Hess Earl J. Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861-1864
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378 Notes to Pages 246–53
tio G. Wright, June 19, 1862, OR 14:59; William M. Fenton to Hazard Stevens, June
17, 1862, OR 14:65; David Morrison to Daniel Leasure, June 17, 1862, OR 14:75; Jo-
seph R. Hawley to Fenton, June 16, 1862, OR 14:67; Leasure to Hazard Stevens,
June 17, 1862, OR 14:72; Horace Porter to father, June 18, 1862, Porter Papers, LC.
11. T. G. Lamar to John C. Pemberton, n.d., OR 14:94–96; Hazard Stevens, ‘‘Mili-
tary Operations in South Carolina,’’ 152; Brennan, ‘‘Battle of Secessionville,’’ 53.
12. Hazard Stevens, ‘‘Military Operations in South Carolina,’’ 152–53; Brennan,
‘‘Battle of Secessionville,’’ 50; Brennan, Secessionville, 287–88; David Hunter to
Horatio G. Wright, June 27, 1862, OR 14:47.
13. Hazard Stevens, ‘‘Military Operations in South Carolina,’’ 154–55.
14. Alfred F. Sears to Hazard Stevens, June 17, 1862, OR 14:80. Most of Fort
Lamar is well preserved and easily accessible.
15. Ballard, Pemberton, 105, 107, 110–12; Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 1–
4; Beauregard memo, September 24, 1862, OR 14:610–12; Wilmot G. De Saussure to
Beauregard, August 11, 1862, OR 14:596; States Rights Gist to Roswell S. Ripley,
March 3, 1863, OR 14:806; Wise, Gate of Hell, 18; General Orders No. 89, Depart-
ment of South Carolina and Georgia, November 5, 1862, Harris Papers, SCL-DU.
16. Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 4–5, 9; Roswell S. Ripley to Thomas
Jordan, October 25, 1862, OR 14:652; William H. Echols memorandum, November
25, 1862, Harris Papers, SCL-DU; Langdon Cheves to David B. Harris, June 9, 1863,
OR 14:974; Beauregard to Francis W. Pickens, November 8, 1862, OR 14:672.
17. Wise, Gate of Hell, 23–27, 30–32.
18. Ibid., 32–34.
19. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 53–56; Wise, Gate of Hell, 38, 43–
44, 57–58; Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 299–301.
20. Charles R. Suter to Quincy A. Gillmore, January 22, 1864, in Gillmore, Engi-
neer and Artillery Operations, 294–99; Joseph G. Totten to W. P. Trowbridge, July 8,
1863, M1113, RG77, NARA.
21. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 56–58; Gillmore to George W.
Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):13; Sylvester H. Gray to Joseph Hawley, July
13, 1863, OR 28(1):358; casualty return, OR 28(1):210; John Johnson, Defense of
Charleston Harbor, 84.
22. Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 13–15; Robert F. Graham to W. F.
Nance, July 18, 1863, OR 28(1):414; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. September
18, 1864, OR 28(1):71–73; Wise, Gate of Hell, 61–76.
23. Wise, Gate of Hell, 12–14.
24. John Johnson, Defense of Charleston Harbor, 22; Beauregard to Roswell S.
Ripley, August 28, 1863, OR 28(1):96; William H. Echols to David B. Harris, June 11,
1863, OR 14:972; ‘‘Charleston Harbor and Its Approaches,’’ RG77, Dr. 64-51, NARA.
Notes to Pages 254–58 379
25. Gilchrist, Confederate Defense of Morris Island, 8; Fuller, ‘‘Evacuating Morris
Island’’; Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 22; Wise, Gate of Hell, 59–61.
26. Quincy A. Gillmore to George W. Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):14–15.
27. George C. Strong to Truman Seymour, July 11, 1863, OR 28(1):355–56; Sylves-
ter H. Gray to Joseph Hawley, July 13, 1863, OR 28(1):360–61; Robert F. Graham to
W. F. Nance, July 18, 1863, OR 28(1):415; Gilchrist, Confederate Defense of Morris
Island, 16; Wise, Gate of Hell, 76–78.
28. Robert F. Graham to W. F. Nance, July 18, 1863, OR 28(1):415; Capers, ‘‘De-
fense of Fort Wagner’’; Wise, Gate of Hell, 76–78.
