Ellis,J. Pressure transients in water engineering, A guide to analysis and interpretation of behaviour
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
flow (continued )
piston pumps, 150, 151
pump initial conditions, 146
relief valves, 363
reversal, 302
307, 303
valve opening, 110
flow instabilities, 499
519
computations, 503
hydropower stations, 513
519
pumping systems, 501
507
remedial measures, 506
507, 512,
518
519
fluids
parameter, 27
28
flywheels, 159
172
advantages, 171
booster pumps, 170
case studies, 163
167
installations, 160, 161, 170
171
multi-pumps, 170
171
pipeline limitations, 162
163
Sharjah Pumping Station, 167
170
size limitations, 161
162
forces at pipe cross-section, 28
Fossdale service reservoir, 193, 195
free-acting modifications, 414
415
gas, 325
358
distribution, 58
59
envelope curves, 469
evolution, 339
340
fixed-grid computations, 57
influence on parameter, 32
38, 37
pipelines, 58
59, 340
343
pockets, 340
343, 341
rising mains, 345
351, 469
sewage mains, 345
351
gas charge/liquid level control, 217
218
gas volumes, 210, 342, 350
Geassa tower, UAE, 250
Glasgow East Main pumping system,
501
507, 502, 505
glass reinforced plastic (GRP) mains, 162,
463
464
Glenfield APEX valves, 307
Glenfield check valves, 417, 418, 436, 437,
439, 440
gradients see hydraulic gradients
graphical techniques, 177
178
gravity flow outlets, 281
gravity mains, 479
481
compression wave propagation, 100, 101,
103
envelope curves, 480, 512
flow system, 507
512
heads, 481
hydraulic conditions, 507
pump start-up, 480, 481
uniform, 100
105
grey cast iron, 9
10
Grove regulators, 369
371, 370, 371
GRP (glass reinforced plastic), 162, 463
464
H
Q performance curves, 131
H=N
2
vs. Q=N curves, 132
H1 valves, 509, 511
512
Haidaria project, 209, 210
hammering, 1, 361
HDPE see high-density polyethylene
head-loss coefficients, 71, 72
heads
3 min valve closure, 111
air valves, 293, 303, 304
305, 308
310,
309, 311, 312
pump restart, 314, 315
pump start-up, 331
small orifice, 316, 317
air-filled risers, 332, 334
area blackout, 495
booster pumping stations, 195, 197, 198,
506
break pressure chamber, 512
Burnside pumping stations, 506
Castlemilk Low, 505
check valve shutting, 389, 399
feeder tanks, 265, 266, 276, 278
gas volume increase, 350
gravity mains, 481
horizontal pipelines, 466
Lawhead/Silverburn rising main, 166
long rising mains, 147, 148
longer pipelines, 433
losses, 46, 508, 510
low-lift systems, 190
membrane plants, 246
needle valves, 120
121
Penn’s Hill, 223
pipe bursts, 485
pipeline after trip, 312, 313
polytropic coefficient, 183
pressure vessels, 184
pump start-up, 331, 337, 339, 348
booster pumping stations, 506
gravity mains, 481
pump trips, 484
comparisons, 349
350
composite system, 471
long main, 367
low-lift systems, 190
over 8s, 357
pipelines, 312, 313
relief valves, 368
Sharjah Pumping Station, 167
sleeve valves, 429, 430, 432
532
Pressure transients in water engineering
pumping failure, 384, 385
386
downstream, 406
horizontal pipelines, 466
upstream, 405
pumping stations, 268
after trip, 311, 312
Castlemilk Low, 505
failures, 276, 278
pump start-up, 337
pumps
blockage, 352
comparisons, 166
restart, 358
relief valves, 363
seal weirs, 250
seawater intake systems, 248
Sharjah Pumping Station, 167
siphon breakers, 290
sleeve valves, 429, 430, 432, 433
submerged discharge valves, 517, 519
surge tanks, 238
throttled outflow, 344
throttling inflow, 184
two-stage valve closure, 116
valve closure, 104
105, 104
valve opening, 109
vs. flow, 363
vs. initial gas volume, 342
vs. ramp slope, 334
vs. time, 344, 399
weirs, 250
wellfields, 492
494
heat transfer, 175, 176
Henry’s law, 32
high head relief valves, 371
375
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes, 16
high-rise buildings, 378, 379
horizontal pipelines, 465
467, 465, 466
hydraulic conditions, 505, 507
hydraulic gradients, 317
318, 318, 321, 322
in-line check valves, 407
pump trips, 381, 382
