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20
ɨɩɨɪ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɨɪɵ (ɡɚɞɟɥɤɢ) (ɪɢɫ. 1.5, ɚ) [8].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɨɪ ɛɚɥɤɢ.
1. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ
k , ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɷɩɸɪɵ
M
, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1.4, ɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ [1, 22] ɷɩɸɪɚ
M
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.5, ɛ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ:
3333
1
48
4
19296
2
12
22
l
EI
l
EI
l
EI
l
EI
Qk
.
(1.46)
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ
Z (1.42), f (1.43) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ
T
(1.44) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ, ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.5
2. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.5, ɜ, ɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɩɸɪɵ
1 p
M
ɢ
M
[1, 21] ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɚ
Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ – Ɇɨɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɋɢɦɩɫɨɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
1
3
0
1
192
)
2
()
8
(
62
»
¼
º
«
¬
ª
³
k
EI
lll
EI
l
dx
EI
MM
l
p
G
.
(1.47)
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.1) ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɭɝɨ-ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.6) ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɨɩɨɪ
ɨɩ
D .
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ, ɤɚɤ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ (ɪɢɫ. 1.6, ɛ), ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
G
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:
ɛɨɩ
GG G .
(1.48)
21
Ɋɢɫ. 1.6
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɛ
G , ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɢɛ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɟɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 1. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
ɨɩɨɩ
5.0 D G ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɣ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɨɪ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ 0.5.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (1.14) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
)
48
5.0(
1
3
ɨɩ
EI
l
m D
Z
.
(1.49)
ɉɪɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ 0
ɨɩ
D ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ
Z
(1.49) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ (1.42), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 1.
ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɨɪ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (1.47) ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ Z ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ foD
ɨɩ
, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
.0oZ ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ
)( foA
.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɚɥɤɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɟɜɟɫɨɦɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɜ (1.49) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ
f
E
I
. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɟ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (1.49) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɭɥɸ, ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ Z, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɨɪ:
ɨɩ
5.0
1
D
Z
m
.
(1.50)
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɟɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ
ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ) ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ: ɞɥɢɧɚ ɦ8
ɛ
l ; ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦ4.0 b ɢ
ɦ6.0 h
. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ:
2
ɛ
ɦ24.0 A – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ;
ɛɛɛ
lAV = 0.24·8 = 1.92 ɦ
3
– ɨɛɴɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ; 12/
3
bhI
Y
=
= 0.072 ɦ
4
– ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ Y.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ȼ25 ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
22
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ: ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
33
ɛ
ɬ/ɦ5.2ɤɝ/ɦ2500 U ; ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ gU
J
ɛɛ
=
=
525.24
ɤɇ/ɦ
3
=
3
ɬɫ/ɦ5.2, ɝɞɟ
2
ɦ/ɫ81.9 g – ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ;. ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
E
= 3.00186 · 10
7
ɤɇ/ɦ
2
=
26
ɬɫ/ɦ1006.3 .
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ:
1. ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ
92.216133
Y
EI ɤɇ·ɦ
2
;
2. Ɇɚɫɫɭ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɛɛɛ
Vm U
= 4800 ɤɝ = 4.8 ɬɢɟɟɜɟɫ
gmG
ɛɛ
= 4.8 · 9.81 =
= 47.088 ɤɇ = 4.8 ɬɫ;
3.Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɛɛɛ
/ lm P
=
ɛɛ
A
U
= 0.6 ɬ/ɦ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɛɛ
/ lGq
=
g
ɛ
P
= 0.6·9.81 = 5.886 ɤɇ/ɦ = 0.6 ɬɫ/ɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɛɛ
ɢ qP
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɷɩɸɪ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɜɟɫɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ, ɛ). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɢ
ɛɛɛ
ml P
ɢ
ɛɛɛ
Glq
ɷɬɢɯ ɷɩɸɪ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ
ɛ
l
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɭ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɪɭ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦ
1
ɛɛ
P P
ɢ
1
ɛɛ
qq
, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ «ɩɨɝɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ» ɢ «ɩɨɝɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ» ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ
ɫɢɥɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.7
ɉɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ
ɬ1.5ɤɝ1500
ɞ
m
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ
ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɭ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɛ) ɫɢɥɨɣ
gmG
ɞɞ
= 1.5 · 9.81 = 14.715 ɤɇ =
= 1.5 ɬɫ (ɜɟɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ).