29. Wise, Gate of Hell, 79; Gillmore to George W. Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR
28(1):15; Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 58.
30. Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. September 18, 1864, OR 28(1):73–75;
Thomas Jordan memo, July 12, 1863, OR 28(1):62; Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charles-
ton,’’ 15–16.
31. Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. September 18, 1864, OR 28(1):76; William
B. Taliaferro to W. F. Nance, July 21, 1863, OR 28(1):417; Hector McKethan to W. T.
Taliaferro, July 20, 1863, OR 28(1):525; Wise, Gate of Hell, 92–98.
32. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 59; Gillmore to George W. Cul-
lum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):15–16; Edward N. Hallowell to Truman Seymour,
November 7, 1863, OR 28(1):362; Appleton, ‘‘That Night at Fort Wagner,’’ 13; Wise,
Gate of Hell, 102–3.
33. Hector McKethan to W. T. Taliaferro, July 20, 1863, OR 28(1):525; Charles W.
Knight to Taliaferro, July 20, 1863, OR 28(1):524; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca.
September 18, 1864, OR 28(1):77; Taliaferro to W. F. Nance, July 21, 1863, OR
28(1):417–19; Gilchrist, Confederate Defense of Morris Island, 20.
34. Sabine Emery to Truman Seymour, November 9, 1863, OR, 53:10; Wise, Gate
of Hell, 105.
35. Josiah I. Plimpton to Seymour, October 20, 1863, OR 53:15; Seymour to John
W. Turner, November 10, 1863, OR 28(1):347–48; Joseph C. Abbott to James A.
Gilmore, August 16, 1863, OR 28(1):365; Abbott to Seymour, November 6, 1863, OR
53:12–13; Lewis Butler to Seymour, February 2, [1864], OR 53:6–7; George B. Dandy
to assistant adjutant general, Gillmore’s headquarters, November 4, 1863, OR 53:11;
William B. Taliaferro to W. F. Nance, July 21, 1863, OR 28(1):419; John Johnson,
Defense of Charleston Harbor, 105; Wise, Gate of Hell, 108.
36. Seymour to John W. Turner, November 10, 1863, OR 28(1):348; Josiah I.
Plimpton to Seymour, October 20, 1863, OR 53:15; Wise, Gate of Hell, 108.
37. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 59; Beauregard to Samuel Coo-
per, ca. September 18, 1864, OR 28(1):64, 77; Wilson to folks, FSNM; Wise, Gate of
Hell, 114.
380 Notes to Pages 259–70
Chapter 12
1. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 60; Gillmore to George W. Cul-
lum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):20.
2. Wise, Gate of Hell, 139.
3. Ibid., 92, 128; Thomas Jordan to William B. Taliaferro, July 24, 1863, OR
28(1):381.
4. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):271–72; Wise, Gate of Hell, 119.
5. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):274, 279.
6. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 61; Thomas Benton Brooks Jour-
nal, OR 28(1):275; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of Morris Island,’’ 102.
7. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):283–84; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of
Morris Island,’’ 103.
8. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):281, 292. See OR 28(1):334 for an
illustration of Union splinterproofs.
9. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 61–62.
10. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):288–89.
11. Wise, Gate of Hell, 173; Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):290–91.
12. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 62; J. T. Champneys to W. H.
Echols, September 1, 1863, OR 28(1):507; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. Sep-
tember 18, 1864, OR 28(1):85; George P. Harrison to W. F. Nance, August 26, 1863,
OR 28(1):499–500; Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):295–96; Harrison to
Nance, August 27, 1863, OR 28(1):501; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of Morris Island,’’ 103.
13. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):296.
14. N. 16 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):324–25.
15. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):277–79.
16. N. 1 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):303–4. See OR 28(1):305 for
an illustration of an inclined palisades. See also Davis and Wiley, Photographic
History of the Civil War, 2:610, for a photograph of a splinterproof that is open on
one side and has brush and layers of wood as a roof and walls.
17. Thomas Benton Brooks to Quincy A. Gillmore, August 22, 1863, OR 28(1):266;
n. 10 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):318.
18. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):277, 284, 293.
19. N. 12 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):322–23. See OR 28(1):321,
for an illustration of the iron embrasure and mantlet.
20. N. 2 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):304, 308.
21. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):285, 327–28.