hydraulic rams, 155
156, 156
hydraulic transient analysis, 4, 7
20
buckling pressures, 463
465
flexible pipes, 11
12
flow instabilities, 503
maximum pressures, 8
minimum pressures, 18
19
necessity, 19
20
overpressure allowance, 12
13
permitted pressures, 8
pipe linings, 13
14
pipe materials, 8
9
plastic pipes, 14
18
pumping station prediction, 380
382
purpose, 7
8
rigid pipes, 9
11
secondary objectives, 8
turbine pumps, 132
139
hydrodynamic forces, 356, 358
hydrodynamic moments, 411
hydropower stations, 513
519
impeller type pumps, 127
in-line valves, 74
75, 118
122
air valves, 406
407, 407
emergency closure, 119
isolating, 118
119
needle type, 119
121
inclined pipelines, 234, 235
inclined pressure vessels, 174
incompressible flow theory, 207
213
complete equations, 207
transient protection, 201, 203
207
inertia
moment of, 159
160, 171, 172
pumpset, 492
493
inertial heads
valve closure, 93
inflow throttling, 184
185, 186, 187
188,
189
initial gas volume vs. head, 342
inlets
feeder tanks, 271, 273
inspection
air valves, 320
instabilities
flow, 499
519
installation
air valves, 225
229, 226
229
check valves, 377
380
relief valves, 360, 361
insulated pressure vessels, 194
intake systems, 245
248, 247
integrals
equations, 44, 48
inverted U pipework, 254
256
irrigation project, 286
291, 287
290
isolating valves, 83
84, 84, 118
119
jet pumps, 156
158, 157
158
Kauner hydroelectric plant, 187
Kennedy, -, 435
436
Kielder project, 209, 210
kinetic energy equations, 171, 172
Kirkleatham Lane pumping station, 481
488
Kurdaha project, 209, 210
large orifices, 310, 314, 315, 344
large reservoir boundaries, 62
63, 63
Lawhead/Silverburn rising main, 163
167,
164
166, 167
533
Index
lift-disk check valves, 424
link mains pumps, 505
506
Llandinium high-lift pumps, 184, 188
locations
air valves, 297
298, 297
feeder tanks, 259
261, 260
Loch Lomond Scheme, 175,230,231
long horizontal pipelines, 465
467
long main pump trips, 367
long rising mains, 147, 148
long-term ovalisation rate, 451
452
longer-term check valve reopening,
385
388
losses, 46, 108, 139
low-level back-flow connection, 282, 283
low-lift systems, 189, 190
192, 193
mains
demand points, 85
DN type, 179, 292
293, 314
316,
315
317
duplication examples, 267
276
feeder tanks, 264, 267
276
heads, 367
pressure waves, 479
481
pump trips, 367
pumping stations, 137, 138
sliming, 47
48
steel gravity type, 107
suction type, 479
481
valves, 107
113, 107
112
see also rising mains
mass oscillations, 1
materials, 321, 446
448
maximum expanded gas volume, 207
209
maximum pressures
hydraulic transient analysis, 8
plastic pipes, 18
pump trips, 487, 488
valves, 112, 396
400
membrane filtration plants, 243
245,
244
246
membrane valves, 434, 434
minimum pressures, 18
19, 179
mixed flow pumps, 128
see also turbine pumps
modelling
flexible pipe applications, 465
472
pressure vessels, 173, 174, 175
176
pumping stations, 390
394
submerged discharge valve behaviour,
516
518
see also system curves
models, 4, 6, 59
modifications
check valves, 412, 414
416
modified Proctor density, 456
moment of inertia, 159
160, 171, 172
moments
check valves, 411
Moody formula, 46
motion
equation of, 201
203
moving ball check valves, 424
425, 425,
440
multi-door check valves, 417
multi-pumps, 143
146, 144
145, 170
171,
388
natural characteristic mesh, 52
54, 53
needle in-line valves, 119
121, 120
121
negative pressures, 259, 260
network amplification, 481
488
New Aleppo project, 209, 210
Neyrtec relief valves, 360
361
non-reflecting boundaries, 78
82, 81,
390
393, 391
non-return valves (NRV) see check valves
nozzle valves, 422
424, 422, 423, 443
NRV (non-return valves) see check valves
numerical methods
volume estimation, 178
observed behaviour
small hydropower stations, 513
516
one-way surge tanks, 241
242, 241
opening see reopening
operating conditions
link mains, 505
wellfields, 490
494, 496
497
operating pumps, 384, 385, 388
see also pump . . .
