HRW. Issue: September 2009

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www.hydroworld.com September 2009 / HRW 39

Our services

Engineering

Assembly work / Site erection

Production in own workshops

Preventive wear protection

Your partner for hydropower

Refurbishment

Modernization

Automation / Control systems

Hydraulic steelwork

Internet www.stellba-hydro.ch

E-Mail info@stellba-hydro.ch

Stellba Hydro AG

Langgas 2

CH-5244 Birrhard

Switzerland

Telefon

Telefax

+41 (0)56 201 45 20

+41 (0)56 201 45 21

Internet www.stellba.de

E-Mail info@stellba.de

Stellba Hydro GmbH + Co KG

Badenbergstrasse 30

D-89520 Heidenheim

Germany

Telefon

Telefax

+49 (0)7321 96 92 0

+49 (0)7321 6 20 73

Hydro

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both upstream and downstream of

dams. This will provide longer-term

information, as most studies are com-

pleted two years after the reservoir is

formed and many  sh passage devices

are not monitored.

— Development of technologies for

passing bottom-dwelling species. This

will help improve passage of bottom-

dwelling  sh, such as large migratory

cat sh, which may not be passed ef -

ciently by traditional passage facilities at

dams in South America.

— Assessment of passage needs for

non-migratory  sh. This study is in-

tended to determine whether passage

over dams is important for non-migrato-

ry  sh species, to maintain genetic  ow

between populations in the river.

— Development and implementation

of downstream passage technologies for

eggs, larvae, and juveniles. Developing

passage technologies for all stages is

crucial to allow eggs and larvae to reach

areas where they can develop and to al-

low for dispersion of juvenile  sh.

HydroVision International

announces call for

technical abstracts

PennWell Cor-

poration, or-

ganizer of the

HydroVision International conference

and exhibition, is ac¬cepting abstracts

for the Technical Papers program. The

conference will be held July 27-30, 2010,

in Charlotte, N.C, United States.

Abstracts are requested on all topics

of interest to technical professionals in

the hydropower  eld. Preference will be

given to abstracts that focus on innova-

tive, practical, and proven technologies

and methods.

Abstracts that describe the focus and

content of proposed papers (maximum

of 400 words) are due October 30, 2009.

Submit abstracts through the Internet at:

www.hydroevent.com.

All abstracts submitted will be re-

viewed by the conference Technical

Committee. If accepted, authors will

be invited to submit a paper by April

30, 2010, for inclusion in the of cial

conference publication (in CD-Rom

format) that will be distributed to all

conference delegates.

— For more information, contact (1)

918-831-9736 or E-mail: hvconference@

pennwell.com.

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40 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com

New Hydro

South Korea starts up, to

expand 1-MW Jindo Uldolmok

The 1-MW Jindo Uldolmok tidal energy

project is operating in South Korea, and

government and research of cials plan

to expand it to 90 MW by 2013.

South Korea’s Ministry of Land,

Transport, and Maritime Affairs said

the initial 1-MW project was completed

in May 2009, becoming the country’s

 rst operating tidal plant. The min-

istry emphasized that all the project’s

related technologies were developed in

Korea, a country 97 percent dependent

on foreign energy.

The project was initiated in 2005 in Ul-

dolmok Strait, off Uldolmok, Jindo Island,

in South Jeolla Province. The project is to

produce 2.4 gigawatt-hours annually.

Korea East West Power Co. and South

Jeolla Province signed an investment

agreement in 2006 to develop a tidal

plant in Jindo. Hyundai Construction &

Engineering was chosen to construct a

test power plant, Hyundai Heavy Indus-

tries was named to develop generators,

and Iljin Electric was chosen to manu-

facture mechanical equipment.

Ecofys completes installation

of 30-kW unit in Holland

Ecofys in Holland completed installa-

tion of a 30-kW Wave Rotor demon-

stration unit in the Westerschelde in

the south of Holland. The unit began

trial operations in July 2009, says Peter

Scheijgrond with Ecofys. The company

plans to start analyzing the data gath-

ered in September 2009, he says.

Ecofys chose this location in the

North Sea because it has high tidal  ows

up to 2 meters per second close to the

shore. Waves in the area are as high as

1.5 meters several times a day. Testing

at this site is intended to investigate the

performance of the Wave Rotor and all

components in the ocean environment.

