Hess Earl J. Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861-1864

348 Notes to Pages 44–53

19. William F. Howard, Battle of Ball’s Bluff, 60–61; Holien, ‘‘Battle of Ball’s

Bluff,’’ 53.

20. Holien, ‘‘Battle of Ball’s Bluff,’’ 12, 56; ﬁeld visit to Ball’s Bluff, June 27, 1997.

The remnants of Fort Beauregard are accessible.

21. Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 11–15; Sauers, ‘‘Succession of

Honorable Victories,’’ 17–21; Hawkins, ‘‘Early Coast Operations in North Carolina,’’

632–33. See also two superb illustrations of Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark in Haw-

kins, ‘‘Early Coast Operations in North Carolina,’’ 635.

22. Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 23–32; Ammen, ‘‘Du Pont and

the Port Royal Expedition,’’ 682–83, has good illustrations of a gun emplacement

and of the exterior of Fort Beauregard.

23. Brown, ‘‘Fort Pulaski’’; Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 55; Gill-

more, ‘‘Siege and Capture of Fort Pulaski,’’ 1, 11, has good illustrations of the dam-

aged fort after its surrender.

Chapter 3

1. Cox, ‘‘McClellan in West Virginia,’’ 126–28.

2. Ibid., 128–31; copy of Confederate map showing Camp Garnett and Rich

Mountain, RG77, US393-3, NARA; ‘‘Sketch of the Site of the O[pe]rations of the

10th, 11th, & 12th, July 1861, at Rich Mountain,’’ RG77, G63, NARA; Fleming, ‘‘North-

western Virginia Campaign of 1861,’’ 17, 48; Zinn, Battle of Rich Mountain, 2, 5;

Boehm, ‘‘Battle of Rich Mountain,’’ 7–8, 12–14; Johnson and Hartshorn, ‘‘Develop-

ment of Field Fortiﬁcation in the Civil War,’’ 573; Beatty, Memoirs of a Volunteer, 23–

24.

3. Fleming, ‘‘Northwestern Virginia Campaign of 1861,’’ 61; Catherine Merrill,

Soldier of Indiana, 78; Lesser, ‘‘Preliminary Archaeological and Historical Investiga-

tions of Cheat Summit Fort,’’ 31, 33; McKinney, Robert E. Lee and the 35th Star, 21,

48.

4. Cox, ‘‘McClellan in West Virginia,’’ 137–43; Cox, Military Reminiscences of the

Civil War, 1:80–82, 88–90; visit to Gauley Bridge, March 23, 1994. There appear to

be no remnants of Cox’s earthworks at Gauley Bridge, although the 1822 masonry

piers of the old bridge are still in place.

5. Cox, ‘‘McClellan in West Virginia,’’ 142–45; McKinney, Robert E. Lee at Sewell

Mountain, 17–18; Lowry, September Blood, 69–70, 89; OR Atlas, pl. 9, no. 1; map of

Carnifex Ferry battleﬁeld, RG77, G274-2, NARA; visit to Carnifex Ferry, March 23,

1994. The battleﬁeld is well preserved in a state park. No earthwork remnants are

here; but the road from Camp Gauley to the ferry is intact, and one can easily

understand the lay of the land on the battleﬁeld and in the surrounding coun-

tryside.

6. McKinney, Robert E. Lee at Sewell Mountain, 27–29, 33; see Morrison, Memoirs

Notes to Pages 54–60 349

of Henry Heth, 151–59, for a good description of the bitter feud between Floyd and

Wise; visit to Meadow Bluff, March 23, 1994. Tim McKinney, in a letter to the author

dated April 1, 1994, stated that the Meadow Bluff earthworks are extant, although I

did not have an opportunity to see them.

7. McKinney, Robert E. Lee at Sewell Mountain, 46, 86; Cox, ‘‘McClellan in West

Virginia,’’ 146–47; Tim McKinney to author, April 1, 1994; see Cohen, Civil War

in West Virginia, 48, for a good modern photograph from the top of Big Sewell

Mountain toward the Union approach, offering a superb view of the landscape

and the dominating position of the Confederates; visit to Big Sewell Mountain,

March 23, 1994.