22. OR Atlas, pl. 44; Wise, Gate of Hell, 155–61; John W. Turner to Quincy A.
Gillmore, November 30, 1863, OR 28(1):220, 222; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of Morris
Island,’’ 101.
23. John W. Turner to Quincy A. Gillmore, September 8, November 30, 1863, OR
Notes to Pages 270–76 381
28(1):217, 220–24; Roswell S. Ripley to Thomas Jordan, September 22, 1863, OR
28(1):395.
24. Wise, Gate of Hell, 148, 170; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of Morris Island,’’ 100–101.
There are two good illustrations of the Marsh Battery in Gillmore, ‘‘Army before
Charleston in 1863,’’ 66, 71. Robert Knox Sneden also made a watercolor of the
battery in Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 284. See also Davis and Wiley,
Photographic History of the Civil War, 2:188, for photographs of both the first and
second Swamp Angel guns and the emplacement.
25. Davis and Wiley, Photographic History of the Civil War, 2:205, 596, 602, 604,
609, 612. See Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 52, for an illustration,
based on a wartime photograph, of Battery Hays on Morris Island.
26. Wise, Gate of Hell, 129; Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):288, 293;
George P. Harrison to W. F. Nance, August 15, 1863, OR 28(1):497; Edward W.
Serrell to Quincy A. Gillmore, September 10, 1863, OR 28(1):229.
27. Ripley, Siege Train, 19–20, 28–29, 259; Gillmore to Halleck, July 25, 1863, OR
28(1):203.
28. Roswell S. Ripley endorsement on Johnson Hagood to Ripley, July 25, 1863,
OR 28(1):433; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. September 18, 1864, OR 28(1):79;
Ripley to Thomas Jordan, August 21, 1863, OR 28(1):386; Thomas L. Clingman to
Zebulon B. Vance, August 4, 1863, in Supplement to the Official Records, 5:496–97;
Augustus Hines Iverson to Mary, September 9, 1863, Iverson Papers, FSNM; Wise,
Gate of Hell, 131.
29. J. T. Champneys to W. H. Echols, September 1, 1863, OR 28(1):505–6; Henry
Bryan to Alfred Roman, August 9, 24, 1863, OR 28(1):410, 412; Thomas Grange
Simons to Caroline Bentham, September 9, 1863, Simons Papers, FSNM.
30. Capers, ‘‘Defense of Fort Wagner,’’ 195; Wilson to folks, FSNM; Johnson
Hagood to W. F. Nance, July 23, 1863, OR 28(1):431; Harleston, ‘‘Battery Wagner on
Morris Island, 1863,’’ 6–7.
31. Harleston, ‘‘Battery Wagner on Morris Island, 1863,’’ 3–4.
32. Gilchrist, Confederate Defense of Morris Island, 30.
33. Johnson Hagood to W. F. Nance, August 24, 1863, OR 28(1):443; Hagood to
Nance, August 22, 1863, OR 28(1):439; J. T. Champneys to W. H. Echols, September
1, 1863, OR 28(1):505, 507; Lawrence M. Keitt to Nance, August 17, 18, 1863, OR
28(1):470, 472–73; Kundahl, Confederate Engineer, 245; Harleston, ‘‘Battery Wagner
on Morris Island, 1863,’’ 8.
34. Wise, Gate of Hell, 132, 134–35; M. M. Gray to Thomas Jordan, August 12,
1863, OR 28(1):523; Roswell S. Ripley to Jordan, September 22, 1863, OR 28(1):399.
35. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 62; C. E. Chicester to W. F.
Nance, July 31, 1863, OR 28(1):512; Lawrence M. Keitt to Nance, September 3, 1863,
OR 28(1):479; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, September 30, 1863, OR 28(1):92.
382 Notes to Pages 276–82
36. N. 5, Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):309–11; Palladino, Diary of a
Yankee Engineer, 34–35. See OR 28(1):309 for an illustration of the keg torpedo.
37. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):296–98; Gillmore to George W.
Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):25–26.
38. N. 13 to Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):323; J. W. Gregorie to P. K.
Molony, August 21, 1863, OR 28(1):502; Johnson Hagood to W. F. Nance, August 21,
1863, OR 28(1):437; Peter S. Michie to Gillmore, February 1, 1863, OR 28(1):339. See
Davis and Wiley, Photographic History of the Civil War, 2:610, for a good photograph
demonstrating the sapping process.
