Hugo W.B., Russel A.D.(ed). Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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ringworm 50,51,77
griseofulvin 114
risk categories for equipment in contact
with patient 227-8
risk control, microbial 368-73
RNA methylase genes 191
RNA polymerase 174, 457
rod-shaped bacteria 4
rotavirus 64
plaque assays 245
roxithromycin 110
rubella
vaccination 331-2
vaccine 306,314
virus 65
Sabouraud maltose 20
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 35, 36-
44
ascus formation 40, 42
bud scar 44
budding pattern 38-9
cell ageing 44
cell polarity 37-8, 39
cell wall 43-4
chitin ring 38, 44
chlorhexidine sensitivity 274
cloning host 460, 462
developmental switch 40-1
diploid 36, 37,39
diplophase 40
ethanol formation 42
fusel alcohol effects 40
genetic manipulation 36
glycolytic pathway 42
haploid 36,37, 39
haplophase 40
heavy metal activity 275
hyphal growth 40
invasive filaments 38,40
life cycle 36^2
comparison with N. crassa 48-9
meiosis 40-2
metabolism 42-3
morphological change 37
mutants 36
mutation combinations 42
oligopeptide pheromones 36
physiology 42-3
polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants
43
pseudohyphae 38,39-40
replica plating 41-2
schmoos 36
spore formation 40-2
sporulation 40-1,43
sterol requirement 43
trehalose production 42-3
unsaturated fatty acid requirements
43
vegetative cell cycle 36-40
salbutamol 478
Salmonella enteritidis 29
Salmonella paratyphi 29
exotoxin production 84
subepithelial tissue penetration 84
Salmonella spp.
medicament-borne infection 382
partially invasive pathogens 82
phenol disinfection 223
Salmonella typhi 29, 80
bismuth sulphite agar 19
chloramphenicol activity 172
drug sensitivity 137
exotoxin production 84
K-antigens 80
phage typing 62
phenol coefficient tests 237
subepithelial tissue penetration 84
survival following phagocytosis 81
vaccine production 308
Salmonella typhimurium 29
Ames test 485
deep rough mutants 267
exotoxin production 84
lux cluster insertion 25
subepithelial tissue penetration 84
Salmonella!microsome assay 485
salmonellosis 82,84
antibiotic treatment 142
contamination of non-sterile
products during manufacture
380
sanitizer 230
Sarcina spp. 346
sarcinae, aggregates 4
scarlet fever 26, 85
Schick test toxin 334
self antigens, tolerance evasion 298
serial dilution 242
serotonin 281
Serratia marcescens 30
chlorhexidine resistance 268
filtration sterilization biological
monitoring 445
formaldehyde resistance 273
pigment 10
Serratia spp.
indigenous to fresh water 342
medicament-borne infection 382
serum sickness 300
services, clean areas 432
sewage contamination 342
sex strands 10
Shigella boydii 29
Shigella flexneri 29
Shigella shiga 29, 57-8
Shigella sonnei 29
Shigella spp.
gastrointestinal infections 142
partially invasive pathogens 82
phenol disinfection 223
shotgunning 456
siderophores 77, 473, 474
signal sequence 458
silver salts, plasmid-mediated
resistance 273
sisomicin 106
skin 280
commensal microflora 77
eruptions 135
flora 143,346-7
contamination sources 378
infections 143-4
tests
disinfectants 241-2
semi-solid antibacterial agents
249
trauma 77
slime 10
mucopeptide/mucopolysaccharide
layers 79
slit sampler 250-1
slow virus diseases 73, 276
smallpox 279
chick embryo cell system for
growing virus 67
control 321
vaccination 326
vaccine 304,305-6
sodium hypochlorite 345
sodium phosphonoformate 127
soft tissue infections 143^4
soil erosion 342
solid dilution method 243
somatostatin 460
somatotrophin 463
sorbic acid 212
sparfloxacin 120
spermine 280
spiramycin 108, 109
spirochaetes 4,32-3
spleen 285
spoilage, non-sterile pharmaceutical
products 374-5
spores, biocide resistance 266
sporicides 229,241
quantitative suspension tests 239
sporulation 271
squalene epoxidase 122
Stachybotrys spp., filters 351
Staphylococcus albus 346, 380
Staphylococcus aureus 4, 26
bacitracin resistance 196
brain abscess 145
chlorehexidine sterilization 217
contamination sources for non-sterile
products 378
cystic fibrosis infections 139
enterotoxin 85
erythromycin resistance 109
lung abscess 139
msrA gene 191
penicillin resistance 181
phage 58
typing 62
pigment 10
pneumonia 139
positive control for sterility testing
449
prophages 61
protein A 81
quinolone resistance 188
skin flora 143
skin infections 143^1
tetracycline-resistant 105
topoisomerase mutations 187
transduction 183
transfer from manufacturing process
operators 346
virulent strains 80
see also methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Staphylococcus epidermidis 11
Staphylococcus spp.
