HRW. Issue: September 2009
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www.hydroworld.com
Connecting The Worldwide Hydro Community September 2009
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________________
www.hydroworld.com September 2009 / HRW 1
SEPTEMBER 2009
TURBINES AND MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
ARTICLES
18
Practical Development: The Story of 940-kW Onekaka
By Bryan W. Leyland, LCL Ltd.
Four small hydro enthusiasts applied ingenuity and practical thinking to bring the 940-kW Oneka-
ka hydro project in New Zealand — abandoned in the 1950s — back to working order.
28 Investigating Failures of Post-tensioned Anchors ●
By Malte O. Cederstrom, Vattenfall
When seven post-tensioned anchors along the intake canal
wall at the Alvkarleby hydroelectric station in Sweden failed,
dam safety engineers for owner Vattenfall AB conducted
an exhaustive investigation of the nature and causes of
the failure. The investigation gave the utility the
information needed to safely restabilize the dam.
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker
Dolsar Engineering
Limited, Turkey
Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United
Kingdom
Chris Head
Chris Head & Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B. Kassana
East African Tea
Trade Association
Kenya
Peter Thomas Mulvihill
Pioneer Generation, Ltd.
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
AFCONS Infrastructure
Limited, India
Emmanuel
Antwi-Darkwa
Volta River Authority
Ghana
Arturo Gil
Garcia
Iberdrola
Generation
Spain
Liu Heng
International Network on
Small Hydropower
(IN-SHP), People's
Republic of China
Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz
Itaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri, PhD
Dr. Montris & Associates
Thailand
Luis C. Vintimilla
Consulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang Boting
Chinese Society for
Hydropower Engineering
People's Republic of
China
Roger Gill
Hydro Focus
Pty. Ltd.
Australia
Zhang Jinsheng
China Yangtze
Three Gorges Project
People's Republic of
China
Dr. Terry Moss
Eskom Generation
South Africa
C.V.J. Varma
Council of Power Utilities
and The Dams Society
India
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research
and Development AB
Sweden
2 Viewpoint:
The Quest for
Sustainable
Hydropower
4 Briefi ngs
36 Tech Notes
40 New Hydro
42 Lessons Learned:
Keep That Book!
44 Small Hydro
50 Calendar
52 Index to
Advertisers
12 Equipment Innovations Improve
Operations, Decrease Costs
Owners of three hydro projects in
Europe save money and increase
operational ef ciency through
innovations in design and
selection of turbines and other
mechanical components.
28
● Peer Reviewed
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We hear a lot about “sustainability” these days. “Sustainable” is a much-used
modi er, as in sustainable agriculture, sustainable cities, sustainable energy, sus-
tainable development … and sustainable hydropower.
A dictionary de nition of sustainable is, “capable of being sustained; of, relat-
ing to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is
not depleted or permanently damaged.” To most people in our industry, hydro-
power would seem to naturally t this de nition. Yet, things are not so simple.
That’s because the quality of “sustainability” is not a matter of black or white.
Rather, it characterizes a pivot point between good and bad.
The debate over hydro’s sustainability arrived front and center after the
publication, in 2000, of the World Commission on Dams’ report, Dams and
Development. This report acknowledged that “Dams have made an important
and signi cant contribution to human development … .” Yet, it also was criti-
cal in observing that “In too many cases an unacceptable … price has been
paid … .” The report went on to recommend practices to guide the future
development of dams. This drew strong reaction from the hydro industry,
owing to the conclusion that, however well-intended the recommendations
were, strict adherence would largely prevent even the most responsible future
development of large-scale hydro projects.
The International Hydropower Association (IHA) has been active in tackling
this issue and has pursued the development of tools and practices that can foster
increased responsibility and transparency in hydropower development. The as-
sociation’s efforts have resulted in the publication of Sustainability Guidelines
and the development of methods for assessing projects’ sustainability.
As part of IHA’s focus on sustainability, the association recently held its 2009
World Congress in Iceland on the theme of “Advancing Sustainable Hydro-
power.” About 300 participants from 50 countries discussed issues relating to
improving hydro’s sustainability and acceptability as one of the world’s leading
sources of energy. At the conclusion of the Congress, IHA vice president Roger
Gill observed that, while delegates came to discuss the business of hydropower,
they discovered they were discussing “the sustainability of the world.”