8. Fleming, ‘‘Northwestern Virginia Campaign of 1861,’’ 62–63; Cox, ‘‘McClellan

in West Virginia,’’ 147; McKinney, Robert E. Lee and the 35th Star, 48, 100; Catherine

Merrill, Soldier of Indiana, 78. There is an interesting and rare map of the defenses

of Camp Elkwater, apparently drawn by Lee, in Lee Papers, VHS. For a superb

modern photograph of one Confederate artillery emplacement at Camp Bartow, see

Cohen, Civil War in West Virginia, 50.

9. Fleming, ‘‘Northwestern Virginia Campaign of 1861,’’ 63–64; there is a superb

modern photograph of the remnants of earthworks at Camp Alleghany in Cohen,

Civil War in West Virginia, 52.

10. McKinney, Robert E. Lee and the 35th Star, 28, 42–44; Cox, ‘‘McClellan in West

Virginia,’’ 147–48; McKinney, Robert E. Lee at Sewell Mountain, 108, 111; Charles

Snead to Thomas, October 10, 1861, Snead Papers, SCL-DU; Templeton to brother,

December 8, 1861, Templeton Papers, WLU.

11. Fleming, ‘‘Northwestern Virginia Campaign of 1861,’’ 64–65.

12. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 49–50, 115, 122.

13. Kupperman, Roanoke, 22–26, 89–93, 112–15, 122–24, 130–33, 137–42.

14. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 151–53, 165–73; Valentine, ‘‘Tran-

script of Letters and Diaries, 1861–1864,’’ 32, Valentine Papers, PEM; OR Atlas, pl.

12, no. 6; Charles Johnson, Long Roll, 100.

15. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 166, 173–77, 182–96; Hill, Bethel

to Sharpsburg, 205–6; Welch, Burnside Expedition, 33–35, 37–38; Duren to parents,

February 24, 1862, Duren Papers, EU; Charles Johnson, Long Roll, 96, 99–100;

Valentine, ‘‘Transcript of Letters and Diaries, 1861–1864,’’ frontispiece map, Valen-

tine Papers, PEM; Sprague, ‘‘Burnside Expedition,’’ 435–36; Dix, ‘‘ ‘And Three Rous-

ing Cheers,’ ’’ 73; ‘‘Sketch of the action at Roanoke Island, N.C., February 8, 1862,’’

RG77, H81-2, NARA; Hawkins, ‘‘Early Coast Operations in North Carolina,’’ 644, has

a good illustration of the Union attack on Fort Deﬁance; ﬁeld visit to Roanoke

Island, December 2, 1995. Little is left of the forts on Roanoke except a small

portion, only about ten yards long, of Fort Deﬁance. The remnant is well worth

visiting, as it is the left end of the parapet and offers a wonderful view of the marsh

350 Notes to Pages 60–65

that still crowds the work today. While a modern road has replaced the corduroy

road that approached the fort in 1862, one can still stand at the remnant and face

east to see the same kind of environment that the Federals had to struggle through

to outﬂank the work. The marsh stretches all the way to the eastern side of the

island and has expanded into the deep ditch of Fort Deﬁance, the parapet of which

is only about half as high today as it was in 1862.

16. Charles Johnson, Long Roll, 128, 156–57.

17. Charles C. Lee to sister, January 22, 1862, Ticktin Papers, NCDAH; Valentine,

‘‘Transcripts of Letters and Diaries, 1861–1864,’’ 39–40, Valentine Papers, PEM;

Lawrence O’Bryan Branch to Henry T. Clarke, January 28, 1862, Branch Letter,

N-YHS.

18. Hill, Bethel to Sharpsburg, 217–18; Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels, 12; Duren to parents,

March 20, 1862, Duren Papers, EU.