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ. ɉɪɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ
(ɪɢɫ. ȼ.1), ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɸ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ:
1. Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ XZ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ), ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.7 ɦɚɫɫ.
2. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ XOZ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɬɢɩɚ 2 (ɩɨ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD) [1, 2, 23].
23
3. ɍɱɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɆɄɗ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ
r
l
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ (Ʉɗ)
r
ɦɚɫɫɭ
)()()( rrr
lm P
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ
)(
21
5.0
rrr
mmm
,
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɭɡɥɚɦ
)(
1
r
(ɧɚɱɚɥɨ Ʉɗ
r
) ɢ
)(
2
r
(ɤɨɧɟɰ Ʉɗ
r
).
ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ [1, 2].
Ɋɚɡɛɢɜ ɛɚɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ Ʉɗ ɬɢɩɚ 2 (ɪɢɫ. 1.8, ɚ) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ.1.8, ɛ) [1, 2, 23].
Ɋɢɫ. 1.8
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 2 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɩɪ2,ɞ2
mmm , ɝɞɟ
5.1
ɞ
m
ɬ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;
)2()1(
ɩɪ2,
5.05.0 mmm –
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 1 ɢ 2, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ 2. Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɛ
)2()1(
4P mm
= 2.4 ɬ;
ɛɩɪ2,
4P m = 2.4 ɬɢ
ɬ9.34.25.1
2
m
.
Ɍɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɬ2.125.0
ɛ
2
2
1
1
P mm
, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 1 ɢ 2 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɭɡɥɚɦ 1 ɢ 3, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.8, ɛ ɷɬɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.8, ɛ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɬ9.3
2
m
ɜɭɡɥɟ 2.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ T,, QZ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɋɎɄ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ
(1.42) – (1.44), ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ lmmEI ,,
ɩɪ,2
. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
08.72
89.3
072.0103.00186
928.6928.6
48
3
7
33
Z
ml
EI
ml
EI
m
k
, ɪɚɞ/ɫ;
(1.51)
48.11
2
S
Z
Q
ɫ
-1
;
(1.52)
ɫ087.0
12
Q
Z
S
T
.
(1.53)
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
Z
,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɣ – ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 2 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ
24
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɆɄɗ, ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɭɡɥɚ 2.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɢ
Z
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.7, ɚ).
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.9
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ T,, QZ ɛɚɥɤɢ
ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɋɎɄ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD
ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.8, ɛ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɆɄɗ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.8,
ɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ:
1. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «ɋɯɟɦɚ» ɪɢɫ. 1.8,
ɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ».
2. ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
«Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ» ɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ». ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ
ɫ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
3. ȼɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ» ɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɤɧɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ «Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ».
4. ɇɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ (ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɜɜɨɞɢɦ ɰɢɮɪɭ 1). ɇɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «ɈɄ» ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ.
5. ɇɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
«ɂɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ» ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ «Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫ». Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɧɨ
«Ɇɚɫɫɵ»:
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɜɜɨɞɭ ɦɚɫɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ 6 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ:
6.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɬ9.3
2
m
ɜɭɡɥɟ 2
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɆɄɗ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ). Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ
ɨɤɧɟ «Ɇɚɫɫɵ» ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
gmGG
22
= 3.9 · 9.81 = 38.259 ɤɇ = 3.9 ɬɫ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɜɨɞɭ ɦɚɫɫ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɇ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ
ɧɢɠɟ ɫɥɟɜɚ, ɚ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɫ – ɫɩɪɚɜɚ:
25
Ɉɬɧɟɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɭɡɥɭ 2, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ 1 ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.10.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.10
6.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 2 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɆɄɗ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɨɤɧɟ «Ɇɚɫɫɵ» ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɭɡɟɥ 2
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɫ
gmGG
ɞɞ2
= 1.5 · 9.81 = 14.715 ɤɇ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɞ
m = 1.5 ɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ:
.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ «ɩɨɝɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ» (ɜɟɫ ɦɚɫɫɵ 1 ɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ)
ɛ
q 5.886 ɤɇ = 0.6 ɬɫ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɤɧɚɯ
(ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɇ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɬɫ):
.
