Signal sequence Amino acid sequence in protein, whose function is to direct its final intracellular or
extracellular location.
Splicing (1) Gene splicing: manipulations, the object of which is to attach one DNA molecule to
another; (2) RNA splicing; removal of introns from mRNA precursors.
Vector See Cloning vector.
Further reading
Bollon A.P. (1984) Recombinant DNA Products: Insulin, Interferon and Growth Hormone. Boca Raton,
Florida: CRC Press.
Bonnen E.M. & Spiegel R.J. (1984) Interferon-alpha: current status and future promise. J Biol Resp
Mod, 3, 580-598.
Courtney M., Jallat S., Tessier L-H., Benavente A., Crystal R.G. & Lecocq J-P. (1985) Synthesis in E.
coli of alpha,-antitrypsin variants of therapeutic potential for emphysema and thrombosis. Nature,
313, 149-151.
Glick B.R. & Pasternak J.J. (1994) Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of
Recombinant DNA. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
Goeddel D.V., Heyneker H.L., Hoxumi T., Arentzen R., Itakura K., Yansura D.G., Ross M.J., Miozzari
G., Crea R. & Seeburg P.H. (1979) Expression in Escherichia coli of a DNA sequence coding from
human growth hormone. Nature, 281, 544-548.
Goeddel D.V., Kleid D.G., Bolivar F., Heyneker H.L., Yansura D.G., Crea R., Hirose T., Kraszewski
A., Itakura K. & Riggs A.D. (1979) Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesised genes
for human insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76, 106-110.
Goeddel D.V., Yelverton E., Ullrich A., Heyneker H.L., Miozzari G., Holmes W., Seeburg P.J., Dull T.,
May L, Stebbing N., Crea R., Maeda S., McCandliss R., Sloma A., Tabor J.M., Gross M., Familletti
P.C. & Pestka S. (1980) Human leukocyte interferon produced by E. coli is biologically active.
Nature, 287, 411-416.
Guerigan J.L. (Ed.) (1982) Insulins, Growth Hormone and Recombinant DNA Technology. New York:
Raven Press.
Guerigan J.L., Bransome E.D. & Outschoorn A.S. (1981) Hormone Drugs. Rockville: US Pharmacopeial
Convention, Inc.
Itakura K., Hirose T., Crea R„ Riggs A.D., Heyneker H.L., Bolivar F. & Boyer H.W. (1977) Expression
in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesised gene for the hormone somatostatin. Science, 198,
1056-1063.
Madigan M.T., Mastinks J.M. & Parker J. (1997) Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Brock's
Biology of Microorganisms, 8th edn. London: Prentice Hall.
Old R.W. & Primrose S.B. (1989) Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic
Engineering, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Primrose S.B. (1991) Molecular Biotechnology, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Shine J., Fettes I., Lan N.C.Y., Roberts J.L. & Baxter J.D. (1980) Expression of cloned j8-endorphin
gene sequences by Escherichia coli. Nature, 285, 456-461.
Tomlinson E. (1991) Impact of the new biologies on the medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Pharm
J, 247, 335-344.