19. Hill, Bethel to Sharpsburg, 219–21; Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels, 12–13; Valentine,

‘‘Transcripts of Letters and Diaries, 1861–1864,’’ 39–40, Valentine Papers, PEM;

Sprague, ‘‘Burnside Expedition,’’ 439; Duren to Parents, March 20, 1862, Duren

Papers, EU; Hopkins, ‘‘Battle of Newbern as I Saw It,’’ 143; visits to New Bern,

February 24, 1994, and October 4, 1995. There are only a few earthwork remnants

at New Bern. I could not ﬁnd anything of the Croatan Line, and any remnants of

Fort Thompson are inaccessible on private land. A well-preserved, 200-yard section

of the infantry line east of the railroad is easily accessible, in about the middle of the

line, and offers a view of the huge parapet and ditch much as it was in 1862. There

are a few scattered, meager remnants of the line closer to Fort Thompson as well.

The redans west of the railroad are well preserved, but this area is not easily

accessible, as a thick stand of young pines covers the ground.

20. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 261–307; Hess, Lee’s Tar Heels,

13–16. Hawkins, ‘‘Early Coast Operations in North Carolina,’’ 649, 652, has two good

illustrations of the Union naval bombardment of Fort Thompson and of the Federal

infantry attack on the Fort Thompson Line. Burnside, ‘‘Burnside Expedition,’’ 667,

has a good illustration of a Confederate gun emplacement on the wharf at New

Bern.

21. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 344–45; Special Orders No. 58,

Department of North Carolina, March 22, 1862, William Proctor Smith service

record, M258, roll 109, RG109, NARA: Burlingame, History of the Fifth Regiment,

181; OR Atlas, pl. 131, no. 2; visit to New Bern, August 12, 1995. There is nothing left

of Fort Totten or its connecting line of works, but there are photographs of the fort

taken in 1884 in the Reed Papers, SCL-DU.

22. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 308–40; Fort Macon Records, 16–

19, Justice Papers, SHC-UNC; Branch, Fort Macon, 85, 87–88, 91, 97, 105, 128, 131–

32, 138, 140–41, 148–49, 151, 154–56, 160–62, 166, 168; Hawkins, ‘‘Early Coast

Notes to Pages 66–73 351

Operations in North Carolina,’’ 653, has a good illustration of the damage done to

Fort Macon by Parke’s artillery ﬁre; ﬁeld visit to Fort Macon, September 9, 1995.

The fort is well preserved in a state park, and the site of Parke’s batteries is indicated

by historical markers.

23. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 377, 380, 384, 387, 390–91, 397,

400–405; visit to South Mills battleﬁeld, October 3, 1995. The battleﬁeld of Saw-

yer’s Lane is not preserved, although the open area of 1862 is generally intact. There

are now many modern drainage ditches in the area, and it is difﬁcult to pinpoint

exact locations of the action. The place where the road crosses Joy’s Creek one mile

south of South Mills is the location of Wright’s fortiﬁed line, but there are no

apparent earthwork remnants.

24. Sauers, ‘‘Succession of Honorable Victories,’’ 373, 441–45.

Chapter 4

1. Sears, George B. McClellan, 13, 23, 44, 46–47.

2. Moten, Delaﬁeld Commission, 187, 191; Rowland, George B. McClellan, 103–29,

198–232.

3. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, 145; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 13–17;

McClellan to Stanton, March 11, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, 201;

Sears, George B. McClellan, 162–64. In his report, McClellan tried to use the engi-

neers’ survey of the Confederate works at Centreville and Manassas Junction to

justify his reluctance to approach these strong defenses; see McClellan to Lorenzo

Thomas, August 4, 1863, OR 5:54. See Bryan, Kelly, and Lankford, Images from the

Storm, 19–20, for sketches and a map of both Union and Confederate river batteries

along the Potomac downstream from Washington; on pp. 24 and 128 the artist,

Robert Knox Sneden, also drew a Confederate fort at Manassas and two Quaker

guns at Centreville.

4. Sears, George B. McClellan, 164; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 23–24.

5. Sears, George B. McClellan, 167–68; Cooling, Symbol, Sword, and Shield, 115.

6. John G. Barnard to Randolph B. Marcy, January 26, 1863, OR 11(1):108–9.

7. Hicks and Schultz, Battleﬁelds of the Civil War, 62; ﬁeld visit to the Peninsula,

October 12, 1994.

8. Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography, 1:206; McClellan to Winﬁeld Scott, April

11, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, 236; Laughton to parents and

brothers, April 14, 1862, Laughton Papers, SCL-DU.

9. Johnson and Buel, Battles and Leaders, map, 2:188; John B. Magruder to

Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):405.

10. R. Lowndes Poor to Rives, October 12, 1861, Rives Papers, SCL-DU; ﬁeld visit

to Young’s Mill, October 18, 1995; Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 38. There

are three good colored maps of the Confederate works at Howard’s Bridge in Bryan,

352 Notes to Pages 74–78

Kelly, and Lankford, Images from the Storm, 34, 36, 38. The remnants at Young’s Mill

are easily accessible, but I could not ﬁnd remnants of the infantry line between the

mill and Howard’s Bridge along Highway 17.

11. McClellan to Winﬁeld Scott, April 11, 1862; McClellan to Edwin Stanton, April

3, 1862; and McClellan to Mary Ellen, April 3, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers

of McClellan, 236, 227, 225; McClellan to Lorenzo Thomas, August 4, 1863, OR

11(1):10–11; Reed, Combined Operations in the Civil War, 143.

12. McClellan to Lorenzo Thomas, August 4, 1863, OR 11(1):8, 10–11; McClellan

telegram to Lincoln, April 5, 1862; McClellan to Louis M. Goldsborough, April 5,

1862; and McClellan to Edwin Stanton, April 7, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of

McClellan, 228, 229, 232.

13. John G. Barnard to Joseph G. Totten, May 6, 1862, OR 11(1):318–19; Oliver

Otis Howard, Autobiography, 1:214; Haynes, History of the Second Regiment New

Hampshire, 43–44. Bailey, Forward to Richmond, 122–23, has a good reproduction of

a watercolor by the Prince de Joinville, a French observer with the Army of the

Potomac, depicting Federal troops building a heavy battery.

14. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 58; Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 47;

Ward Osgood to brother, April 18, 1862, Osgood Papers, SCL-DU; Haynes, History of

the Second Regiment New Hampshire, 46–47.

15. Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 41–43, 51, 53. Robert Knox Sneden’s

drawing of Battery No. 7 shows it to have six gun emplacements, each with barbette

mounts. The work had a low, ﬂat parapet, a log-and-post revetment, and no ﬂank

protection. See Bryan, Kelly, and Lankford, Images from the Storm, 51.

16. McClellan to Lorenzo Thomas, August 4, 1863, OR 11(1):17; Stephen M. Weld

to father, April 25, 1862, in Weld, War Diary and Letters, 100; Guiworth, History of

the First Regiment, 142.

17. Mayo to parents, April 25, 1862, in Hodge, Civil War Letters of Perry Mayo,

204; William F. Barry to Seth Williams, May 5, 1862, OR 11(1):348.

18. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 58; William F. Barry to Seth Williams, May 5,

1862, OR 11(1):339.

19. Fitz John Porter to Seth Williams, May 8, 1862, OR 11(1):314; Barnard, ‘‘Jour-

nal of the Siege,’’ OR 11(1):325–26, 330.

20. Malles, Bridge Building in Wartime, 61; Barnard, ‘‘Journal of the Siege,’’ OR

11(1):327.

21. Barnard, ‘‘Journal of the Siege,’’ OR 11(1):336; Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the

Storm, 52–53.

22. McClellan to Mary Ellen, April 19, 1862; McClellan to Edwin Stanton, April

18, 1862; and McClellan to Mary Ellen, April 23, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of

McClellan, 243–44, 241, 245.

23. McClellan to Mary Ellen, April 27, 1862, in ibid., 249–50; General Orders

Notes to Pages 78–85 353

No. 1, April 23, 1862, in Malles, Bridge Building in Wartime, 321–25; Fitz John Porter

to Seth Williams, May 8, 1862, OR 11(1):313.