The Wave Rotor unit consists of a ro-

tor containing both slanted and horizon-

tal blades. The vertical and horizontal

motions of ocean waves generate lift over

the blades. This lift turns the rotor, which

is attached to a generator via a gearbox.

The rotor is the only moving part in the

water; all other parts are about 10 meters

above the water level.

J P Kenny develops new

Offshore Renewables Division

J P Kenny, a pipeline and subsea en-

gineering and management contrac-

tor based in the United Kingdom, has

formed an Offshore Renewables Divi-

sion. Personnel in this division will work

on delivery of the company’s existing re-

newable projects and expand to seek to

capture a large share of the market for

engineering and project management.

J P Kenny’s renewable energy proj-

ects include: the Wave Hub development

off the coast of Cornwall in southwest

England and support of wave energy

projects being developed by Oceanlinx

Ltd. of Australia.

J P Kenny has seven of ces worldwide

and operates within the Engineering &

Production Facilities Division of Wood

Group. Tim O’Sullivan was appointed

operations director of the new division

of J P Kenny. Before joining J P Kenny,

O’Sullivan led MCS in Aberdeen, Scot-

land, a subsea technology company

owned by Wood Group.

Wood Group is an international en-

ergy services company that operates in

46 countries.

Feasibility study beginning

for Solway Firth project

A consortium led by Halcrow Group

Ltd. is studying the feasibility of a tidal

power project on Solway Firth in the

United Kingdom.

Northwest Regional Development

Agency, Scottish Enterprise, and the

U.K.’s Nuclear Decommissioning Au-

thority announced in July 2009 that they

agreed to commission the 100,000 pound

(US$164,000) feasibility study. The goal

of the study is to evaluate options for har-

nessing tidal power at Solway Firth, on

the border of England and Scotland.

The concept of a Solway Energy Gate-

way is being promoted in the form of a

tidal barrage at the site of a former railway

viaduct that spanned the  rth from Bow-

ness in England to Annan in Scotland.

The study is being supported by nb21c

(social enterprise) Ltd., the organization

responsible for conceiving, developing,

and promoting the community-based

proposal. A Solway Energy Gateway

Steering Group is being formed with rep-

resentation from both sides of the border,

as well as funders and interested parties

from the public and private sectors.

New Zealand ﬁ rm to

ﬁ nance 200-MW project

New Zealand-based World Energy Re-

search is  nancing development of a

200-MW tidal power project by Blue

Energy Canada.

In July 2009, World Energy Research

agreed to  nance Vancouver-based Blue

Energy’s  rst big commercial tidal proj-

ect, at a location to be announced, at a

cost of about US$500 million.

Blue Energy Canada’s vertical axis

turbine is designed to be ef ciently lift

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www.hydroworld.com September 2009 / HRW 41

driven, much like modern wind turbines.

The turbine is composed of vertical

hydrofoils attached to a central shaft

transmitting torque to a generator. The

turbine is to be housed in a thin concrete

caisson that channels water  ow to the

unit and houses the generator and elec-

trical components above the water sur-

face. The modular units are designed to

be stacked to serve as a bridge between

two land masses.

World Energy Research is an Auck-

land-based energy research, exploration,

management, and operating company that

specializes in development and commer-

cialization of green energy technology.

Australia state approves

wave energy pilot projects

The government of South Australia

State has approved two wave energy pi-

lot projects that will utilize the exten-

sive energy generated by the Southern

Ocean off Australia.

The state approved one project, by Wave

Rider Energy Pty Ltd., in May 2009 and

one, by Carnegie Corp., in April 2009.

A wave power assessment of the

southern Australia coast last year found

170,000 MW of potential near-shore

wave energy potential. The independent

report, commissioned by wave energy de-

veloper Carnegie, estimated a “conserva-

tive” 10 percent of that amount — 17,000

MW — is economically extractable.

Wave Rider’s project is planned for

installation off Elliston on the Eyre

Peninsula. The company plans an ini-

tial investment of A$5 million (US$3.9

million). Premiere Mike Rann said Wave

Rider’s  rst Wave Energy Converter will

be deployed on a seabed lease.

The Carnegie project will be located

at a test site along the Limestone Coast

near Port MacDonnell.

Brieﬂ y…

Chile and the United States are coop-

erating to advance high-priority energy

issues, such as energy ef ciency tech-

nologies and developing renewable en-

ergy sources including ocean power. …

Equipment manufacturer Alstom Hydro

signed a technology licensing agreement

with Clean Current Power Systems

Inc., a Canadian developer of hydrokinet-

ic tidal energy technology. The agreement

includes an exclusive worldwide license

for ocean and tidal stream applications for

Clean Current’s patented technology.