IHA provides vital services to the hydro industry — addressing sustainability
and other cutting-edge issues. The association deserves and has proven highly
worthy of your support!
Editor Emeritus
2 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com
Viewpoint
The Quest for
Sustainable Hydropower
®
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Bearing locations inside dams must withstand the pressure
generated by immense quantities of rushing water. Our bearings
are specifically designed for these conditions, as they can effort-
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ELGES large spherical plain bearings with Elgoglide
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are used for the main bearing supports in the dams’ tainter gates.
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are used in cable winches and pulleys as well as turbine intakes.
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Nature Creates the Rushing Waters
We Create the Bearings That Harness Them
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4 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com
®
Andritz to equip Austria’s
20-MW Gossendorf, 20-MW Kalsdorf
Austria regional utility Energie Steiermark has awarded
a contract to Andritz Hydro to supply electromechanical
equipment for construction of the 20-MW Gossendorf
and 20-MW Kalsdorf hydroelectric projects on the Mur
River south of Graz.
Andritz said July 9, 2009, that it received orders total-
ing 28 million euros (US$39 million) to supply a total of
four bulb turbines with runner diameters of 3.6 meters,
plus generators, governors and excitation systems. The
units are to be designed for ows of 100 cms and heads
of 11.11 meters.
International hydro congress
focuses on sustainability
“Sustainability” became the key word for hydro industry
representatives from approximately 50 countries who at-
tended the International Hydropower Association (IHA)
World Congress in Iceland.
Nearly 300 people gathered June 23-26, 2009, for ses-
sions on energy and water policy, linkage between hydro-
power and climate change, hydro development, invest-
ment and nance, and hydropower markets.
As chronicled by the International Institute for Sus-
tainable Development (IISD), the IHA Congress further
advanced IHA’s Draft Hydropower Sustainability As-
sessment Protocol, a tool for assessment of sustainable
hydropower development.
Summing up the event, IISD quoted Roger Gill of Hydro
Focus Pty, who noted many people came to the Congress ex-
pecting to discuss the business of hydropower, but discovered
they wtre “here to discuss the sustainability of the world.”
Reporting on the work of the Hydropower Sustain-
ability Assessment Forum, a multisector collaboration to
advance the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Pro-
tocol, Kristin Nyman of GTZ said participation of the
forum’s many stakeholders is re ected in a new draft of
the protocol, making it more comprehensive.
Reginald Hernaus of the Netherlands’ Ministry of
Environment, suggested IHA increase its outreach ac-
tivities and promote the revised sustainability assessment
protocol. He told delegates the central challenge for the
hydropower sector is to convince the international com-
munity, especially climate change rules negotiators, that
hydropower is a sustainable energy source.
Paul Soffe of EcoSecurities said hydropower projects are
being demonized in climate policy arenas, with many buy-
ers shying away from hydro carbon credits. He said the hy-
dropower industry should lobby U.S. and European Union
governments to convince them of hydro’s sustainability.
President Luis Berga of the International Commis-
sion on Large Dams emphasized that water policy, en-
ergy policy, and hydropower development and operation
are interconnected. He called for adoption of integrated
water resource management policies, energy ef ciency
activities, and increased water infrastructure and stor-
age capacity to develop a holistic strategy for addressing
water and development.
A full report by the IISD on the IHA Congress may
be obtained via the IHA Internet site, www.hydropower.
org. Information on the Hydropower Sustainability As-
sessment Protocol is available at www.hydropower.org/
sustainable_hydropower/hsaf.html.
Vietnam utility names
supervisor of 156-MW Song Bung 4
The project manager for Electricity of Vietnam (EVN)
has named Mott MacDonald of the United Kingdom to
serve as implementation supervisor for construction of
the 156-MW Song Bung 4 hydroelectric project.
The rm is to administer and supervise procurement
and implementation of construction and equipment supply
contracts, and to ensure completion of the project in ac-
cordance with contracts and approved design. Mott Mac-
Donald said July 14, 2009, that it also is to review designs,
provide resettlement advice and monitoring, and perform
construction supervision and knowledge transfer.