24. Stephen M. Weld to father, April 25, 1862, in Weld, War Diary and Letters, 101.

25. Casdorph, Prince John Magruder, 6, 24, 27, 38–42, 65–68, 72–78.

26. Brent, Memoirs of the War between the States, 159.

27. Danville Leadbetter to John B. Magruder, November 9, 1861, and Alfred L.

Rives to Robert Ould, January 4, 1862, M628, RG109, NARA; Robert E. Lee to

William B. Taliaferro, May 25, 1861, and George Deas to John B. Magruder, Septem-

ber 21, 1861, M998, RG109, NARA.

28. John B. Magruder to Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):405; Riggs,

Embattled Shrine, 58–60, 62.

29. John B. Magruder to Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):405; Warner,

Generals in Gray, 267; Alfred L. Rives to Samuel Cooper, April 8, 1862, M628,

RG109, NARA.

30. Lafayette McLaws to wife, March 31, 1862, in Oefﬁnger, Soldier’s General,

136; Eugene Janin to father, April 11, 1862, Janin Papers, SHC-UNC; Oliver Otis

Howard, Autobiography, 1:206; John G. Barnard to Joseph G. Totten, May 6, 1862,

OR 11(1):318.

31. John B. Magruder to Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):406; Palfrey,

‘‘Siege of Yorktown,’’ 108; Howell Cobb to Lafayette McLaws, April 9, 1862, McLaws

Papers, SHC-UNC.

32. John G. Barnard to Joseph G. Totten, May 6, 1862, OR 11(1):318; ‘‘Reconnais-

sance of Secession Works and Plan at Siege of Yorktown,’’ RG94, Civil War Atlas,

Manuscript Series, NARA; OR Atlas, pl. 14, no. 1.

33. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, 21, 56–58, 70, 91, 148–50; Newton, Joseph E.

Johnston and the Defense of Richmond, 88–92.

34. Early, War Memoirs, 65–66.

35. Cyrus B. Comstock to John G. Barnard, April 12, 1862, in J. G. Barnard, Report

of the Engineer and Artillery Operations, 198; Palfrey, ‘‘Siege of Yorktown,’’ 145–47;

John B. Magruder to Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):406; Perry Mayo to

parents, April 25, 1862, in Hodge, Civil War Letters of Perry Mayo, 205; Miles C.

Macon to unknown, April 17, 1862, in ‘‘Daily Consolidated Reports of Artillery,’’ MC.

36. Palfrey, ‘‘Siege of Yorktown,’’ 145–47; Cofﬁn, Full Duty, 94–95; Erastus Buck

to wife and friends, April 20, 1862, in Balzer, Buck’s Book, 27–28. The United Daugh-

ters of the Confederacy erected a small monument at Dam No. 1 in 1967 to com-

memorate this little ﬁght, and there are also markers relating to the positions of the

15th North Carolina, 7th Georgia, 2nd Louisiana, and 3rd Vermont.

37. Ward Osgood to brother, April 18, 1862, Osgood Papers, SCL-DU; Guiworth,

History of the First Regiment, 143; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 48–56.

38. Daniel Harvey Hill to wife, April 22, 1862, Hill Collection, NCDAH; Hilary A.

354 Notes to Pages 85–90

Herbert, ‘‘A Short History of the 8th Alab. Regiment,’’ enclosed in Herbert to

McLaws, August 8, 1869, McLaws Papers, SHC-UNC; April 19, 1862, Wall Diary,

NCDAH; John B. Magruder to Samuel Cooper, May 3, 1862, OR 11(1):408; Gary W.

Gallagher, Fighting for the Confederacy, 75; James Peter Williams to Aunt Mary,

April 27, 1862, Williams Letters, LOV.

39. April 12, 17, 19, 1862, Wall Diary, NCDAH; Henry M. Talley to mother, April

27, 1862, Talley Papers, VHS; Gary W. Gallagher, Fighting for the Confederacy, 75.

See Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 54, for a good description of sharpshoot-

ing along the Warwick Line.