39. Gillmore to Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):25; Thomas Benton Brooks
Journal, OR 28(1):300; and Peter S. Michie to Gillmore, February 1, 186[4], OR
28(1):339–40; Lockwood, ‘‘Professor Throws Light’’; Joseph G. Totten to W. P. Trow-
bridge, August 24, 1863, and J. C. Woodruff to Trowbridge, September 5, 1863,
M1113, RG77, NARA.
40. Charles Colcock Jones to mother, September 7, 1863, in Bragg, ‘‘I Am an
Eyewitness,’’ 39.
41. Furness, ‘‘Siege of Fort Wagner,’’ 225.
42. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 64.
43. Lawrence M. Keitt to W. F. Nance, September 18, 1863, OR 28(1):489; Gil-
christ, Confederate Defense of Morris Island, 37.
44. T. A. Huguenin Journal, quoted in John Johnson, Defense of Charleston Har-
bor, cxi–cxii; Lawrence M. Keitt to W. F. Nance, September 18, 1863, OR 28(1):489;
Roswell S. Ripley to Thomas Jordan, September 22, 1863, OR 28(1):400–402.
45. T. A. Huguenin Journal, quoted in John Johnson, Defense of Charleston Har-
bor, cxi–cxiii; Lawrence M. Keitt to W. F. Nance, September 18, 1863, OR 28(1):489.
46. ‘‘Life in Battery Wagner,’’ 352, 354; John Johnson, Defense of Charleston
Harbor, cxv.
47. ‘‘Life in Battery Wagner,’’ 353.
48. Thomas Benton Brooks Journal, OR 28(1):300–303; Gillmore, ‘‘Army before
Charleston in 1863,’’ 64; Wise, Gate of Hell, 135.
49. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 64; Gillmore to George W.
Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):27; Wise, Gate of Hell, 195–97; W. W. H. Davis,
‘‘Siege of Morris Island,’’ 105–6.
50. David B. Harris to Thomas Jordan [September] 6, 1863, OR 28(1):103–4;
Wise, Gate of Hell, 199.
51. Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 19–20; Fuller, ‘‘Evacuating Morris Is-
land’’; Harleston, ‘‘Battery Wagner on Morris Island, 1863,’’ 13; Wise, Gate of Hell,
199.
52. George Benson Fox to parents, September 9, 1863, Fox Collection, CinnHS;
Notes to Pages 282–85 383
Gillmore to Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):27; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of
Morris Island,’’ 105.
53. Gillmore to Cullum, February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):137; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege
of Morris Island,’’ 106–7.
54. Davis and Wiley, Photographic History of the Civil War, 2:183, 185, 205, 602;
Wise, Gate of Hell, photograph insert. There is very little left of either the Confeder-
ate or Federal works on Morris Island. In fact, there is little left of the island itself.
The natural rate of sea erosion was great even during the war, but it was acceler-
ated by the construction of jetties to improve the entrance to Charleston harbor
after the conflict. The entire sea side of Morris Island was quickly eaten away, and
most of the works were destroyed. The only access to what is left of the island is by
private boat. Field visit to Charleston, March 22, 1987. See Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of
Charleston,’’ 8, for an illustration, based on a wartime photograph, of Fort Putnam,
the Federal name for Battery Gregg, and of Union Battery Hays on the southern end
of Morris Island. Folly Island is intact, but the northern end is inaccessible to the
public. Field visit to Folly Island, July 12, 1990.
55. W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of Morris Island,’’ 96, 109–10.
56. Wise, Gate of Hell, 206–8; Jeremy Francis Gilmer to Loulie, September 9,
1863, Gilmer Papers, SHC-UNC; Thomas H. Stevens, ‘‘Boat Attack on Sumter,’’ 50.
57. John Johnson, ‘‘Confederate Defense of Fort Sumter,’’ 26.
58. Gillmore, ‘‘Army before Charleston in 1863,’’ 65–67; W. W. H. Davis, ‘‘Siege of
Morris Island,’’ 107. John Johnson, Defense of Charleston Harbor, 116–44, includes
clear and detailed sketches and provides the most detailed and fascinating account
of how rifled artillery was used to demolish the masonry of Fort Sumter.
