Indian National Committee on Large Dams. Design and Construction Features of Selected Dams in India
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BHAKRA
DAM
by
B.
R.
PALTA
Formerly
General
Manager
Bhakra-Nangal project
and
at
present
Assessor,
Krishna-Godavari
Tribuna
I
N.D.S.E.,
New
Defhi
6
w
tr
c*w-
ffitr
R;$,
F.F;
Bhukra
l)uno
Part
f
-
fntroduetian
l.l
Bhakra
Nangal
project
1.2
The
River
Suflej
-
The
River
sutlej
is
a
tributary
of
the Indus.
It
rises
from
the
Mansarover
rake
in
'the
-
iib;i;'
prateau
situated
at
an
erevation
of
about
4,500
m
oalZz.6
ft)
roug\
the
plateau
by
means
glaciers.
The
banfts
stand
ts
no
rainfall
in
this
area.
and
June,
when
thawing
of
,/er
brings
in
considerible
I the
water
is
heavily
loaded
rlder,
shingle
and
mud.
In
:cessive
Himalayan
ranges
s
and
enters
the
plains
near
lia
upto
Bhakri
is
about
total
catchment
area
of
the
above
Bhakra
is
about
es).
Out
of
the
catchment
area
of
20,000
sq
km
(77ZZ.g
ll T,-il-"rl
tying
in rndia,
6,70-0
fq
ri'fz,sriisq?)res)
rie
rn
the
area
of
heavy
rainfall
i,f
tZi
tn
1+i.i
io.j'pii
year
on
the
average.
The
river
has
been
gauged
at
Bhakra
continuously
since
1912.
The
mean
annual
,il;tr
lr"I""t
1.6
million
hectare
me_tre
(13
-irrbn-u.-*
fti
tfr"
river
drops
ro
about
100
.Lme"s
(s,5:i--";;ri;
cotd
weather
and
rises
to
.u.
steady
flow
"i
"ufuT
1,400
cumecs
(49,439.
cusecs)
in
June.
Monsooni
geneially
Tt
ig
by.the
end
of_June
and
tust
tiiiin;;5#.mber.
During
this
period
floods
o.iuiln
the
river.
E
-'
1.3
Bhakra
Dam
The
dam
has
been
named
Bhakra
Dam
after
the
village
of
Bhakra
which
was
the
first
to be
iubmergeO
--?'
l-'
FIGURE
I
:
Photograph
showing
the
Bhakra Dam
and
the
two
Power
llouses
from
the
downstream.
!y
tne
reservoir.
The
idea
to
construct
a dam
on the
sutlej
River
was
born as
eutly
ut
igog,
*-ti" a
Lt.
floated
down
the river
from
I
out
some
storage sites
on
rrted
in
1916
and a detailed
for
a
120.4 m
(395
ft)
high
(Figure
3)
was
prepared
for
rrid
lands
in
the
then
south-
west
Punjab
.and
erstwhile
Bikaner
State.
rlowever,
the
proJect
did
not
materialise.
A
severe
famine
occurred
in
south-west.
punjab
due
to
drought in
l93g
and. project
investigations
ivere
revived
ii
tq:q.
A
prolect
-rgport
for
a
152.4
m (500
fr)
high
dam
was
prepared
in
1942
but was
shelved.'
/
---e--
--
-
The
height
of
the
dam
was
rimited
to
152.4
m
(500
ft)
so
t[at
Bitaspur
tor""
tnr,irr,
,*,
irr"
"upitur
of
the
erstwhile
Bilaspui
State
might
not
U.
,uU..-rged
by
the
reservoir.
Detailed
sub-surface
investigations
were
started
at
2
Horike
Juttundur.
""9
Bhotindo
FIGURE
2
(a)
:
y#;H1l?,sr:|;
location
of
Bhakra
Dem,
Nangar
Dam,
*u"Jill"
capacity
amounts
to
gg6,400
hectare
metres
(g.0
million
acres).
1.4
Geological
fnvestigations
The
rock,
although
comprising
mainly
of
these
well
defined
sandstone
ind
.fiv
i.uigres,
ii
;nie*.ned
by
erratic
formations
of
iitt
iln.J,
shear
zones
and
cross
{tea1
zones'
which
'uu.
i.ni...a
tnr
foundation
treat-
ment
very
complex.
,"
JT
l;:tutr.nt
of
foundarions
is
described
in
derail
I.5
Concrete
Aggregates
Investigations
Since
the
availability
c
construction
is
a
vital
-
far
of
the
dam
to
be
.onrtiu.
were
carried
out
for
loca
\.\
U
)
Rj
,"-i
I
+
4,
a
o
t
n
JOOINOER
\NAGAR
\.
/r'\
e
.o
+
a
o
s
t$
t
BH.R.t.