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42 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com

Lessons Learned

Keep That Book!

A hydro utility with more than 1,000

MW of capacity bought an 80-year-old

hydro plant with a capacity of 8 MW. An

inspection of its acquisition revealed the

steel surge tank was severely rusted. The

utility hired a local consultant with small

hydro experience to design a new tank.

The consultant proposed to replace the

Johnson-type differential tank with a

restricted-ori ce surge tank with a di-

ameter about 0.5 meter smaller, which

would be less expensive.

During commissioning of the new

tank, Paul, the plant operator, started

testing of load rejections at 25 percent

generator load. At the second test, for a 50

percent generator load rejection, the surge

tank over owed, to everyone’s surprise.

Paul called George, another consultant,

who obtained the drawings for the new

tank, as well as copies of the plans and

pro les for the old pipeline and penstock.

George determined that the ori ce on

the new surge tank was too large, at 64

percent of the pipeline diameter. For a

restricted-ori ce tank, the rule of thumb

is that the ori ce diameter should be 45 to

55 percent of the pipeline diameter.

Paul asked the consultant to review

the hydraulic design of the new tank.

At the same time, George warned Paul

that with the smaller ori ce diameter, the

penstock pressure rise on load rejection

would be larger. This meant the penstock

waterhammer should be determined with

the new surge tank because it could affect

the design of the penstock.

The consultant had written an Excel

program for the hydraulic design of the

new surge tank, and he had obtained

the discharge coef cient for the ori ce

from a chart. Upon reviewing the chart,

George noticed it was for multi-ori ce

pressure-reducing plates used at in-

dustrial plants, not for a single-ori ce

condition. Based on this feedback, the

consultant increased the discharge co-

ef cient to 0.62 from 0.25 and ran the

program for various ori ce sizes, in the

region of 40 percent to 60 percent of

pipeline diameter. Based on advice from

the consultant, the utility installed an

ori ce with a diameter of 46 percent of

the pipeline diameter. Once this change

was made, commissioning of the surge

tank was completed successfully.

George then tried to determine the ef-

fect of the smaller ori ce on the penstock

waterhammer and turbine speed rise.

Paul informed him that governor time at

this facility was about 10 seconds to close

from full load opening. With this long

interval, George determined the turbine

would reach runaway (maximum turbine

rotational speed) on any shutdown great-

er than about 60 percent generator load.

Even with a faster governor time calculat-

ed to produce a 45 percent waterhammer

(the normal maximum for a penstock),

the speed rise would be to runaway.

George now focused on the generator

inertia because a higher inertia would re-

duce speed rise. The inertia value George

initially found was from a table for modern

generators. However, generator rotors built

before about 1940 are large and heavy due

to the extra spacing between poles required

to accommodate the thick insulation. This

meant data for modern generators is not

applicable to this older unit.

Finally, in looking through his library

of hydro books for an inertia value for

the unit, George found a table listing the

inertias of Westinghouse vertical water-

wheel generators. The book, Hydro-electric

Handbook, was dated 1927. From this table,

George was able to produce a formula for

inertia of this particular unit as a function

of kilovolt-amperes (kVa) and speed. This

calculation resulted in a higher inertia than

those supplied for modern units. Using this

higher inertia, George determined that

speed rise on full load rejection would be

less than 50 percent with a governor time

of 2.8 seconds. In addition, waterhammer

would be less than 50 percent, an accept-

able design for an isolated power plant.

However, the current governor close

time was about 10 seconds. Should the

utility shorten it to about 3 seconds?

After deliberation, Paul decided to re-

tain the slow closing time. His intention

was to keep penstock waterhammer as low

as possible, in view of t he fact that the steel

penstock was quite deteriorated. Because

this plant was connected to a large grid,

fast governing times were not a neces-

sity. Also, the well-built old Westinghouse

generator had demonstrated that runaway

speeds were not a problem.

Lessons learned

First, always test a new computer surge

tank design program on an existing

tank, to determine whether it reproduces

the range of water surge levels observed

within the tank.

Second, if tank diameter is being

decreased, it is important to assess the

effect on the penstock, as the range of

surge pressures will change.

