Ferry M. Direct Stripcasting of Metals and Alloys: Processing, Microstructure and Properties
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Representation
of
textures
and
their
interpretation
253
B.4
Typical textures in metal strip
B.4.1
Solidification textures
Heterogeneous nucleation
in
the liquid in the vicinity of a mould wall often
generates grains
with
a random distribution of orientations (§2.3). Under
circumstances where further growth of these nuclei is dendritic (§2.2.2.5),
growth occurs in certain crystallographic directions (Table 2.2). The primary
dendrite arms oriented nearest to the heat flow direction are able to outgrow
less favourably-oriented dendrite arms. This growth selection generates a
texture
in
the casting
that
varies from random
at
the mould wall to strong at the
mid-thickness of the casting.
If
solidification occurs
on
the surface of a high thermal conducting substrate
such as the rolls of a twin roll caster, the maximum
heat
flux is essentially
parallel to NO of the mould wall
and
growth selection results
in
the gradual
strengthening of a particular
<uvw>
crystallographic direction (Table
2.2)
parallel to the maximum heat flow direction. This behaviour is shown
in
Figure
B.3
for a cubic metal.
In
the absence of dendrite bending (§5.2.1), this growth
behaviour gives rise to the classic
<001>/
/ND fibre texture which is similar to
that produced
in
unidirectionally solidified ingots. The strength of the fibre
texture generated
by
IRe is influenced
by
alloy type, composition, melt
superheat, mould temperature, mould type
and
surface chemistry and
topogl;"aphy, movement of liquid metal parallel to the
mould
wall, furnace
atmosphere (chapter
5).
B.4.2
Texture development during secondary processing
Rolling
The orientation changes that take place in a crystalline metal
during
rolling are
due
to the fact that deformation occurs
on
certain slip
or
twinning systems
(Humphreys
and
Hatherly
2004).
The strength of the texture
and
the balance
between the various texture components after rolling depends
on
various
factors such as the texture of the as-cast material, degree of deformation,
temperature of deformation, crystal structure, stacking fault energy, as-cast
grain size
and
shape
and
the presence of a second-phase.
Annealing
The texture that develops
when
a deformed metal is annealed has been the
subject of extensive
study
(Humphreys and Hatherly 2004). Similar to
deformation, the strength
and
type of texture components
that
develop during
recrystallization are affected by numerous processing
and
materials variables.
The texture is usually related directly to the nucleation event during
recrystallization, the orientation dependence of the rate of nucleation
in
inhomogeneities of various type and orientation environment,
and
to the
254
Direct
strip
casting
of
metals
and
alloys
nature, energy and mobility of the boundaries between grains of various
orientations. The effect of deformation and annealing
on
texture development
in a range of strip-cast metals is described in chapter
6.
Phase
transformation
The microstructure and texture of a newly solidified casting may be altered
appreciably
by
controlling the cooling path to room temperature or by
reheating the casting if the alloy can undergo one or more solid-state phase
transformations. Such a radical structural modification by solid-state
transformation is possible in certain strip-cast metals, as discussed in chapters 5
and
6.
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