\
\
(r)
JULLUNOUR
t-t
-F-
_zFtAMtRPUR
i
"^nt
OEHAR
I
ANGUWAL
*or.lo
.lr
Y
I
RAJA
sT
N
HA
N
./
U.TTAR
ADE
SH
A
7O
BIKANEE
Lcaend
Hydro
Power
Stns
Thermd
Powa
Slns.
Sub
Siotions
f32
b
.
66.r
4OOkV
Trons
lines
--.F
2OO,
.
,sc+++_+++
D.c
++t
+++
r
S.C
DC
-
===:
"
S.C
+'.-H'
-v-r+
1-,^
-ts^-! -a-.rlF
L/.v
-t-+-rb
-A-its
c
.)
Existing
.O
I
'o
Under
consl.
@
f--t
o
\
\
tr&
\
oHll{^r|
\.
.rur
l
FIGURE
2
(b)
:
Map
sbowing
power
stations
and
transmission
lines.
4
FIGURE
3
:
Photograph
showing
the view
of
the virgin
gorge.
were
on
the high side
and
a
third
quarry
at
a
longer
distance
had to be oPened
up.
1.6
Preliminary Construction
The
preparatory
features that had
to
be
provided
essentially
before
construction could be
started
on
the
dam
involved
construction operations
of
considerable
magnitude.
The
preliminary
constructionoperations
comprised
a housing colony at
Nangal,
access
rail-road
and
highway,
water
supply and
electric
power.
Nangal
Township:
The dam
site
is
situated
in
a
narrow
gorge.
It
was,
therefore,
decided to locate the
housing
colony
at Nangal
about 13 km
(8
miles)
down-
stream
of
the
dam
site
where
the river emerges
out of
hills
and wide
space is
available.
Two
smaller
colonies
were
put
up
nearer
the dam site at Olinda
and
Neilla.
The township
was planned
and
constructed by
the
Government
in
1946 to
provide
housing facilities to
about
10,000 engineers and
workmen.
The township
was
planned
according
to
modern municipal
practices
and was
provided
with
paved
streets,
treated
water
supply, street light and
electric
porver. A
good
50
bed
hospital
manned
by
competent
staff,
two
high
schools,
recreation centres,
Post and
Telegraph
offices
and
marketing
facilities
were
also
provided. Most of the
-
building
construction
was
of temporary
nature but
in
practice
they are still
continuing
and
the
town
is
flourishing
and
has
grown
into
a
beautiful
city with
parks
and
-uardens
and has
become a tourist
attraction.
Water
supply for the township
has
been arranged
by
puinping
from
the river.
The
water
passes
through
filtration beds and is
chlorinated.
Rail-Road
Access
:
Large
amount of
cement,
steel,
heavy equipment and
other
materials had to be carried
to
the
dam
site for
the
dam and
the
power
houses.
It
was,
therefore.
considered necessary to
provide
stan-
dard-gauge rail-road connection to
the dam site from
the north
western railway
terminus
at
Rupar,
situated
FIGURE
4
(a)
:
photogr?ph
showing
the_upstrearn
of
the
dam,
i.e.,
radial
gates,
trashracks
and
part
of
Gobind
Sagar.
at a
distance
of
about
64 km
from
Nangal.
Rail_
road
from
RupT
.to
Nangal
was
corrrt?o"t"O
by
North
Western
-
Railway
^i
a
cost
of
Rs.
10
million
under
a
contraci
with
the
p-:..iuuthorities.
Ihe
first p_assenger
rrain
from
nripai
,i.uro"O
in
at
Nan_eal
on
9 October
194g.
The
rail-track
flq.
_
Nangal
to Bhakra,
length
of
27
\ry
(16.78
miles)
includinf
various
,iOing,
,"u,
.*._
gute{
by
the project
authoritids
at
a total
coit
of
about
Rs.
2.2
millions.-
The
initial
survey
was
srarred
during
rg
the
river
was
selected
for
T'he
ruling gradient
from
,
"',j,.?i,l,
jJ.
?,i.1tlJ!',J.1';
w
as
c o n
s *ucred
acro
s s
["."
l'"fjfr
i"'.]TrT;i,:;'
iff
(one
mile)
downstream
of
the
dam
iite
in
rqsi. itre
rail-
road
bifurcates
here
into
two
branches.
Further
on,
rail-roads
run
on
each
bank
of
the
river-ail
extend
6
into
the
service
bays
of
both
the
right
and
the
reft
power
houses.
Highways
and
Roads
:
by
a dirt
road
which
could
A
good
metalled
road
was
Nangal
by
Public
Works
I
The
road
from
Nangal
rr
(7
miles)
long,
was
constr
river
by
the project
authorir
Ele.ctric
luppty
:
Electric
supply
fo.