40. Gary W. Gallagher, Fighting for the Confederacy, 75; Joseph F. Gibson to

uncle, April 15, 1862, Overcash Papers, SCL-DU; James Peter Williams to Aunt Mary,

April 27, 1862, Williams Letters, LOV; Nathaniel Venable Watkins to wife, April 18,

1862, Watkins Papers, CWM.

41. Newton, Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond, 130–34; William F.

Barry to Seth Williams, May 5, 1862, OR 11(1):345–46; Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston,

152–53.

42. McClellan to Mary Ellen, April 30, May 3, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of

McClellan, 250, 252.

43. Warner, Generals in Gray, 249–50; Ratchford, ‘‘More of Gen. Rains and His

Torpedoes,’’ 283; Newton, Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond, 135.

44. ‘‘Confederate Use of Subterranean Shells on the Peninsula,’’ 201; William F.

Barry to George W. Cullum, August 25, 1863, OR 11(1):349; Guiworth, History of the

First Regiment, 159; History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery, 246–48.

45. Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography, 1:218; Charles E. Halsey to sister, May 4,

1862, Miller Papers, SCL-DU; James McQuade to Fitz John Porter, May 4, 1862, OR

11(1):401; William F. Barry to George W. Cullum, August 25, 1863, OR 11(1):350;

Guiworth, History of the First Regiment, 159; McClellan to Edwin Stanton, May 4,

1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, 254.

46. History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery, 244, 248; Oliver Otis Howard,

Autobiography, 1:222; Guiworth, History of the First Regiment, 159.

47. Nevins, Diary of Battle, 45; Donald, Gone for a Soldier, 64; Bryan and Lank-

ford, Eye of the Storm, 64; Johnston, ‘‘Manassas to Seven Pines,’’ 205; William F.

Barry to George W. Cullum, August 25, 1863, OR 11(1):350.

48. William F. Barry to George W. Cullum, August 25, 1863, OR 11(1):349–50;

McClellan to Stanton, May 4, 1862, in Sears, Civil War Papers of McClellan, 254;

Malles, Bridge Building in Wartime, 65.

49. ‘‘Confederate Use of Subterranean Shells on the Peninsula,’’ 201.

50. Warner, Generals in Gray, 250.

51. William F. Barry to Seth Williams, May 5, 1862, OR 11(1):348; John G. Barnard

Notes to Pages 90–95 355

to Joseph G. Totten, May 6, 1862, OR 11(1):320; McClellan to Stanton, May 5, 1862,

in Supplement to the Ofﬁcial Records, 2:329; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 66.

52. McClellan to Winﬁeld Scott, May 4, 1862; McClellan to Mary Ellen, May 4, 8,

1862; and McClellan to Ambrose E. Burnside, May 21, 1862, in Sears, Civil War

Papers of McClellan, 253–54, 255, 260, 269.

53. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 65–66; Bryan and Lankford, Eye of the

Storm, 58.

54. H. C. Cabell to John B. Magruder, May 10, 1862, OR 11(1):413.

55. John G. Barnard to Joseph G. Totten, May 6, 1862, OR 11(1):318; Charles A.

Phillips to unknown, May 10, 1862, qtd. in History of the Fifth Massachusetts Battery,

249; Henry L. Abbott to Papa, May 8, 1862, in Scott, Fallen Leaves, 113–14.

56. John C. Gray to Bessie, June 2, 1863, in Gray and Ropes, War Letters, 121–22.

57. Palfrey, ‘‘Siege of Yorktown,’’ 141–47. Any effort at a combined operation to

reduce either Yorktown or Gloucester Point depended on the navy, and its local

commanders were very reluctant to risk their ships. See Reed, Combined Operations

in the Civil War, 145–47.

58. Robert E. Lee to Benjamin S. Ewell, May 1, 1861, and Lee to John B. Ma-

gruder, May 25, 1861, M998, RG109, NARA; Hastings and Hastings, Pitiless Rain,

43–45; Benjamin Stoddert Ewell to citizens of James City, York, and Warwick Coun-

ties, n.d., and Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, ‘‘Reminiscences of Genl. Magruder &

of events during Peninsula Campaign,’’ 10–12, Ewell Family Papers, CWM; Lafay-

ette McLaws to children, July 23–25, 1861, and McLaws to wife, July 30, 1861, in

Oefﬁnger, Soldier’s General, 96–99; Casdorph, Prince John Magruder, 119–21.