aggregates 4
burn colonization 144
contamination sources for non-sterile
products 378
isolated from air 340
Index 507
properties 26
selective media 19
steam sterilization 392, 393-5
superheated steam 393-5
steam sterilizer 394-7
design 394-7
operation 395-7
temperature monitoring 395
sterile fluids, non-injectable 415-16
sterile pharmaceutical products 416
absorbable haemostats 421-2
dressings 419-21
implants 421
injections 411-5
instruments and equipment 423-5
non-injectable sterile fluids 415-6
opthalmic preparations 417-9
surgical ligatures and sutures 422-3
sterility assurance 388-9, 439
bioburden determination 440
environmental monitoring 440-1
sterility testing 446-51
accidental contamination 450
antimicrobial agents 448-9
direct inoculation 446-7
inactivating agents 240,448
isolators 447,448
low level contamination 447
membrane filtration 447
methods 446-8
microbial enzymes 486
neutralizing agents
positive controls 449
random sampling 446
sampling 450-1
sterilization 385,399-401
catgut 423
conditions 408
control 439-40
D-value 370
dressings 420
equipment 423-5
ethylene oxide 400
eye-drops 419
filtration 405-7
biological monitoring 445-6
formaldehyde 401-2
gas 399-401,441,444
heat 390-9,441,443-4
dry 397-8
moist 392-7
process 390-2
temperature profile 391
temperature/time cycles 393
injectable products 413,415
instruments 423-5
manufacturing equipment 352
methods 389-90
microorganism sensitivity 386-9
monitors 441-3, 444, 445-6
biological indicators 442
chemical indicators 442-3, 444
physical indicators 441-2
radiation 401-3, 404,405, 441,
444
raw materials for manufacturing
process 348
reference organisms 386
resistance 387-8
steam 392,393-5
superheated 393-5
steam sterilizer design/operation
395-7
sterility assurance 388-9, 390
survivor curves 386, 387, 388
terminal 429-30
steroids 301
biotransformations 477-8
inhaler preparations 416
synthesis 470
sterol 43
sticky-ends 454
storage, pharmaceutical manufacture
429
Streptococcus faecalis 342
Streptococcus pneumoniae 4, 26
penicillin resistance 198
pneumonia treatment 138, 139
transformation 14
upper respiratory tract infections
137
Streptococcus pyogenes 4, 26, 80
burn colonization 144
erythrogenic toxin 26
penicillin susceptibility 181
pH of antibacterial agent 235-6
skin infections 143
toxin 83,85
transduction 183
transfer from manufacturing process
operators 346
upper respiratory tract infections
137
Streptococcus salivarus 346
Streptococcus spp.
aggregates 4
isolated from air 340
properties 26
raw materials for manufacturing
process 347
streptodornase 475-6
streptogramins, resistance 191
streptokinase 282,475-6
Streptomyces aureofaciens 158
Streptomyces clavuligerus 98, 157
Streptomyces olivaceus 102
Streptomyces spp., antibiotic
source 92
streptomycin 92, 106, 107-8
action on ribosomes 170, 171
tuberculosis therapy 117,118
styes 26
succinylsulphathiazone 116
sulbactam 103
sulphadiazine 116
sulphadimidine 116
sulphites 212,262
sulphonamides 115-17,177
DHFR inhibitor combination 178
resistance to 187
thymine production blocking 174
sulphur dioxide 212,262
amino group reaction 259
supercoiling regions, chromosomal
173, 175
superinfection 131, 136
suppressor T cells 295-6
surface activity, antibacterial action
236
surface adhesins 78
surface antigens 284
surfactants 224-5
anionic 224
cationic 224-5, 236, 358
microbial attack 357-8
non-ionic 358
potentiation of antibacterial
agent 236
surgical prophylaxis 130-1,136
survivor curves, sterilization 386,
387, 388
survivor/time curve 232
swabs 440
sweetening agents 358-9
synergism 128
syphilis 33
systemic lupus erythematosus 299
T cell receptors 294, 296
T cells 285
activation 298
classes 295-6
suppression 297
absence 298
T-even phage DNA 59
T-even phages 69
tar acids 211,223
taurolidine 216
tazobactam 103
teichoic acids 6, 7, 266
bacterial cell wall 167
teicoplanin 112
pentapeptide binding 165-6
resistance 194, 195
use in multi-drug resistance 134
temafloxacin 120
temocillin 93, 94, 95
temperature
coefficient 232-3, 366
record chart 441
terbinafine 122,123