Third, retaining information for old

units often is dif cult. Such esoteric data

as generator inertia often is lost. In this

case, resort must be made to old refer-

ences. So don’t throw out that old book!

— By James L. Gordon, B.Sc., hydro-

power consultant

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44 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com

Small Hydro

Austrian ﬁ rm named to develop

16 Macedonia small hydros

Austrian company Energie Zotter Bau

signed contracts to build 16 small hydro-

power plants in Macedonia representing

a total investment of 15 million euros

(US$21 million).

Macedonia Vice President Vladimir Pe-

sevski participated in the signing of agree-

ments in July with Energie Zotter Bau,

marking Macedonia’s  rst award of small

hydro concessions stemming from three

public solicitations that began in 2007.

Upon completion by June 2012, the 16

hydro plants are to have total installed ca-

pacity of 6.62 MW and estimated annual

generation of 26.48 gigawatt-hours.

For details on the plant names, sizes,

and locations, go to www.hydroworld.

com and search for Energie Zotter Bau.

Macedon ia’s M in ist ry of Economy said

a fourth concession auction is planned

offering up to 40 small projects.

Association to develop

European hydro database

With backing from the European Union,

the European Small Hydropower Asso-

ciation (ESHA) is to develop a database

of European hydropower as well as recom-

mendations on future hydro development.

The Streammap project is to run three

years from its launch in June at a meeting

at the Renewable Energy House in Brus-

sels. ESHA said the program is partially

funded by the European Union under the

Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) Pro-

gram conducted by the European Agency

for Competitiveness and Innovation.

ESHA is to coordinate and set up a

central database called HYDI, including

complete information on the hydropow-

er sector for each of the 27 EU member

states. Information is to range from basic

data on the number of plants to invest-

ment and economic variables. It also is to

cover policy and legislative frameworks.

The association said the second pur-

pose of the program is to de ne a “road

map” for the small hydropower sector,

including recommendations on future

development to be delivered to national

and local policymakers in view of plans

to increase use of renewable energy.

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DESIGN • ANALYSIS • INSPECTIONS • CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

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www.hydroworld.com September 2009 / HRW 45

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ESHA is to coordinate Streammap

with a consortium of France-Hydro-

Electricite, British Hydropower Asso-

ciation, Lithuanian Hydropower Asso-

ciation, Italian Association of Renewable

Energy, Slovenian Small Hydropower

Association, Swedish Renewable En-

ergy Association, Romanian Institute

for Hydro and Design, Portuguese

Renewable Energy Association, Polish

Hydropower Association, and Belgium

Renewable Energy Federation.

ESHA also studies mini-

hydro, wind in mountains

In another IEE-funded project, ESHA

and six partners from mountainous

and rural European Union territories

are conducting a two-year project that

involves mapping and analyses of local

hydropower and wind potential.

The six partners are Agency for En-

ergy and Environment in the Province of

Teramo (AGENA) of Italy; the Associa-

tion of North Bohemian Municipalities,

Czech Republic; Diputacion provincial

de Huelva, Spain; Energikontor Sydest,

Sweden; Energy Centre of Western Thes-

saly, Greece; and Sun Valley, Romania.

Energy potential from mini-hydro-

electric and mini-wind installations will

be mapped in the six regions participat-

ing in the rural renewable energy sources

(RURAL-RES) project. Mapping will

be done from existing information and

through collection of missing data.

From a previous mapping exercise,

three to  ve sites for hydropower are to be

selected in each region for a pre-feasibility

study and an impact assessment. A con-

sultation process with stakeholders then

will be initiated. The program is expected

to encourage agreements to perform full

business plans and to invest in at least one

hydro plant per partner, corresponding to

an overall power of 10 MW.

Participants launched RURAL-RES

in 2008 to promote renewable electric-

ity production by supporting local de-

velopment of grid-connected mini-hydro

plants and off-grid mini-wind installa-

tions in mountainous areas. It is expected

to demonstrate exploitation of hydro and

wind resources on a small scale can re-

spect the environment and be compatible

with other activities such as tourism.

Information developed in the project

will be disseminated for replication. Cas-

es studies are to be identi ed across the

EU in both mini-hydro and mini-wind

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____________________

________________

46 HRW / September 2009 www.hydroworld.com

Continuous

automated

monitoring system

for greenhouse gas

concentrations in

freshwater

environments

See us at:

 Hydro 2009 in Lyon,

France, October 26-28

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sectors, ESHA said. Plans also call for

publication of a guide, 15 good practices

on grid-connected mini-hydro power

plants, for decision-makers, investors,

and opinion leaders.