59. Hastings and Hastings, Pitiless Rain, 45–47; Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, ‘‘Remi-

niscences of Genl. Magruder & of events during Peninsula Campaign,’’ 10–12, Ewell

Family Papers, CWM; ‘‘Map Showing the Position of Williamsburg,’’ RG77, G447,

NARA.

60. M. D. McAlester to John G. Barnard, May 6, 1862, in J. G. Barnard, Report of

the Engineer and Artillery Operations, 204; McClellan to Lorenzo Thomas, August 4,

1863, OR 11(1):19; Benton, ‘‘From Yorktown to Williamsburg,’’ 216; Nevins, Diary of

Battle, 59.

61. M. D. McAlester to John G. Barnard, May 6, 1862, in J. G. Barnard, Report of

the Engineer and Artillery Operations, 205; Donald, Gone for a Soldier, 66, 70; Mc-

Clellan to Lorenzo Thomas, August 4, 1863, OR 11(1):19; ﬁeld visit to Williamsburg,

October 17, 1995.

62. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 70–82.

63. Benjamin Stoddert Ewell to Lizzy, May 4, 1863, Ewell Family Papers, CWM;

Richard Stoddert Ewell Letterbook, 1862–1865, 11–12, Ewell Papers, SCL-DU. Many

of the works at Williamsburg are in a superb state of preservation. I examined six of

356 Notes to Pages 96–101

the fourteen works on October 13, 1994, and October 17, 1995. Redoubts No. 1, 2, 3,

11, and 12 are easily accessible, and there may be more that are intact. Fort Ma-

gruder is mostly gone. James Tanner, whose 87th New York was positioned in front

of the fort during the night following the battle, revisited the area in October 1913.

He found that the main road to Richmond had been cut through the work but that

most of it was intact. Now there is a small remnant in a city park, which was locked

up behind a chain-link fence when I visited the area. See James Tanner to Earle W.

Tanner, October 25, 1913, Tanner Papers, CHS. See also a photograph of Fort Ma-

gruder in Manning, ‘‘Yorktown and Williamsburg Reviewed in 1897,’’ 152. Bryan and

Lankford, Eye of the Storm, 62–63, 116, has two drawings of Fort Magruder done at

the time of the battle and in August 1862, with a map. For descriptions of the fort

and Batteries No. 5 and 6 near the end of the war, see J. J. Morrison to Edward O. C.

Ord, January 21, 1865, OR 46(2):195–96.

Chapter 5

1. Alfred L. Rives to Judah P. Benjamin, March 12, 1862, OR 51(2):509–10; Riggs,

Embattled Shrine, 88, 96.

2. Riggs, Embattled Shrine, 2–3, 5, 7.

3. Ibid., 17.

4. Ibid., 20, 25; ﬁeld visit to Jamestown, October 19, 1995.

5. Riggs, Embattled Shrine, 30, 39, 46–47, 142–49.

6. Field visit to Jamestown, October 19, 1995; Robert C. Mabry to friend, June

30, 1861, Mabry Collection, NCDAH.

7. Riggs, Embattled Shrine, 46–47. See Bryan, Kelly, and Lankford, Images from

the Storm, 109, for a drawing of Fort Pocahontas.

8. Robinson, ‘‘Drewry’s Bluff,’’ 167, 171–74; Drewry’s Bluff; Thomas H. Wynne to

George W. Randolph, April 29, 1862, OR 51(2):548–49; Henry Lea Graves to Mrs.

Sarah D. Graves, June 13, 1862, in Harwell, Confederate Marine, 56; ﬁeld visit to

Drewry’s Bluff, August 29, 1995.

9. Alfred L. Rives to Judah P. Benjamin, March 12, 1862, OR 51(2):509–10; Rives

to Secretary of War, March 12, 1862, M628, RG109, NARA.