ȼɢɞ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɜ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ 2 ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɚ ɦɚɫɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.11.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.11
7. ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ
«ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ», ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
«ȼɵɣɬɢ ɜ ɷɤɪɚɧ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ» ɢɧɚ «Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ» ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ» ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ «Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ».
8. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ» ɧɚ «Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ» ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ «ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ». Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɫ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ «Ɇɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ» ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ». Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ» ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɰɟ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ.
D14,72 ɤɇ (D1.5 ɬɫ)
D5.8860ɤɇ (D0.6 ɬɫ
D5.8860ɤɇ (D0.6 ɬɫ)
D38.259 ɤɇ (D3.9 ɬɫ)
26
9. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɜ ɨɤɧɚɯ «ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ», «Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ» ɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ
«ɉɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ». ɋ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɣɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ [1, 2, 23].
ɇɢɠɟ ɬɪɢ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ» ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ.
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| ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȼȿɋɈȼ ɆȺɋɋ, ɤɇ |
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| 1 2 3 |
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| 1 (ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ) |
| Z 38.25 |
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| ɊȺɋɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȼȿɋɈȼ ɆȺɋɋ, T (ɬɫ)|
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| 1 2 3 |
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| 1 - (ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ) |
| Z 3.9 |
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|Ɂɚɝpɭ: N : COȻCTB. : ɑ A C T O T ɕ : ɉEPɂOȾɕ |
| : ɉ/ɉ : :-----------------------------:---------|
|ɠɟɧɢɟ: : ɁHAɑEHɂə : 1/C : Ƚɐ : C |
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| 1 1 .0138734 72.08 11.48 .087 |
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| ɎɈɊɆɕ ɄɈɅȿȻȺɇɂɃ |
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| 1 2 3 |
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| 1 - 1 (ɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ) |
| Z 1. |
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ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɜɟɫ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɩɪ2,ɞ2
mmm ɜɭɡɥɟ 2
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.8), ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ: ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɫɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɇ
ɢɜɬɫ).
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɤɪɭɝɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ
08.722 QS
Z
ɪɚɞ/ɫ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ
ɤ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ; ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ
48.11 Q Ƚɰ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ
)()()( rrr
lm P
ɫ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ
27
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɋɎɄ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɛɚɥɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɜɭɡɥɟ 2, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ» ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ «ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ». ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ «Ⱦɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ» ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɢɛɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ» ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.9.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɵɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɛɚɥɤɢ.
ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɛɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ
ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɜɟɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
(ȼɗɍ) ɛɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɬɪɨɤɨɥɟɫɚ (ȼɄ) (ɪɢɫ. 1.12,
ɚ).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.12
Ⱦɜɭɯɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɲɧɹ ȼɗɍ (3) ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ 0806.2
ɛ
eE ɤɇ/ɦ
2
ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ
33
ɛ
ɬ/ɦ7.85ɤɝ/ɦ7850 U ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ c
ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ: ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɫɦ1 t ;
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ
ɫɦ211 D ; ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 209 d ɫɦ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ
28
210)(5.0
o
dDd ɫɦ; ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ tdA
ɛ
S
o
= 3.14 · 2.1 · 0.01 =
= 0.066 ɦ
2
.
ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɟɟ ɨɫɢ ɝɨɧɞɨɥɚ (1) ɫ
ɜɟɬɪɨɤɨɥɟɫɨɦ (2). ɇɢɠɧɢɦ ɬɨɪɰɨɦ ɛɚɲɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɬɨɜ, ɤɪɟɩɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (4) ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ (5).
ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɧɞɨɥɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɥ ȼɄ, ɟɝɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɗɍ [24]. ɉɨɥɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɬ6ɤɝ6000
ɝ
m ɝɨɧɞɨɥɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ȼɄ
ɡɚɞɚɧɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
T,, QZ ɢ ɋɎɄ ȼɗɍ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɝ).
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɚ)
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ:
1. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɬ6 m ɝɨɧɞɨɥɵ ɫ ȼɄ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
2. Ȼɚɲɧɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 29
ɛ
l ɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɟɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1. 12, ɛ) ɤɚɤ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ )(
ɛɛɛɛ
lAm U =
ɬ15)29066.0(85.7 ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɛɛɛ
/ lm P =
ɛɛ
AU = 0.52 ɬ/ɦ.
3. ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɛ, ɜ).
4. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ȼɗɍ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ
Z
X
ɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɛ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɆɄɗ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ-ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɚ 2 (ɩɨ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD).
5. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 4 ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ
r
l ɦɚɫɫɚ
)()()( rrr
lm
P
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
r
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ
ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ
)(
21
5.0
rrr
mmm , ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɚɦ Ʉɗ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤ ɭɡɥɚɦ
)(
1
r
(ɧɚɱɚɥɨ Ʉɗ
r
) ɢ
)(
2
r
(ɤɨɧɟɰ Ʉɗ
r
). ɇɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ [3].
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ȼɗɍ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ-ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ Ʉɗ ɬɢɩɚ 2 (ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.12,
ɜ. ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD [1, 2, 23]).
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɬ5.72952.05.0
1
2
1
1
mm
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ 1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɡɥɚɦ 1 ɢ
2. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɬ8.7
1
1
m ɭɡɥɚ 1, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ, ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.12,
ɝ) ɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɭɡɟɥ 2 ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɛɚɲɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɬ6
ɝ
m , ɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
ɬ5.7
1
2
m ɭɡɥɚ 2 ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɝɨɧɞɨɥɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 2 ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɆɄɗ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.12,
ɜ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
1
2ɝ2
mmm = 6.0 + 7.5 =13.5 ɬ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.1.12,
ɝ).
29
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ȼɗɍ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɋɑ ɢ ɋɎɄ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɤ ɨɫɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
T,, QZ
ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɟɣ ɋɎɄ: ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ
ɉɄ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ
Z
. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (1.14).
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ
G ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɢɛ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɨɬ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ (ɪɢɫ. 1.13,
ɚ).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.13
ȿɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ – Ɇɨɪɚ [1, 2, 21]
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɋɢɦɩɫɨɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
.
036349.01006.23
29
3
0)
2
(4)1(
6
8
3
ɛ
3
ɛ
2
ɛ
2
ɛ
ɛ
0
ɛ
1
ɛ
»
¼
º
«
¬
ª
³
G
EI
ll
l
EI
l
dx
EI
MM
l
p
= 0.0011 ɦ
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
G
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ
Y
I ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ
ɬɪɭɛɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ
Y (ɫɦ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɫɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.12, ɛ, ɜ, ɝ)
ɛɵɥ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
trI
oY
|
3
S
01.0)05.1(14.3
3
036349.0 ɦ
4
.
ȼɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (1.14) ɦɚɫɫɚ
5.13
2
mm ɬ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
2.8
5.130011.0
1
Z
ɪɚɞ/ɫ.
(1.54)
ɉɨ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
Z
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ Q , Ƚɰ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ
T
, ɫ;
28.6/2.82/
1
SZ Q Q =·1.3 ɫ
-1
;
(1.55)
Q ZS /1/2T =·0.77ɫ.
(1.56)
ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ȼɗɍ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
Z
, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɢɞ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ,
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.13,
ɚ, ɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɚ
2 ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ (ɪɢɫ. 1.13,
ɛ).
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɧɚ ɉɄ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD [1, 2], ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ȼɗɍ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.12,
ɜ.