Федоров М.П. и др. Информационно-компьютерные технологии в строительстве. Использование программы SCAD для расчета сооружений из плоских элементов
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100
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ) ɭ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ (ɧɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ) Ʉɗ
ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ «30».
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Ɋɢɫ. 1.2
10. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɜɫɟɦ Ʉɗ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
«ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ» ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ». ɉɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ
ɨɤɧɨ (ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ ȼ25.
ɜ)
ɝ)
a)
ɛ)
101
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ (ɫɥɨɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ); ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ «ɉɥɨɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ» (ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɧɚ ɷɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɈɄ». Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɜɫɟ Ʉɗ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ
ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «ɈɄ» ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ».
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2 ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:
)
a – ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ʉɗ; )ɛ – ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɡɥɨɜ Ʉɗ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ); )
ɜ – ɬɢɩɵ Ʉɗ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɥɤɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ [1]; )ɝ – ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɟɣ Ʉɗ
(ɨɧɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ Ʉɗ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ: ɦɨɞɭɥɶ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ
E
, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɉɭɚɫɫɨɧɚ Q ɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
11. ȼɜɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɭɡɥɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ
ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ» ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ». ȼ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɦ «ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ» ɢ, ɜɵɣɞɹ ɢɡ ɨɤɧɚ,
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɫɟɬɤɢ Ʉɗ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɨɣ
ɤɧɨɩɤɟ «ɋɜɹɡɢ» ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ.
1.3.Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ 1
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɡɚɣɞɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ».
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɧɨɩɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ.
ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɦ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ 1 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɦ ɤ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɫ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɨɣ
q ɜɧɢɡɭ ɷɩɸɪɵ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ).
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɦ ɟɟ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ,
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɦ
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ 0 (ɪɢɫ. 1.3).
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ
q
k
ɷɩɸɪɵ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ k ɪɚɜɧɚ
1
qkk
n
q
q
k
, ɝɞɟ
n
q
q
1
– ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɷɩɸɪɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɡɥɭ 1 ɫɟɬɤɢ
Ʉɗ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ 2/
11
hqR , ɚ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ,
102
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
1
RfP
kk
. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɥɚ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ 0 3/1
o
f ; ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɩɪɢ )1.....(,2,1
nk ) kf
k
2 ; ɞɥɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɫ
ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ
n 3/)13( nf
n
.
Ɋɢɫ.1.3
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ (ɩɪɢ 5.0 h ɦ) ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
5385.15.0)13/80(5.05.0
11
hqR ɤɇ;
5128.03/
1
RP
o
ɤɇ; 488.193/5385.1)1133(
13
P ɤɇ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɪɢ 1
k ɢ 12 k . Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
08.35385.1)12(
1
P ɤɇ; 92.365385.1)122(
12
P ɤɇ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «Ɂɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ» ɤɧɨɩɤɨɣ «ɍɡɥɨɜɵɟ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ».
ɉɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ (ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ)
,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ «ɇɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɭɡɥɨɜ» ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɈɋɄ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (X), ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (Z) ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɭɡɥɚɯ ɫ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ
k=12 ɢ k=1 ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ: P1= – 36.92 ɤɇ ɢ
0
1
n-1
n
h
nhl
q=q
n
q
n-1
q
ɤ
q
1
P
1
P
ɤ
P
n-1
P
n
R
1
khl
k
k
P
o
103
P2= – 3.08 ɤɇ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.2).
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɡɥɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 1.4).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.4
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ «Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ» (ɫɦ. ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ). ȿɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɨɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
1.4. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
SCAD ɜɵɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɆɋɄ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɢɚɧɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬɨ
ɆɋɄ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ʉɗ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɈɋɄ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
z
V (NZ) ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ Ʉɗ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. ɍɱɚɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɆɋɄ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ Ʉɗ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɇȾɋ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɈɋɄ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
SCAD ɷɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ» ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ
ɤɧɨɩɤɭ «ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ».
Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɵɛɟɪɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ:
.
104
ɉɪɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ Ʉɗ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «ɈɄ» ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ «ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ».
Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ «Ɉɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ»
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.5).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.5
1.5. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ
wu, (X,
Z ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
SCAD) ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫɟɬɤɢ Ʉɗ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɟɣ X ɢ Z ɈɋɄ ɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
zxxzzx
W WVV ,, (ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
SCAD ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ: NX, NZ, TXZ=TZX).
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɷɩɸɪ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
z
V
(NZ) ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
xzzx
W W
(TZX=TXZ) ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɜɤɇ/ɦ
2
) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.6), ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 1.7) ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ (ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ 1 ɢ 2) (ɪɢɫ. 1.8).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.6
Ɉ
193.3
1.95
32.45
2.96
178
4.7
105
Ɋɢɫ. 1.7
NZ TXZ
Ɋɢɫ. 1.8
Ɉɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɷɩɸɪ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɨɰɢɮɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɫɟɬɤɢ Ʉɗ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
z
V (NZ) ɢ
xzzx
W W
(TZX=TXZ) ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.9,
ɚ, ɛ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.9
1.6. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɚ)
ɛ)
Ɉ
Ɉ
118.01
30.85
85.56
32.61
71.0
53.25
53.25
53.25
53.25
71.0
112
112
66.0
107.0
53.75
61.72
106
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1):
¦
0X ;
¦
0Z ;
¦
0
k
M ,
(1.1)
ɝɞɟ
k – ɥɸɛɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ XOZ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɦ ɷɬɨ.
1. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɟɟ ɜɟɫ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.10) ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɥɨɹ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɸ 1
b ɦ:
Ɋɢɫ. 1.10
)(
11ɛɟɬ1
bhlG J = 24.525(3·1·1) = 73.575 ɤɇ;
>@
)(5.0
121ɛɟɬ2
hhlG J =24.525[0.5(2.54 – 1) = 56.653 ɤɇ;
)(
22ɛɟɬ3
bhlG
J
= )154.25.3(525.24
= 218.03 ɤɇ;
>@
)(5.0
22ɛɟɬ4
hhlG
J
=
>@
)54.25.5(5.35.0525.24 = 127.04 ɤɇ.
(1.2)
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
G ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ:
)(
4321
GGGGG
= 475.3 ɤɇ.
(1.3)
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ (1.1) ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ:
3.475.)ɫ.ɜ(
GN
o
ɤɇ;
(1.4)
Q
o
= 0. (1.5)
ɂɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɫ.ɜ.)(
o
M
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ O
Y
, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɬɨɱɤɭ
O ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.10), ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ:
q
l
1
2
h
1
l
1
l
2
Ɉ
0.5h
G
1
h
2
G
2
G
3
0.5h
G
4
h
o2
h
o1
h
o3
h
o4
107
MMMMM
oooo
321
ɫ.ɜ.)(,
(1.6)
ɝɞɟ:
111 oo
hGM ;
222 oo
hGM ;
333 oo
hGM
;
444 oo
hGM .
(1.7)
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 1.10, ɩɥɟɱɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ
O ɞɨ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
)(5.0
11
hhh
o
= 0.5(5.5-1) = 2.25 ɦ;
3
)(
5.0
12
12
hh
hhh
o
=
3
)154.2(
15.55.0
= 2.75-1-0.51 = 1.24 ɦ;
)(5.0
23
hhh
o
= 0.5(5.5-2.54) = 0.5·2.96 = 1.48 ɦ;
h
hh
hh
o
5.0
3
)(
2
24
= 5.55.0
3
)54.25.5(
54.2
= 0.78 ɦ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ (ɫɦ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (1.8):
25.2575.73
1
o
M = – 165.54 ɤɇ·ɦ;
24.1653.56
2
o
M = – 70.25 ɤɇ·ɦ;
48.103.218
3
o
M
= – 322.68 ɤɇ·ɦ;
78.004.127
4
o
M = 99.09 ɤɇ·ɦ.
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫ.ɜ.)(
o
M ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ O ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɨɬ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. (1.6)):
09.9964.32225.7054.165ɫ.ɜ.)(
o
M
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ M
o
(ɫ.ɜ.) ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɬ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
z
V (NZ), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.6).
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ SCAD ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɡɥɨɜ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɆɄɗ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ (ɧɚ «Ⱦɟɪɟɜɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ» ɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ «ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ»)
ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɪɚɦɵ ɜ ɍɆɄ
[3, 4] ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɨɬ
ɩɥɢɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ [6] ɩɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ.
108
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.11 – 1.13
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɆɄɗ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ; ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
Ɋɢɫ. 1.11
Ɋɢɫ. 1.12
Ɋɢɫ. 1.13
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɭ ɧɢɯ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ.
ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ:
N
o
(ɫ.ɜ.)=–(51.32+79.34+69.58+61.58+53.51+45.38+37.3+29.41+21.98+15.05+8.94+
+1.83) = – 475.22 ɤɇ;
Q
o
=(12.64+6.18+2.76+0.06)–(1.7+2.85+3.49+3.74+3.54+3.45+2.27+0.6) = 0;
M
o
= –(51.32·(0.5·5.5) –79.34·(0.5·4.5) –69.58·(0.5·3.5) –61.58·(0.5·2.5) –53.51
ɚ
)
ɛ
)
ɚ
)
ɛ
)
ɚ
)
ɛ
)
109
·(0.5·1.5) – 45.38(0.5·0.5) +37.3(0.5·0.5) +29.41(0.5·1.5) +21.98(0.5·2.5) +15.05·
·(0.5·3.5) +8.94·(0.5·4.5) +1.83·(0.5·5.5) = – 461.64 ɤɇ·ɦ.
ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ (1.1) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 0%; 0%; 3%.
2. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ (Ɋɢɫ. 1.14). ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ:
N
o
(ɝ.ɞ.) = 0;
Q
o
(ɝ.ɞ.) = – R
ɝ.ɞ.
= – 0.5·(80·6.5) = – 260 ɤɇ;
M
o
(ɝ.ɞ.) = – R
ɝ.ɞ.
·l/3 = – (260·6.5)/3 = – 563.3 ɤɇ·ɦ.
(1.8)
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ (1.1) ɷɬɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɢɯ ɷɩɸɪɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.7).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.14
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (1.1). ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.12), ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
Q
o
(ɝ.ɞ.)= (–21.74 – 19.49)–30.51–26.7–22.8–20.7–19.5–19.1–19.1–19.1–18.7–
18.6–4 = (–240.5 – 19.49) = – 260 ɤɇ .
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 1 ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ,
ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɭɡɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ 19.49 ɤɇ (ɫɦ.ɪɢɫ. 1.4). ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɢɥɚ 19.49 ɤɇ ɭɱɬɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 260 ɤɇ, ɚ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ – 19.49 ɤɇ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɭɡɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ –21.74 ɤɇ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ
ɫɢɥɚ 19.49 ɤɇ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɡɥɨɦ 1
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 1.4).
ɉɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɷɬɢɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0%.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.15 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɷɩɸɪ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1.7.
q
l
1
2
Ɉ
Y
R
ɝ.
ɞ
.
l/3