Oo..stic
use
,T^*:ll_
ur
for
public
buildines.
offi".r-u"Jrt*"t
right-
ing
was
provided
in
the
toinship
and
ihe-*oit
,it.,
as
early
as in
1947.
To
start
with
two
55b
kw
steam
plants
_were
set-up
.at-
Nangal
and
commissioned
in
December
1947
and
rater
6n
ar
the
road
of
the
cons-
truction
plant
as weil
as
of
the
various
.oroni.rlncreas-
ed,
jrnother
5,00!
kw
sream
prant
war;;;i;sioned
by
July
1953.
By
March
tis+
unoit.,
-ieJ'"or
two
FIGURE
4
(b)
: Pbotograph showing
the
trashracks.
500
kW
diesel
generating
units
was installed
as a
standby, to cater for
the maintenance
and
repairs,
etc.
Another diesel
plant
of
2,400
.kW
was
also installed
at Bhakra to
augment
the
supplies
to
the works.
In
Febrqary l9t9
the
hydro-electric
power
from
Gangu-
wal
Power
House was
made
available
for
Nangal
Township
and
the Bhakra
Dam
construction'areas.
The
thermal.plants were
kept as standbys.
The
punjab
State
Electricity
Board
gave
bulk
supply
to the
project
while
the
internal
distribution
and
realisation
of
consumption
charges rvas
under
the
charge
of
the
pro-
ject
Administration.
1.7
Ropeway
for Timber
There
are large
forests
in
the catchment
of the
Sutlej
and
the
river
has been
used
for
floating
timber
down
the river
to the
plains
since
times immemorial.
It
yas,
therefore,
necessary
to
provide
necessary
alterna-
tive
arrangements.
A floating
boom has
been
cons-
1.8
Construction
Agency
target
estimate,
the
difference
between
the
two
was
to
6e
divided equally
between
the
Government
and
the
contfactor,
Thcre
was
sharp differencc
of opinion
amo-ng
the
authorities
in India as
to how the
work
should
be
got
1.9
Organisation
later
called
General
Manager,
Bhakra
Dam-
(Design)
was
stationed
at
Nangal for
liaison.
Directorate
of Construction
and
Plant
Designs
,
I!
looked
after all ihe construction
work
and
prepared
8
the
construction
plan.
The
work
was
organised
on
functional
basis in contrast
to
zonal basis.
An
officer
was
to
be responsible for only
one
type of
work. Thus
there
were separate'divisions' for excavation, aggregate
recovery
and transportation,
concreting, etc.
lt
was
considered
that
this
arrangement
would
enable
staff
to
specialise
in their
own trades
and
the
equipment
would
also
be
put
to best
use.
Plant
Designs: A
separate
section
under
the
char-ee
of
a
Superintending
Engineer
was
created
for
plant
designs.
This
section
prepared
the
construction
-pl1n
and
construction
drawings,
planned
and
indented
the
construction
equipment.
designed temporary
structures
and
was
responsible
to ensure that
there
was
an
adequate
stock
of
spare
parts,
raw materials
and
stores
at all
times.
Relief of
Field
Oficers
from
Desk
Work
:
ln order
to reliev-e field
officers
of desk
work
and
to
enable
them to
devote
maximum
amount
of
time
to
field
work,'recruitment
of labour
and
detailed
accounting
was
taken away
from
them
and centralised
under
a
Superintending
Engineer.
Personnel
Department
:
All
recruitment
of work-
charged
establishment
was done by
Executive
Engineer,
Personnel
after
trade
tests
in the
field. On
receipt
of
requisitions
from
the field,
this officer
advertised,
carried
out
preliminary
interviews
of
the
candidates,
issued
cards
for
trade
tests and
fixed
their
emoluments
after
the
candidates
had
passed
the
tests.
Recruitment
of
senior
workmen
had. however,
to be
approved by
the
Director,
Construction.
He also
maintained
service
records
of all
labour,
issued tokens
to
them
and
wai
in charge
of time
keeping
and
pa1'ment
of
wages
to
workmen.
Cost
Accounting
: A
cost
accounting
cell
was
created.
The
rates
were based
on
actual
entries
in the
works
register
and
monthly
measurements-
It
had
to
be
ensurJd,
of
course,
that
the
issue
rates
of materials
were
realistic
and
liabilities
were adjusted
as
quickly
as
possible.
Purchases:
Considerable
thou-eht
was
given
to
purchases.
Stock and
lPare
pa-rF
wo-rth about two
inittion
rupees
were purchased and
issued every
month.
The
agency
of
Direclor
General,
Supplies
and
Disposal,
Government
of
India
was
not
utilised
after
mature
>-
l9