testosterone implants 421
tetanus 27,283
antitoxin 304,318
immunoglobulins 319
tissue damage 85
vaccination 334
efficiency 326
vaccine 304,308,311,314,315
tetrachlorosalicylamlide (TCS) 257
tetracycline 104-5
candidiasis superinfection 136
group 104-6
mycoplasma infections 139
resistance and efflux proteins 196
tetracyclines 92
action on ribosomes 169
bacteriostatic action 171
efflux 133
efflux proteins 190
protein synthesis effects 171
resistance 190
tetrahydrofolate 176,777
tetrahydroimidazobenzodiazepinone
(TIBO) 127
tetroxoprim 116,117
thiacycline 105
thiatetracyclines 105
wo-thiazolones 259
thienamycine 101,102
508 Index
thiocarbamates, synthetic 122
thiol groups 258,259
thiomersal 220-1
ophthalmic preparations 417,419
thromboxanes 281
thrush
oral 44,114
vaginal 44,46
thymidine kinase 126
thymidylate synthetase 174, 176
thymidylic acid 174,176
thymine production blocking 173
thymus 284
thyroiditis 298
thyrotoxicosis 298,300
ticarcillin, burn wounds 144
tinea 50
tolnaftate activity 122
tissue culture for virucidal activity
245
tissue damage 84—7
direct 84-6
indirect 86-7
membrane function interference 85
secondary disease 86
target cells 85
tissue fluid loss 86
tissue plasminogen activator 463
tissue transplantation 301-2
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 56
tobramycin 106, 108
tolerance 297-8
mechanism breakdown 298
tolnaftate 122,123
tonsillitis 26
tonsils 285
topoisomerase 173, 175
mutations 187
total parenteral nutrition 414
storage temperature 364
see also parenteral nutritional fluids
toxaemia, generalized 84
toxins 77
ingestion 76
see also endotoxins; exotoxins;
pyrogens
trachoma 31
transcription 174
transduction
bacterial 15
plasmid transfer 183,184
transformation
bacterial 15
plasmid transfer 183,184
transpeptidases 166-8
transplantation 301-2
organ rejection 279
transport, pharmaceutical
manufacture 429
transposons
acquired resistance 184
conjugative 184
glycopeptide resistance 194-5
plasmids 183
transversions 182, 183
travelling
immunization 326
risks 336
trehalose 42-3
Treponema pallidum 33, 87
Treponema pertenue 33
tricarbanilide 257
triacetyloleandomycin 108
triazoles 179
tricarboxylic acid cycle, S. cerevisiae
42
trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) 257
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 11, 205
Trichophyton spp. 50-1
griseofulvin activity 114
transfer from manufacturing process
operators 346
triclosan 224,267
trimethoprim 776,117,187
bacterial DHFR inhibition 177
prostate infections 141
resistance 187
trimetrexate 178
triphenylmethane dyes 226
tuberculin test 300
tuberculosis 32
disinfection of equipment 204
drug therapy 117-18
drug resistance 134
incidence 276,332-3
MDRTB 118,134,196-7
streptomycin activity 107
vaccination 332-3
tularaemia 28
tumour
destruction 490
immune response 301-2
necrosis factor 464
recognition 279
viruses 71-2
typhoid fever 29, 84, 283
antibiotic treatment 142
chloramphenicol therapy 172
drug sensitivity 137
MacConkey's medium 18
phenol coefficient tests 237
vaccination immunity longevity
327
vaccine 306, 307, 308, 312
typhus infection 31
tyrothricin 27
UDP-7V-acetylmuramic acid 165
ultraviolet irradiation sterilization
401,405
uncoupling agents 257
undecaprenyl phosphate 174
undulant fever 29
unsaturated fatty acids, S. cerevisiae
requirements 43
URA3 gene 45
urethritis, non-gonococcal 31
urinary bladder
catheterization 139
irrigation solutions 416
urinary tract infections 78-9,139-41
community-acquired 141
drug resistance 140
drug therapy 140-1
recurrent 141
urogenital tract 78-9
urological irrigation solutions 416
vaccination 279,321-2
active acquired immunity 302
cost 327
effectiveness 326
immunity longevity 327
programmes 88
objectives 325-7
routine against infectious disease
330-5
safety 326
vaccine production
aluminium testing 317
bacterial 307-8
calcium presence testing 317
final product control 315-17
free formalin 317
from microorganisms 470
in-process control 312,314,315
manufacturing 430
phenol concentration 317
potency 315-16