Czech ﬁ rm to equip Finland’s

1.76-MW Kuokkastenkoski

Mavel a.s. of the Czech Republic is sup-

plying two 880-kW Kaplan turbines to

the 1.76-MW Kuokkastenkoski hydro-

electric project in Finland.

Kuokkastenkoski is owned by Pohjois-

Karjalan Sahko Oy at a site 120 kilome-

ters north of Kuopio. It has a net head of

10 meters and a  ow of 20 cubic meters

per second.

Mavel said it is to supply two KVK/

D1450K5 double-regulated vertical Ka-

plan turbines with runner diameter of

1,450 millimeters and  ve runner blades.

It also is to supply generators, draft tube,

hydraulic system, lubrication, and cool-

ing system. Vaasa Engineering Oy is

supplying electrical equipment.

Mavel said the contract was signed in

February 2009, with completion sched-

uled for December 2010.

Other Mavel orders in Europe include:

— Supplying a turbine for refurbish-

ment of the 862-kW Finnholm hydroelec-

tric project on the Ahtavanojoki River; and

— Supplying four 662-kW turbines

and related equipment for the 2.65-MW

Lovosice-Pistany 1 hydroelectric project

in the Czech Republic.

Bosnia utility to build

17 small hydro plants

The utility serving Bosnia’s Muslim-

Croat federation, Elektroprivreda BiH

(EPBiH), plans to invest 67.5 million

marka (US$44.3 million) to build 17

small hydropower plants under a conces-

sion from the town of Konjic.

The plants, with total installed capac-

ity of 22 MW, will be built on the Nere-

tvica River in southeastern Bosnia and

produce 83.5 gigawatt-hours of electric-

ity per year, EPBiH said.

Konjic awarded a 30-year concession to

EPBiH on condition that it employs up to

70 percent locals in construction work and

respects environmental requirements.

U.K. to develop 25 projects

on historic canal system

British Waterways and its partner Small

Hydro Co. Ltd., a developer, are pursuing

25 small hydroelectric projects proposed

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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #45

http://hrw.hotims.com RS #44

www.hydroworld.com September 2009 / HRW 47

for the United Kingdom. British Water-

ways, a public corporation, owns and

maintains 3,500-kilometers of U.K. wa-

terways, including rivers and 200-year-

old canals.

British Waterways said more than

120 million pounds (US$166 million) of

private capital will be invested over three

years to develop the projects. It said the

projects would generate 210,000 mega-

watt-hours of electricity from renewables

each year, create 150 construction jobs,

offset 110,000 tons of carbon dioxide

emissions, enhance waterway biodiver-

sity, and improve  ood mitigation.

Prospective sites for the hydro ven-

ture feature weirs, which act as barriers

to migratory  sh. Plans call for adding

 sh passage facilities at each site. The

hydro projects also would enable parties

to lower water levels ahead of increased

 ows, offering better control of water.

The waterways originally were built

for transportation but they now are

mostly used mostly for recreational pur-

poses. Millions of people visit the water-

ways each year.

Climate Change Capital, an invest-

ment manager and adviser that manages

Ventus Funds, a large group of funds spe-

ci cally targeted at the U.K. renewable

energy sector, is supporting the program.

Small Hydro Co. and Climate Change

Capital said they intend to have the  rst

projects developed under the scheme op-

erating in 2010 to meet the government’s

renewables target of 10 percent.

Electricity generated by the projects

would be fed into the national grid or

provided to neighboring sites. British

Waterways said it intends to reinvest its

share of project revenue in the govern-

ment’s waterways network. Small Hydro

Co., Exon, England is raising funds and

providing expertise; it also expects to see

a return on investment.

Miner forms renewables unit

to expand Peru’s 1.2-MW Tingo

Canada-based mining company Trevali

Resources Corp. formed Trevali Renew-

able Energy Inc. to refurbish and expand

the 1.2-MW Tingo hydroelectric project

to power Trevali’s Santander silver, lead,

and zinc project in Peru.

Trevali Renewable entered an agree-

ment with Peruvian bank Banco Inter-

nacional del Peru and corporate law  rm

Estudio Echecopar to arrange long-term

credit facilities of about US$20 million.

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HRW

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