59. Gillmore to Halleck, December 15, 1863, OR 28(2):129; late November 1863,
Manigault Journal, LC. Northern journalist John T. Trowbridge visited Fort Sumter
in the fall of 1865. The exterior of the southeast wall ‘‘was an irregular, steeply
sloping bank of broken bricks, stones and sand—a half-pulverized mountain on
which no amount of shelling could have any other effect than to pulverize it still
more.’’ Gazing inside the fort from the top of the intact northwest wall, Trowbridge
thought it resembled a ‘‘huge crater, . . . a sort of irregular amphitheater, with
sloping banks of gabions and rubbish on all sides save one’’ (Desolate South, 277–
78). Wonderful photographs of the ruined Fort Sumter were taken at the end of the
war by George N. Barnard and are reproduced in his Photographic Views of Sher-
man’s Campaign, pl. 56 and 57. See also an illustration, based on a wartime photo-
graph, in Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of Charleston,’’ 19. There are also a number of
photographs of Fort Sumter taken by both northern and southern photographers,
many during the last few months of 1863. See Davis and Wiley, Photographic History
of the Civil War, 2:201–4, 206–7, 212–17, 230. See also illustrations of Fort Sumter,
384 Notes to Pages 285–87
based on photographs, in OR Atlas, pl. 121 and 122; many show the fort in 1861 as
well as during the latter part of the war. Fort Sumter is easily accessible by boat, and
a visit to the fort pays rich dividends. Only the lower level of the antebellum
fortification survives, because the upper two levels were ruined by Union artillery
and the rubble fell down to encase the lower level in a protective shield. Much of
what remains today still bears numerous signs of the unrelenting fire of Gillmore’s
guns. Several unexploded projectiles fired from Morris Island are clearly visible and
embedded in the interior wall of the face opposite the island. There are numerous
holes on this interior wall where other projectiles gouged out chunks of brick. The
exterior walls and the inside of the fort show extensive construction, as Sumter’s
defenses were updated after the war. Field visit to Fort Sumter, March 22, 1987.
60. Gillmore to Halleck, December 5, 1863, OR 28(2):129; Gillmore to Cullum,
February 28, 1864, OR 28(1):38.
61. John Johnson, ‘‘Confederate Defense of Fort Sumter,’’ 26; Jeremy Francis
Gilmer to Loulie, September 9, 1863, Gilmer Papers, SHC-UNC.
62. Extracts from daily reports of William B. Taliaferro, August 4, 1863, OR
28(1):422–24; Beauregard endorsement on Roswell S. Ripley to Thomas Jordan,
August 1, 1863, OR 28(1):378; Beauregard to Samuel Cooper, ca. September 18,
1864, OR 28(1):82; OR Atlas, pl. 131.
63. Ripley, Siege Train, 236–40; John G. Barnwell to J. R. Waddy, November 4,
1863, OR 28(2):485; field visits to Charleston, March 21, 23, 1987. Batteries No. 1 and
2 and the connecting cremailliere line between them are very well preserved and
easily accessible.
64. Ripley, Siege Train, 227–28; field visit to Charleston, July 12, 1990.
65. ‘‘Map of the Defences of Charleston City and Harbor,’’ RG77, I58-1, NARA;
Davis and Wiley, Photographic History of the Civil War, 2:191–93. We have a rich
treasure of at least sixty-six photographs of fortifications around Charleston taken
during and after the war. They depict everything from the Union siege works on
Morris Island to Fort Sumter, Battery Wagner, Fort Moultrie, Castle Pinckney, Fort
Johnson, Fort Marshall on Sullivan’s Island, and the artillery emplacements in the
city. See also several illustrations of Fort Moultrie and other works on Sullivan’s
Island, based on photographs, in OR Atlas, pl. 121 and 122. Many of the extant
photographs are surely the work of S. R. Siebert, a photographer commissioned by
the U.S. Engineer Department to record views of various Confederate fortifications
at Charleston as soon as the Rebels evacuated the city. Chief Engineer Richard
Delafield wanted to study the effects of Union navy and army gunnery on the
works, especially on Fort Sumter, but also on the city of Charleston itself. When
Delafield learned in June 1865 that William T. Sherman’s army had obtained a
Confederate journal that recorded the damage done to Sumter, he made efforts to
Notes to Pages 288–96 385
copy it for department files. See Richard Delafield to S. R. Siebert, February 24,
1865, and Delafield to William T. Sherman, June 2, 1865, M1113, RG77, NARA.
66. Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 281. The Confederate works that
guarded the railroad bridge over the Ashley River, along with Pemberton’s old lines
on James Island, are long gone.
Chapter 13
1. Henderson, Road to Bristoe Station, 15–17, 27–29, 32, 49, 68–69, 70, 72, 84,
104, 140, 167, 169–70, 174–76, 179–80, 182, 194; field visit to Bristoe Station, March
21–22, 1996; Young, ‘‘Pettigrew-Kirkland-MacRae Brigade,’’ 562. The Bristoe Sta-
tion battlefield is partially preserved. There is a heavy growth of small pines cover-
ing about half the ground that the Confederates attacked across, and a small town
has grown up around the station site; but the rest of the battlefield is much as it was
in 1863.
2. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 4–7, 9–28; Thompson, Engineer Battalion, 44–
45, 48.
3. Francis Adams Donaldson to brother, November 11, 1863, in Acken, Inside the
Army of the Potomac, 393; Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 7. See Bryan, Kelly, and
Lankford, Images from the Storm, 175, 177, for drawings of the Confederate works at
Rappahannock Station. The small town of Remington is now at the site of the battle
of Rappahannock Station. The railroad bridge still spans the narrow river, with a
modern highway bridge next to it. The landscape of the battlefield is still mostly
open, but the high ground on which the Confederate earthworks sat is at least
partly occupied by houses. There are no easily accessible remnants of fortifications.
Field visit to Rappahannock Station, March 21, 1996.
4. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 31, 38, 44–49, 59, 70–74, 78.
5. Walter H. Taylor to Bettie, December 5, 1863, in Tower, Lee’s Adjutant, 94–95;
Joseph K. Taylor to father, December 6, 1863, in Murphy, Civil War Letters of Joseph
K. Taylor, 157; James A. Graham to father, December 4, 1863, in Wagstaff, James A.
Graham Papers, 171.
6. Jones, Civil War Memoirs of Capt. William J. Seymour, 97.
7. Early, War Memoirs, 323; Samuel D. Buck reminiscences, 87, Buck Papers,
SCL-DU.
8. Field visits to Mine Run, March 21, 28, 1996; Luvaas and Nye, ‘‘Campaign That
History Forgot,’’ 38.
9. John F. L. Hartwell diary, in Britton and Reed, To My Beloved Wife and Boy at
Home, 166; George Merryweather to parents, December 10, 1863, Merryweather
Papers, CHS.
10. Bowen, ‘‘Diary of Captain George D. Bowen,’’ 142; Francis A. Walker, His-
386 Notes to Pages 297–303
tory of the Second Army Corps, 383; Simons, One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth New
York, 183.
11. Charles A. Upson to grandparents, December 1, 1863, United States Army,
Connecticut Volunteers, NYPL.
12. M. R. Johnson, ‘‘Those Slips of Paper’’; H. S. Stevens, ‘‘Those Slips of Paper’’;
Robert McAllister to Ellen, December 3, 1863, in Robertson, Civil War Letters of
General Robert McAllister, 367; Silliker, Rebel Yell and the Yankee Hurrah, 131; Page,
History of the Fourteenth Regiment, 202; Livermore, Days and Events, 302; Francis
Adams Donaldson to brother, November 25, 1863, in Acken, Inside the Army of the
Potomac, 406.
13. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 76; Warner, Generals In Blue, 541.
14. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 76–83.
15. Benjamin Wesley Justice to wife, December 1, 1863, Justice Papers, EU;
James Henry Lane account, in Supplement to the Official Records, 5:597.
16. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 76–83; Caldwell, History of a Brigade of South
Carolinians, 120. The slight works constructed by Meade’s army on the east side of
Mine Run on November 30 and December 1 were demolished by Lee’s men soon
after the campaign.
17. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 83.
18. Francis A. Walker, History of the Second Army Corps, 385–86.
19. Walter H. Taylor to Bettie, December 5, 1863, in Tower, Lee’s Adjutant, 95.
20. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 86–89, 92, 94.
21. Ulysses S. Grant to George G. Meade, April 20, 1864, in Simon, Papers of
Ulysses S. Grant, 10:560; Andrew Jackson Crossley to Bradbury, April 30, 1864,
Bradbury Papers, SCL-DU; Thompson, Engineer Battalion, 56.
