Федоров М.П. и др. Информационно-компьютерные технологии в строительстве. Использование программы SCAD для расчета сооружений из плоских элементов
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Ɋɢɫ. 3
131
EJ
2
1
ctgH
H
3
H
G
1
2
E
Z
Y
R
H
H
1
J
ɜ)
H
x 1
J V
z
V
EJJ
2
1ɫ
ctgHH
xz
W
EJ ctg
1
H
H
3
H
1
2
E
H
1
J
Z
Y
X
z
V
EJ
2
1
ctgH
EJ
2
1
ctgH
R
H
ɛ)
h = H Etg
H
x 1
J V
xz
W
E
J
ctg
1
H
G
h/3
2
E
Z
Y
X
1
2h/3
H
ɫ
J
x
V
= 0
z
V
0 W
zx
ɚ)
H
131
ɉɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ:
H = 10 ɦ; ɦ7.5tg E Hh (ɨɬɫɸɞɚ: h/H= Etg = 7.5/10 = 0.75 =3/4 ɢɥɢ:
Eɫtg = 1/ Etg =4/3); 1
1
J
ɬɫ/ɦ
3
;
ɫ
J
= 2.5 ɬɫ/ɦ
3
. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ 1 ɢ 2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ:
EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
= – 2.5·10 + 1·10·(4/3)
2
= – 25 + (160/9) = – (65/9) = –
7,222 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
. EJ V
2
12,
ctgH
z
=1·10·(4/3)
2
= (160/9) = –17,778 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (H = 10 ɦ;
1
1
J
ɬɫ/ɦ
3
;
ɫ
J
= 2.5 ɬɫ/ɦ
3
) ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ – ɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɞɛɨɪɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
H
z
0.25-
11,
J
V ).
2.1. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɵɲɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ E ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɭɥɸ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
= – 2.5·10 + 1·10· E
2
ctg = – 25 + 10 E
2
ctg = 0.
Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ:
E
2
ctg
= 2.5;
Eɫtg
= 1.581; ɢ
E
=32,3
ɨ
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
Etg
= 0.633 ɢ
h = 10·0.633 = 6.33 ɦ.
ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ (ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ
1,z
V
= 0 ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
EJ V
2
12,
ctgH
z
= –1·10·2.5 = – 25 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
.
2.2. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
= – 0.25
1
J
H =
= – 2.5 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ: EJJ V
2
1ɫ1,
ctgHH
z
= – 2.5·10 + 1·10· E
2
ctg = – 2.5.
Ɉɬɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ: E
2
ctg = 2.5 – 0.25 = 2.25; Eɫtg = 1.5 ɢ E =33,3
ɨ
. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
Etg
= 0.658 ɢ
h
= 10·0.658 = 6.58 ɦ.
ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ 2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ (ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ
1,z
V
= – 2.5 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ 1) ɢɦɟɟɦ:
EJ V
2
12,
ctgH
z
= –1·10·2.25 = – 22.5 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɦ ɤ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
132
3. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɆɄɗ
ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɆɄɗ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ 1 (ɫɦ. ɫ 131). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ:
ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ SCAD; ɫɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɡɚɞɚɜ ɟɦɭ ɢɦɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜ
ɜ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɚɩɤɟ SDATA. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ «Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ» ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ
«Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ» ɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɆɄɗ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɆɄɗ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ (ɫɦ. [3, 4] ɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ 3
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɍɆɄ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
1. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɧɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «ɍɡɥɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ» ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯ
ɭɝɥɨɜɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ 1, 2, 3 ɛɭɞɭɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɍɡɥɵ»
o«ȼɜɨɞ ɭɡɥɨɜ» ɢ ɜɜɨɞɢɦ
ɭɡɥɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɈɋɄ). Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɡɥɚ
1 ɫ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɈɋɄ (ɪɢɫ. 4).
Ɋɢɫ. 4
2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «ɋɯɟɦɚ» ɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ». ȼ
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɦ «Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ».
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɞɜɟɞɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɤ ɭɡɥɚɦ 1-2-3-1, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4).
3.ɇɚɠɦɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɬɪɢɚɧɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ» ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɦ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.
4. Ɉɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ «Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ
Ʉɗ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ» (ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɦɢ
1 (0, 0, 0)
2 (7.5, 0, 0)
3 (0, 0, 10)
X
Y
Z
133
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɟɬɤɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ Ʉɗ):
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ 3 ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɍɆɄ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ Ʉɗ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ (ɩɪɢɱɢɧɭ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɆɄɗ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5). ɀɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ Ʉɗ ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɤɧɟ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ (ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɷɬɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɡɠɟ).
5. ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɢɚɧɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ». ɉɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «ɋɯɟɦɚ» ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5, ɚ, ɛ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɟɬɤɢ Ʉɗ.
6. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɬɢɩ Ʉɗ ɢ
ɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
«ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ», ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɬɢɩ 22
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ Ʉɗ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ 3 ɍɆɄ) ɢ ɢɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɢ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.
7. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ 7, ɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ Ʉɗ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ Ʉɗ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ 22, ɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɷɬɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɫɹɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 7, ɛ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɢ X.
8. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ 1, ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ Ʉɗ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ 1-2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ (
ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.
2) ɜɜɟɞɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ X ɢ Z.
9. ɋɨɡɞɚɞɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ Ʉɗ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ (ɪɢɫ. 8).
Ɋɢɫ. 8
Ɋɢɫ. 5
ɚ)
ɛ)
134
Ɋɢɫ. 6
ɚ)
ɛ)
135
Ɋɢɫ. 7
ɚ)
ɛ)
136
Ɋɢɫ. 9
ɚ)
ɛ)
137
138
10. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ:
1) ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ;
2) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1) ɩɪɢ
1
J
= 1 ɬɫ/ɦ
3
.
Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ 1 (ɪɢɫ. 9, ɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨ ɬɟɥɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ
5.2
ɫɬ
J
ɬɫ/ɦ
3
ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ȼ25 (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ SCAD).
Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ 2 (ɪɢɫ. 9, ɛ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ
ɭɡɥɚɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
1.3 ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ 1.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ
¦
ɤ
ɤ,x
P
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ R
H
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Hx
RP
¦
ɤ
ɤ,
= 0.5·10·10 = 50 ɬɫ.
11. Ɉɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɇȾɋ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɩɸɪ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ 1-2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ («ɉɥɨɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ») ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
zxzyx
WVVV ,,
,
(ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ NX, NY, NZ, TZX=TXZ) ɜɬɫ/ɦ
2
.
Ɉɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ:
NX NY
NZ TXZ
Ɋɢɫ. 10
Ɉɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɷɩɸɪ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
zxzx
WVV ,, ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ 1 ɢ 2 ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ Ʉɗ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɷɬɢ ɭɡɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ʉɗ, ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 11).
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 12, 13) ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ (ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ (ɪɢɫ. 14, 15).
ɉɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
6.72
27.17
0
4.56
0.32
0.45
1
ɫɬ
J H = 25 ɬɫ/ɦ
2
-1.29
139
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ (
zxzx
WVV ,,) ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ (ɜɬɫ/ɦ
2
) ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.
Ɋɢɫ. 11
Ɉɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɤɢ (
1
J
= 1 ɬɫ/ɦ
3
):
NX NY
NZ TXZ
Ɋɢɫ. 12
Ɋɢɫ. 13
9.17
1.84
36.69
7.36
4.66
15.85
17.78
17.78
13.33
10
10