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___
_________________________
OUR WORLD LEADING TECHNOLOGY
WILL HELP YOU CONVERT EVERY DROP
INTO EFFICIENT HYDROPOWER
In a crowded market, to stay competitive your hydropower plant needs to run at peak performance
whenever you need it. Alstom is the expert in building new and refurbishing old hydropower plants.
Using our advanced technology, we’ll breathe new life into your plant - delivering you a higher
output of clean, renewable and flexible energy, with better reliability and efficiency. Or as we say,
hydro efficiency.
To learn more, visit www.power.alstom.com/hydro
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6 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com
Argentina president offi ciates
start of 132-MW Los Caracoles
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner presid-
ed over the start-up June 18, 2009, of the 132-MW Los Car-
acoles hydroelectric project on Argentina’s San Juan River.
Fernandez issued the order to start one of the US$250
million project’s two Francis turbine-generators in a video
conference link from the government house of San Juan
Province, about 60 kilometers from the hydro plant site.
Accompanied by San Juan Gov. Jose Luis Gioja, the
president said Los Caracoles is the most important work
realized in the history of San Juan and one of the great
energy works of the country.
The province’s electric utility, Energia Provincial So-
ciedad del Estado (EPSE), began mechanical testing of
the rst turbine-generator in April and recently completed
both mechanical and electrical testing of the equipment.
The second unit is expected to begin generating in July.
Los Caracoles’ 136-meter-tall dam was built by the
consortium Techint-Panedile, while Power Machines of
Russia supplied generating equipment.
Fernandez gave the order to close gates to begin lling
Los Caracoles’ reservoir in October 2008. However, low
water levels have delayed lling the impoundment.
India fi rm wins contract to
build Bhutan’s 114-MW Dagachhu
Dagachhu Hydro Power Corp. Ltd. has awarded a con-
tract to India’s HCC for civil construction of the 114-
MW Dagachhu hydroelectric project on Bhutan’s Da-
gachhu River.
The engineering and construction company said July 9,
2009, that it received a contract worth 3.875 billion rupees
(US$79.7 million) for construction of a diversion weir, chan-
nel and tunnel to desilter, shafts, powerhouse and transform-
er caverns, maintenance and control buildings, and tailrace
tunnel. The work is to be completed in 1,239 days.
RusHydro goal: Reestablish global
status of Russian hydro technology
The head of Russian hydropower giant RusHydro says
Russia has just ve years to reestablish itself as the sup-
plier of world-beating hydropower technology if it is not
to lose out to competitors in the developing world.
Acting Chairman Vasily Zubakin said RusHydro, the
world’s second largest hydropower generator, has a strate-
gic plan for Russia to once again be the dominant player in
hydropower plant design and construction.
“We have a commitment to reestablish the reputation
of Russian technology to that of the Soviet days when
many countries’ hydropower facilities, including those of
China, were built with Russian expertise,” Zubakin told
a London news conference. “We must return to this po-
sition within ve years, otherwise the experience of the
aging workforce will be lost.”
RusHydro is competing with international equipment
and service providers for contracts in developing coun-
tries. The utility operates 53 hydro power plants in Rus-
sia and has its own in-house research and development
facilities, design institute and engineering facilities.
Zubakin’s comments came July 6, 2009, the day the
rm launched the trading of global depository receipts
on the London Stock Exchange, aimed at broadening its
shareholder base and increasing liquidity.
Consortium to perform environmental study
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) has named
a U.S.-Canadian consortium to perform an environmental
impact study for the 630-MW El Diquis hydroelectric proj-
ect, proposed for Costa Rica’s General Superior River.
IADB awarded a US$999,994 contract to a consortium of
the Louis Berger Group Inc. and Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd.,
which was chosen from among ve bidders for the work.
The consultants are to develop an environmental im-
pact study for submission to environmental regulator
Secretaria Tecnica Nacional Ambiental. The rms are
to identify positive and negative effects of the project and
formulate a risk management plan, emergency action
plan and an environmental management plan.
Utility seeks reputation
as clean energy company
RusHydro is also keen to brand itself as a clean energy
company and plans to invest heavily in a renewable energy
portfolio, which already includes wind, geothermal and
tidal projects. Zubakin said prospects for the company
would be affected by decisions to be made later this year in
Copenhagen at the Global Climate Change Conference.
