Федоров М.П. и др. Информационно-компьютерные технологии в строительстве. Применение программы SCAD для расчета сооружений на динамические воздействия
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Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɋȺɇɄɌ-ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ
ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɈ-ɄɈɆɉɖɘɌȿɊɇɕȿ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ȼ ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȿ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
2009
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɋȺɇɄɌ-ɉȿɌȿɊȻɍɊȽɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ
ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɈ-ɄɈɆɉɖɘɌȿɊɇɕȿ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɂ ȼ ɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȿ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɱɥ. ɤɨɪɪ. ɊȺɇ
Ɇ.ɉ.Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
2009
ɍȾɄ 624.04 (075.8)
ɂ74
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ:
Ɇ.ɉ.Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ.Ɍɚɧɚɧɚɟɜ, ȼ.ȼ.Ʌɚɥɢɧ, ɂȺ.Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ,
Ⱥ.ɇ.ɑɭɫɨɜ, ɂ.ɂ. Ʌɚɥɢɧɚ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɍɱɟɛ.-ɦɟɬɨɞ.
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ. / Ɇ.ɉ.Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜ [ ɢɞɪ.], – ɋɉɛ.: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɉɨɥɢɬɟɯɧ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 2009. 230 ɫ.
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (ɍɆɄ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ (ȽɈɋ) ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
«ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ» (ɉȽɋ) ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɂɄɌ).
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɍɆɄ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɇȾɋ) ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.
Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɍɆɄ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɇȾɋ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD;
ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɂɄɌ; ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ; ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɡɚɱɟɬɚɦ ɢ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚɦ; ɬɟɫɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ.
ɍɆɄ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɉȽɋ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ».
Ɍɚɛɥ. 101. ɂɥ. 92. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪ.: 26 ɧɚɡɜ.
ɉɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ISBN 978-5-7422-2240-8 ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2009
3
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
ȼɫɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ «Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ» (
ɉɗɢȽɋ ) ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ «ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ»
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɂɄɌ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ (ɍɆɄ) «Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD
» [1], ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ [2] ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ [25] ɱɚɫɬɹɯ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɥɢɬ
ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɜ ɍɆɄ «Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
SCAD» [3].
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ - ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ, ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ, ɢɡ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɥɢɬ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ).
ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɍɆɄ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ (ɉɄ) ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
SCAD,
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɆɄɗ) ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 1 ɍɆɄ.
ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɉȽɋ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬɫɹ
ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ 1-4 ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
4
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼɢɞɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1 ɢ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɍɆɄ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɍɆɄ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ 1-4 ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
ɑɚɫɬɶ 2 ɍɆɄ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɆɄɗ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ 3-5 ɍɆɄ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ 2 ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɍɆɄ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ 1 ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2 ɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɱɟɬɚɦ ɢ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɚɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ (ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ) ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ I ɍɆɄ.
5
I. ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɌȿɈɊɂɂ ɂ ɉɊɂɆȿɊɕ ɊȺɋɑȿɌȺ ɋɈɈɊɍɀȿɇɂɃ
ɉɊɂ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɏ ȾɂɇȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ȼɈɁȾȿɃɋɌȼɂəɏ
ɇȺ ɉɄ ɋ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿɆ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɕ SCAD
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɬɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ) ɢ
ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ) ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
Ʉ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɣ
ɦɚɫɫ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ), ɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɇȾɋ) ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɚɦ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ
ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɱɬɟɧɨ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
(ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
)
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ; ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɸ
ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ; ɫɟɣɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ
.
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.
6
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ (ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ:
– ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ
(ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ;
– ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ.
ɗɬɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ:
– ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ (ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ)
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɭɩɟɪɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ);
– ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɛɟɡ
ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɧɟɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɳɢɦɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɬ
(ɡɚɬɭɯɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɜɲɟɣ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ» ɢɥɢ «ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ» ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɭɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [5, 11, 15]. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
7
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ.
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ
(ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ) ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ (ɋɑ), ɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ (ɋɎɄ)
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD, ɋɎɄ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ «ɦɨɞɨɣ».
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɦɨɞɵ) ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ».
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɦɚɫɫ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ.
ɉɨɞ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɫɫ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɚɫɫɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ
ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ-ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ-ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
, ɜɢɯ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ1, ɟ, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ
ɢɡ [8]). ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɢɬ ɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ
ɩɥɢɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ
(ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ) ɦɚɫɫɵ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ (ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ
8
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɚ, ɜ, ɞ) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɫ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɛ, ɝ).
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ) ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ
xy
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɚ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ
yx
uu ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɟɣ x ɢ y).
Ɋɢɫ. ȼ. 1
ɉɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɛ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ T ).
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ
ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɜ), ɟɫɥɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɇȾɋ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ (ɛɟɡ
ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ), ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɤ ɨɫɢ
ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
y
u .
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.
ȼ.1, ɝ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
9
ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ
ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɛɟɡɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ (ɧɟɜɟɫɨɦɵɦɢ, ɛɟɡɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ).
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɚ), ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ m ɢ
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
P ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɛ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ
ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɡɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɫ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɜ) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ
y
u ɦɚɫɫɵ m . Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɝ) ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (
y
u ɢ
T
).
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɟɜɟɫɨɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ, ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ
ɧɟɣ n ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1, ɞ), ɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫ n
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ.
ɉɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɛɟɡɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɥ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ
ɦɚɫɫɨɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɆɄɗ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
n ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ɗɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ [9-13], ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (n = 1).
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (n > 1).