22. Graham and Skoch, Mine Run, 91.
23. Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 202–4.
24. John J. Peck to Benjamin F. Butler, April 25, 1864, OR 33:292–93.
25. Seth M. Barton to Charles Pickett, February 21, 1864, OR 33:97–98; Barrett,
Civil War in North Carolina, 205–6.
26. Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 204–5, 207, 207n–208n; Robert F. Hoke
to Maj. Taylor, February 8, 1864, OR 33:96; field visit to New Bern, October 4, 1995.
A marker placed where Highway 55 crosses Batchelder’s Creek indicates the pres-
ence of Union earthwork remnants north of the highway, but they are inaccessible.
27. Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 213; Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 18.
28. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 18; ‘‘Map of Plymouth and the Defences,’’
RG77, Dr. 143-10, NARA.
29. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 20–22; Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina,
216; Lucien A. Butts to Henry W. Wessells, April 1, 1865, OR 33:301–3.
Notes to Pages 304–10 387
30. Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 217–18; Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’
22–23.
31. George S. Hastings account, in J. W. Merrill, Records of the Twenty-Fourth
Independent Battery, New York, 215–16; William M. Smith, ‘‘Siege and Capture of
Plymouth,’’ 336.
32. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 23–24; E. A. Wright, ‘‘Capture of Plymouth.’’
33. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 25; Henry W. Wessells to John J. Peck, August
18, 1864, OR 33:299.
34. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 25; William M. Smith, ‘‘Siege and Capture of
Plymouth,’’ 340.
35. Ballard, ‘‘Good Time to Pray,’’ 47; Henry W. Wessells to John J. Peck, August
18, 1864, OR 33:298–99; Peck to Benjamin F. Butler, April 25, 1864, OR 33:293.
36. Ulysses S. Grant to Benjamin F. Butler, April 19, 1864; Grant to Henry W.
Halleck, April 22, 1864; and Grant to Butler, April 24, 1864, in Simon, Papers of
Ulysses S. Grant, 10:328, 337–38, 346; Grant, ‘‘Preparing the Campaigns of ’64,’’ 108.
37. Barrett, Civil War in North Carolina, 220–21, 224; Beauregard, ‘‘Defense of
Drewry’s Bluff,’’ 195–96.
38. J. G. Sills to Pa, May 6 [1864], Howell Collection, NCDAH; Ballard, ‘‘Good
Time to Pray,’’ 47. There is nothing left of the fortifications at Plymouth, but many
historical markers identify the site of key works such as Fort Williams and Fort
Wessells. There also are markers identifying the approximate site of the sinking of
the Southfield and the Albemarle. Field visit to Plymouth, October 2, 1995.
Conclusion
1. Nosworthy surveyed the CD-ROM version of the OR; while it was not a system-
atic catalog of all the instances in which fieldworks were used, he did conclude
that they appeared more often in the campaigns of 1861–63 than early twentieth-
century military writers had assumed. See Nosworthy, Bloody Crucible of Courage,
496–518. I used the following to gain insight into the use of fortifications in Ameri-
can warfare before the Civil War: Anderson, Crucible of War, 59–60, 118, 120–21,
152, 158, 192, 242–46, 335–37, 348, 364, 394, 499–501; Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride,
222–32; Ketchum, Decisive Day, 19–24, 78, 111, 117, 120, 127, 142–43, 146, 148–49,
177, 216; Symonds, Battlefield Atlas, 16, 21–23, 27, 29, 31–33, 41, 43, 45–47, 49, 51, 53,
55, 57–59, 65, 67–69; John J. Gallagher, Battle of Brooklyn, 78–80; Ketchum, Sara-
toga, 117–18, 122–23, 162–80, 188–206, 301, 306–20, 354, 380, 396, 379–80; Lump-
kin, From Savannah to Yorktown, 12–13, 28–29, 31–32, 34–40, 44–49, 187–205, 236–
45; Graves, Field of Glory, 95–112; Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead!, 83, 91, 134,
151, 177, 211–29; Quimby, U.S. Army in the War of 1812, 1:24–28, 30, 32, 37, 40, 43,
45–47, 64, 67–75, 115–18, 132–43, 160–61, 183, 190–95, 204–10, 225–29, 230–35,