
Waterways
PeRr
III-CoNSrRUcrroN
8.
Construction
Contract
Administration
8.1
Major
Contracts
Pncr
45
47
47
49
52
55
56
57
58
63
63
67
67
68
77
17
77
78
78
79
ul
8i
83
86
92
92
92
93
93
93
97
97
97
(v)
8.2
Minor
Contracts
8.3
Government
and
Contractor's
Organisation
8.4
Land
and
Land
Rights
and
Rehabilitation
8.5 Construction
Support
Facilities
9.
construction
of
Dam
and
Appurtenant
Structures
9.1
Diversion
and
Care
of
River
9.2
Construction
of
Masonry
Dam
9.3
Construction
of
Earth
Dam
10.
completion
of Dam,
Initial
Reservoir
Filling
and
operation
Appendix
l-salient
Features
of Nagarjunasagar
Dam
Appendix
Il-salient
Features
of
Nagarjunasagar
canals
KOYNA
DAM
Section
l-Introduction
Section
Il-Geological
and
Seismological
Section
III-The
project
and
the
Dam
Section
lV-studies
on
Rubble
Concrete
Pacn
98
98
99
100
r0l
r0l
105
tt2
112
lt3
I t5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.tl
4.12
4.t3
4.14
4.15
Rubble
Concrete
Studies
Sinking
Density
Permeability
Strength
and
Homogenerry
Field
Performance
Strength
and
Thermal
properties
of
Concrete
Stren_eth
of
Concrete-Laboratory
Series
Strength
Data:
Job
Matrix
Concrete
Stren-sth
of
Rubble
Concrete
Density
of
Rubble
Concrete
Bleeding
of
Concrete
Elasticity
Temperature
Rise
in
Rubble
Concrere
Permeabitity
of
Rubble
Concrete
.,[n
Situ,,
il9
t23
t25
127
121
r3l
r3t
l3l
133
133
t36
t36
t37
r39
139
t4l
t4l
t42
143
145
Appendix
I-Mcthod
of Test
adopted
for
d
o
r
.
u u
u t.
.onrret
e cyr
i
n
d
ers
r'ib%Ti!-r6T:
f.ll
It
Section
v-Modification
of
the
Section
of
the
Dam
for
a
9g
rMc
Gross
Storage
in
l96l
'Section
VI-seismic
phenomena
Section
Vll-Investi_eation
Section
VIIl-Repairs
146
r50
t57
r63
(vi)
Section
lX-Long-term
Strengthening
Section
X-Post-strengthening
Experiences
t0.l
Density
of
Tremors
and
Amount of
Energy
Release
10.2
Leakages
10.3
Uplift
10.4
Deflections
10.5
Conclusion
Bibliography
Acknowledgement
BEAS
DAM
AT PONG
Panr
l-INrnoDucrroN
1.
History
and
Description
2.
Geology
3.
FoundationTreatment
Plnr
II-DrsrcN
(i)
Design
of
Dam
(ii)
Section
of Dam
(iii)
River
Diversion
(iv)
Structural
Design
of Dam
(v)
Electrical
System
Design
of
Spillway
Irrigation
Outlets
Power
Waterways
and
Power
House
Penr
III-Cor.rsrRucTroN
construction
organisation,
Land
Acquisition
and
Job
Facilities
:
Organizational
Planning
A.
Organisatjonal
Set-up
B.
Project
Administration
C.
Land
Acquisition
D.
ConstructionSupport
Facilities
construction
ofDam,
power
plant
and Appurtenant
works
(1)
Diversion
and
Care
of
River
(2)
Construction
of
Dam
(3)
Dam
Embankment
(4)
Fill
Placement
Pece
168
172
t72
175
t7&
178
178
179
180
183
184
184
4.
5.
6.
7.
190
190
190
I9r
t9l
193
t97
20a
8.
9.
203
203
203
206
206
207
207
210
2t2
215
(vii)
4. (a)
Instrumentation
(5)
Concrete
Production
and
placement
(6)
Spillway
(7)
Anchorage
(8)
Shafts
and Intake
Structures
(9)
Outlet
Works
(10)
Penstock
Works
(t
I) Pong
Power
plant
(12)
Turbines
and Generators
at
pong
power
prant
(l
3)
Mechanical
Instaliation
PA,nl
[v-INmrll
ResenvorR
Fnrnrc
nNo
opnRATroN
10.
Reservoir
Operation
I
l.
History
of Reservoir
Filling
Bibliography
Plnr
I-PnnrrurNARy
UKAI
DAM
l.
History
2.
Hydrology
3.
Survey
and
Investigation
4.
Geology
5.
Layout
6.
Land
Acquisition
and
Rehabilitation
Pnnr
II-DssrcN
7.
Design
of
Earth
Dam
8.
Design
of
other
Appurtenant
Works
Penr
III-CoNSrRUCTroN
9.
Contract-Administration
10-
Earth
Moving
Machinery
&
store
procurement
'l
l.
Foundation
Treatment
12.
Diversion
Channel
13.
Concrete
Diaphragm
14.
Construction
of
Earth
Dam
15.
Construction
of
other
Appurtenant
Works
16.
Structural
Behaviour
of
Earth
Dam
17.
ReservoirOperation
18.
Power
Generation
Plcn
218
22r
222
222
222
222
22s
227
227
23r
233
234
235
239
242
244
246
249
250
252
256
262
264
266
269
272
't1
A
LIA
279
282
286
289
(vtti)
IDUKKI
DAM
PAnT
I_INrnouucTIoN
l.
History
and
Desctiption
2.
Brief
Description
of
the
project
3.
Idukki
Dam
Pnnr
II-DnsrcN
A.
River
Diversion
B.
Structurat
Design
of
Dams
Panr
III
-Cor*srR
UcrroN
l.
Major
Contracts
2.
Organisation
3.
Contraetors'sOrganisation
4.
Review
Board
5.
Construction
of Dam
6.
Concrete
Production
and
placement
7.
Materials
of
Construction
8.
Concrete
Mixes
for
Idukki
Dam
9.
Grouting
10.
Construction
Surveys
11. Other
Features
in
the Dam
Pnnr
IV-INnr.rL
ResenvorR
oprnerloN
AND
pownn
GeNeRnrroN
Conclusion
TAPAR
DAM
Performance
of Partial
Cutoff
in
Uniform
Sand
I.
Synopsis
2.
lntroduction
3. Foundation
4.
Design
5. Performance
6. Conclusion
Plcs
293
295
297
298
298
304
304
305
30s
305
306
311
312
312
3t2
315
3t7
321
321
321
32r
322
325
329
tErace+*
--