“We believe we have a strong potential for growth and
this will be in uenced by the depth of the decisions in
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8 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com
Copenhagen, affecting the planet’s sustainable develop-
ment after Kyoto,” Zubakin said.
RusHydro already has foreign interests including a joint
venture in India. Central Asia was singled out as a region
of interest with RusHydro looking to develop hydropower
projects in the upper reaches of Kyrgyzstan’s rivers.
“Our preference is to work through joint ventures,
which better allow for management of local regulation
and environmental issues,” Zubakin said.
The utility executive told reporters RusHydro plans to
invest more than US$9 billion in the Far East in the next
decade, increasing its generating capacity by more than
70 percent. He said more than 2,500 MW is on the draw-
ing boards in the region.
RusHydro signed an agreement in May with Mitsui & Co.
Ltd. and J-Power of Japan to study development of the 320-
MW Nizhne Bureyskaya (Lower Bureyskaya) hydroelectric
project in the Far Eastern Amurskaya Region. Additionally,
RusHydro said in June that its stalled 3,000-MW Boguch-
anskaya project appeared to be back on track in Siberia.
Alstom Hydro to equip India’s 500-MW Teesta 6
Developer Lanco Infra Tech Ltd. has awarded a contract to
Alstom Hydro of France to supply four turbine-generators
and other equipment for the 500-MW Teesta Stage 6 hydro-
electric project on the Teesta River in India’s Sikkim State.
Alstom said July 10, 2009, that the 40 million euro
(US$55.7 million) contract includes design, engineering,
installation, testing and commissioning of four 125-MW
Francis turbines, generators, main inlet valves, and con-
trol and protection systems. The work is to be performed
by Alstom’s Vadodara, India facility.
Brazil bank signs its largest
loan, for 3,300-MW Jirau
Brazil’s national development bank gave nal approval
to the largest loan in its history, 7.2 billion reais (US$3.5
billion) for construction of the 3,300-MW Jirau hydro-
electric project on Brazil’s Madeira River.
The action, announced by project partner GDF Suez
July 6, 2009, nalizes the loan rst approved in Febru-
ary by Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico
e Social (BNDES).
BNDES funded 68.5 percent of the total investment.
It will directly grant 3.6 billion reais (US$1.78 billion). It
will grant an additional 3.5 billion reais (US$1.7 billion)
through the following banks: Banco do Brasil, Caixa
Economica Federal, Bradesco BBI, Itau-Unibanco, and
Banco do Nordeste do Brasil.
The nancing was granted to Energia Sustentavel do
Brasil (ESBR), winner of a concession to build Jirau in
Brazil’s Amazon Region. Consortium members include
Suez Energy South America Participacoes Ltda.; Eletro-
sul Centrais Eletricas S/A; Companhia Hidro Eletrica do
Sao Francisco (CHESF); and Camargo Correa Investi-
mentos em Infra-Estrutura S/A.
Brazil’s environmental agency granted a license June
3 to the project, allowing stalled work to resume at the
construction site on the Madeira River. President Rober-
to Messias Franco of the federal environmental agency,
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (Ibama), signed a
license for Jirau containing 54 conditions.
The nancing is even larger than the 6.1 billion reais
(US$3 billion) BNDES awarded in December 2008 to the
3,150-MW Santo Antonio hydroelectric project, Jirau’s
sister project on the Madeira. At that time, BNDES said
Santo Antonio received the largest nancing granted to a
single project in bank history.
Like Santo Antonio, Jirau is one of the most impor-
tant projects being developed under Brazil’s Growth Ac-
celeration Program (PAC), which provides more favor-
able nancing to investors, BNDES said. It is expected
to generate 12,000 direct jobs and 30,000 indirect jobs
during construction, which is to be completed in 2014.
Test energy generated
by Laos’ 1,070-MW Nam Theun 2
Laos’ 1,070-MW Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project
has delivered its rst test energy, a total of 60 MW to
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT).
The milestone came at the end of June with initial
synchronization of one of the turbines, the World Bank
announced July 3, 2009. Power was delivered through
the transformer bay and substation to the 500-kilowatt
transmission line that exports electricity to Thailand.
The project is expected to begin commercial operation
at the end of the year, exporting 995 MW to EGAT un-
der contract and supplying 75 MW to the Laotian grid.
The bank also reported the project’s environmental
and social programs continue to make good progress
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