10. Jefferson Davis to Confederate House of Representatives, March 20, 1862,

OR 51(2):507–8; Alfred L. Rives to Henry T. Douglas, March 20, 1862, M628, RG109,

NARA.

11. Hunt, ‘‘Defending the Citadel of the Confederacy,’’ 306–12; Thomas, Confed-

erate State of Richmond, 85; Dickinson, ‘‘Union and Confederate Engineering Opera-

tions at Chafﬁn’s Bluff,’’ 1–2, RNB. I have not made a thorough attempt to deter-

mine if there are any remnants of the Inner Line or the Intermediate Line around

Richmond, but I am doubtful if such a search would yield anything signiﬁcant.

Notes to Pages 101–9 357

There are several interesting remnants of the Outer Line, but those will be discussed

later in this chapter.

12. Brent, Memoirs of the War between the States, 128; Gustavus W. Smith, ‘‘Two

Days of Battle at Seven Pines,’’ 222.

13. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, 161; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 124;

Newton, Battle of Seven Pines, 14.

14. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 112–13, 277; Miller, ‘‘I Only Wait for the

River,’’ 48–60.

15. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, 161, 163, 165; Newton, Joseph E. Johnston and

the Defense of Richmond, 175–86; Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 118–24.

16. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 124–45; Newton, Battle of Seven Pines, 37, 41,

51–52; John G. Barnard to Randolph B. Marcy, January 26, 1863, OR 11(1):113–14; J.

G. Barnard, Report of the Engineer and Artillery Operations, pl. 15; Gustavus W.

Smith, ‘‘Two Days of Battle at Seven Pines,’’ 226; Samuel P. Heintzelman to George

W. Mindil, June 8, 1874, Mindil Papers, RNB; Miller, ‘‘I Only Wait for the River,’’ 52.

17. Hicks and Schultz, Battleﬁelds of the Civil War, 63; Gustavus W. Smith, ‘‘Two

Days of Battle at Seven Pines,’’ 226–27; Johnston, ‘‘Manassas to Seven Pines,’’ 215;

H. C. Wall, ‘‘Thirteenth Regiment of N.C. Infantry,’’ Confederate States of America,

Archives, Army Units, SCL-DU. Wall served in the 23rd North Carolina during the

Peninsula campaign before his transfer to the 13th North Carolina.

18. Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 124–45; Newton, Battle of Seven Pines, 69,

70–81, 88–93, 96; ﬁeld visit to Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, October 12, 1994. There is

nothing left of the Union fortiﬁcations here, and virtually nothing is preserved or

well marked on the battleﬁeld. A few markers refer to the location of Casey’s

Redoubt (later renamed Redoubt No. 3), and they locate the second and third

Union lines of works. The junction at Seven Pines is now part of the town of

Sandston, and a national cemetery is located near the crossroads. The modern

town of Fair Oaks has grown over the battleﬁeld, and virtually nothing is marked in

this area. One can, however, get a sense of how ﬂat and sandy the terrain is, and

there are still several areas on the battleﬁeld that are covered in dense woods.

19. Miller, ‘‘I Only Wait for the River,’’ 58; John G. Barnard to Randolph B. Marcy,

January 26, 1863, OR 11(1):114–16; Barton S. Alexander to John G. Barnard, July 12,

1862, OR 11(1):139–40; Sumner, Diary of Cyrus B. Comstock, 237; map titled ‘‘Line of

Entrenchments from Redoubts No. 1 to 6,’’ in J. G. Barnard, Report of the Engineer

and Artillery Operations, pl. 15; Davis and Wiley, Photographic History of the Civil

War, 1:585, 588. See also George N. Barnard’s photograph of Redoubt No. 3, taken in

June 1862, in Sears, To the Gates of Richmond, 277, and George N. Barnard, Photo-

graphic Views of Sherman’s Campaign, iv. For a colored drawing of Union works at

the Twin Houses at Seven Pines, drawn on June 15, see Bryan and Lankford, Eye of

the Storm, 66.

Hess Earl J. Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War: The Eastern Campaigns, 1861-1864

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.