Heiman G. Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

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Selecting a Descriptive Statistical

Procedure

Correlation

Type of Data Individual Scores Central Tendency Variability Coefficient

Nominal frequency, Mode Range ␾ or C

rel. frequency, or (Chapter 4) (Chapter 5) (Chapter 15)

percent

(Chapter 3)

Ordinal frequency, Median Range Spearman r

rel. frequency, or (Chapter 4) (Chapter 5) (Chapter 7)

percent

(Chapter 3)

Interval or frequency, Median Range Convert to

ratio rel. frequency, or (Chapter 4) (Chapter 5) ranks, compute

(skewed percent Spearman r

distribution) (Chapter 3) (Chapter 7)

Interval or frequency, Mean Standard Pearson r

ratio rel. frequency, (Chapter 4) deviation or (Chapter 7)

(normally percent, or variance and

distributed) z-score (Chapter 5) regression

(Chapters 3 and 6) (Chapter 8)

Selecting an Inferential Statistical

Procedure

Type of Design Parametric Test Nonparametric Test

One sample z-test none

(when σ

is known) (Chapter 10)

One sample One-sample t-test none

(when σ

is not (Chapter 11)

known)

Two independent Independent samples t-test Mann–Whitney U,

samples (Chapter 12) rank sums test, or

one-way chi square

(Chapter 15)

Two related samples Related samples t-test Wilcoxon T test

(Chapter 12) (Chapter 15)

Three or more Between-subjects ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis H or

independent samples Post Hoc test: one-way chi square

(one factor) HSD or protected t-test Post Hoc test:

(Chapter 13) rank sums test

(Chapter 15)

Three or more Within-subjects ANOVA Friedman ␹

related samples Post Hoc test: Post Hoc test:

(one factor) HSD or protected t-test Nemenyi’s test

(Appendix A) (Chapter 15)

Two factors Two-way, between-subjects Two-way chi square

(independent ANOVA (Chapter 14) (Chapter 15)

samples)

SIXTH EDITION

Basic Statistics

for the Behavioral

Sciences

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SIXTH EDITION

Basic Statistics

for the Behavioral

Sciences

Gary W. Heiman

Buffalo State College

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Basic Statistics for the Behavioral

Sciences, Sixth Edition

Gary W. Heiman

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BRIEF CONTENTS

PREFACE xxii

1 Introduction to Statistics 1

2 Statistics and the Research Process 12

3 Frequency Distributions and Percentiles 36

4 Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean, Median, and Mode 60

5 Measures of Variability: Range, Variance,

and Standard Deviation 84

6 z-Scores and the Normal Curve Model 109

7 Correlation Coefficients 135

8 Linear Regression 160

9 Using Probability to Make Decisions about Data 185

10 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 207

11 Performing the One-Sample t-Test and Testing Correlation

Coefficients 234

12 The Two-Sample t-Test 260

13 The One-Way Analysis of Variance 290

14 The Two-Way Analysis of Variance 318

15 Chi Square and Other Nonparametric Procedures 351

APPENDIXES

A Additional Statistical Formulas 379

B Using SPSS 392

C Statistical Tables 418

D Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions 438

GLOSSARY 453

INDEX 461

BRIEF CONTENTS

vii