quality control 312,314-17
safety tests 316
seed lot system 307
sterility tests 317
toxicity testing 317
viral 309-10,312,313,314-17
vaccines 304,305-10,311,312,313,
314-17
aseptic filling 436
bacterial 307-8,310,311-12,316
bacterial cell component 306-7
classes 329-30
component 329-30
costs 320
killed 306,329-30
larger organisms 320
live 305-6,329
toxoid 306
viral 309-10,312,313,314-17
subunit 307
vaccinia virus 63, 69
vaginal pH 79
vaginitis 27
vaginosis, bacterial 120
Van A phenotype 194,195
vancomycin 111
pentapeptide binding 165
resistance 194
rifampicin combination 106
use in multi-drug resistance 134
vancomycin-resistant enterococci
(VRE) 197, 199
VanH phenotype 194,195
varicella
immunoglobulins 319
vaccine 314
variola major 321
variola virus 63
variolation 279,321
vascular permeability, histamine 293
venereal infection 79
viable airborne microorganism
determination 250-1
viable counting 239, 240
Vibrio cholerae 28, 80
exotoxin 86,283
neuraminidase production 476
toxin production 82
vaccine production 308
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 28
vibrios 4
Index 509
Vincent's angina 32
viomycin 111
viral chemotherapy 70-1
viral DNA replication 69
inhibition 174
viral genome 55
viral infection
contaminated medicines 356
skin 143
viral protein production 69-70
viral vaccines 309-10, 312,313,
314-17
attentuated 316
blending 309-10
combined 310
drying 310
filling 310
safety tests 316
single-component 310,313-14
viral harvest processing 309
virus growth 309
virion 69
virucidal activity testing 245-8
animal model 246
egg inoculation 245
endogenous reverse transcriptase
247
hepatitis B virus 246
immune reaction 246-7
phages 247-8
plaque assays 245-6
tissue culture 245
virus morphology 247
virucide 230
virulence 75,279
definition 79
virulence factors 75
extracellular 77
virus-host cell interactions 57
viruses 53
antimicrobial agent choice 205-7
capsid 54,57
assembly 69,70
capsomeres 54-6,57
chemical agent effects 57
cytopathic effect (CPE) 66, 67
degree of virulence 75
DNA 69
endocytosis 69
general properties 53-4
HeLa cell lines 66
helical symmetry 56
hexon 57
human 62, 63-5, 66-70
attachment 68-9
cell culture 66
chick embryo cell system for
growing 66-8
cultivation 66-8
multiplication 68-70
non-enveloped 70
penetration 69
uncoating 69
viral protein production 69-70
icosahedral symmetry 57
lipoprotein envelope 55
membrane glycoprotein receptors
68-9
metabolic capabilities 54
morphology 55,247
nucleic acid content 54
nucleocapsid release 69
oncogenic 71
penton 57
physical agent effects 57
protein coat 54
replication 66,67
resistance to biocides 275,276
RNA 69-70
oncogenic 71
size 54
slow 73
structure 54-6
subunit structure 54-6
temperate 15
upper respiratory tract infections
137
see also antiviral drugs; phage;
prions
vitamin B 471, 472
vitamin B
6
assay 482
vitamins 471-2,473
bioassays 481-2
Vogel-Johnson medium 19
volutin granules 9
vomiting 76
VRE 197, 199
walls 349
clean areas 430,434
water
chlorine gas disinfection 345
deionized 343
demineralized 343
disinfection 345
distilled 344
distribution system 344-5
mains supply 343
membrane filtration 345
microbial ecology 342-5
microbial flora growth
reduction 344
microbial quality checking 345
non-injectable 416
raw 343
reservoir storage 343
reverse osmosis production 344
sodium hypochlorite disinfection
345
softened 343
ultraviolet irradation 345
water activity [AUwu] 362-5, 369
preservatives 366
water supply contamination 376
water systems, storage tanks 32
water vapour, phase diagram 394
Weil's disease 33
white fluids 222, 223
Kelsey-Sykes test 238
whooping cough 28-9, 81, 283
epidemics 326
see also Bordetella pertussis;
pertussis
windows 349-50
wound infections 30
burn 144
postoperative 144
secondary 28
xenografts 301
xylenols 222,223
yaws 33
yeasts 35
biocide response 264
industrial water supplies 342
isolated from air 340
yellow fever
vaccination immunity longevity
327
vaccine 306,314
virus 65
Yersinia pestis 28
z-value 13,387-8
zidovudine (AZT) 73, 125, 130, 174
zinc-based products 378
510 Index