operating times
valves, 122
124
operation
air valves, 299, 301
feeder tanks, 261
264, 262
Grove regulators, 370
valves, 106
124, 299, 301
opposing pressure waves, 478
479, 478
orifices, 186, 187, 316, 317, 344
oscillations, 361, 472
473, 499
501, 506
outfall pipelines, 354
358, 467
468
outfall systems, 253
254
outflow channels, 514
outflow devices, 332
333, 343
345
outlets, 279
294
air valves, 292
293, 292
293
back-flow connection, 282
283, 283
bellmouths, 279
280, 280
gravity flow, 281
reservoirs, 114
siphon breakers, 284
291, 284
285,
287
289
534
Pressure transients in water engineering
ovalisation rates, 451
452
overpressure allowance, 12
13
paint linings, 14
Pao La Balsa, Venezuela, 234
236, 235
parabolic approximations, 133
Parmley, -, 435
PE see polyethylene
peak pressures, 397
400
peak upsurge pressure head, 209
212
Penn’s Hill, 222, 223
performance
Castlemilk Low pump, 504
check valves, 410, 438, 444, 445
Demag DRV-B valves, 442
443
digitisation pumps, 134
displacement pumps, 152
forms, 130
Glenfield recoil valves, 439, 440
H
Q curves, 131
moving ball valves, 440
pump vs. speed relationships, 328,
329
split disk valves, 441, 442
spring-loaded check valves, 444, 445
swing check valves, 438
tilting disk valves, 439, 440
turbine pumps, 128
132, 134
periodic flow, 1
permitted pressures, 8
pipelines, 4
5, 95
105
parameter, 31
attenuation, 95
100, 96
branches, 64
69, 65
collector systems, 488
490
cross-sections, 214
fast-acting valves, 87, 88
fittings, 71
77
flywheels, 162
163
free gas distribution, 58
59
gas pockets, 340
343, 341
heads after trip, 312, 313
horizontal, 465
467, 465, 466
isolating valves, 83
84, 84
junctions, 65,83
84, 84
length, 433
properties, 470
472
pumped outfall, 354
358
pumping station boundaries, 390
393
resistance, 45
48, 390
393
rising main profile, 222
sewage, 39
40
sleeve valves, 433
small hydropower stations, 513
as surge shafts, 234, 235
water towers, 250
252, 251
see also flexible pipes
pipes
allowable pressures, 11
bursts, 485
488, 485
cross-sectional forces, 28
deflections, 12
diameters, 11
elevation, 44
45
failure modes, 17
linings, 13
14
materials, 8
9
pressure classes, 15
pipework, 328, 329, 338, 347
see also pipelines
piston pumps see reciprocating pumps
plastic pipe analysis, 14
18
allowable surge amplitude, 18
maximum pressures, 18
thermoplastics, 15
17
thermosetting plastic, 14
15
pneumatic ejectors, 152
155, 153, 154, 154
polyethylene (PE), 14, 16
polypropylene (PP) pipes , 17
polytropic coefficient, 18 2, 183
polytropic relationships, 174
176, 299
porting
valves, 509
positioning
pressure vessels, 221
225
relief valves, 363
power plant condensers, 6
pressure
cast iron, 9
10
check valves, 396
400
contours, pump trips, 487, 488
downstream of check valve, 378, 379
network amplification, 485
488
pump start/stop operations, 349
vs. acoustic wave speed, 37, 37
see also relief valves; transient pressures
pressure sensing valves, 365
pressure surges see hydraulic transient
analysis
pressure vessels, 173
229
air valves, 225
229
air
water interface, 215
219
bladder type, 219
221, 220
booster pumping stations, 193, 194,
195
198, 199
200
central tubes, 225
226, 226
227
estimation equations, 200
214
fittings, 215, 218
219
gas charge/liquid level control, 217
218
inclined, 174
insulated, 194
locations, 224
Loch Lomond (Balmore), 175
low-lift systems, 189, 190
192, 193
535
Index
pressure vessels (continued )
modelling, 173, 174, 175
176
positioning, 221
225
rational heat transfer equation, 176
reversed flow and refilling, 183, 184
185,
186, 187
188
Riding Mill, 221
225, 221
223
simplified analysis, 202
surge suppression, 176, 177
tubes, 225
226, 226
227
types, 215
vertical arrangements, 216
volume requirement estimation, 177
179
worst-case conditions, 181
183
see also air compressors
pressure waves
air valves, 301, 302
branch connections, 474
476
cross-section change, 476
478
meeting of opposing, 478
479, 478
reflections, 239, 383
385
shafts, 236
239, 237, 239
speed, deformed circular sections,
458
462
suction mains, 479
481
valve closure, 89, 91
valve reopening, 383
385
wave fronts, 50
pressure-reducing valves, 75, 76
77
pressure-sustaining valves, 75
76
Proctor density, 456
propeller pumps, 128
properties
flexible pipes, 446
448
pipelines, 470
472
sewage, 39
40
protection
costs, 200
201
flywheels, 159
172
pressure vessels, 173
214, 177
rising mains, 479
surge tanks, 236
239, 237, 239
pulsatile flow, 1
pump start-up, 140
141
air-filled risers, 325
334
booster pumping stations, 506
gravity mains, 480, 481
heads, 331, 337, 339, 348, 481, 506
pressure variations, 349
pumping stations, 336, 337, 506
rising mains, 480
sequenced operation, 493
494
slow valve closure, 334
339
soft start, 333
334
pump trips
envelope curves, 252, 367, 368
feeder tanks, 271, 274, 277
flywheels, 159
172
heads, 484
comparisons, 349
350
composite system, 471
long main, 367
over 8s, 357
relief valves, 368
sleeve valves, 429, 430, 432
hydraulic gradients, 381, 382
maximum pressure contours, 487, 488
pressure vessels, 173
214
relief valves, 368
siphon breakers, 290
sleeve valves, 429, 429, 430, 430, 431,
432
velocity, 398, 429, 430, 431
see also pumping failure
pumped outfall pipeline, 354
358, 354
pumping failure, 146
150
air valves, 310
air volume, 387, 388, 404
envelope curves, 147, 148, 150, 348, 403
composite system, 472
descending outfall, 467
468
feeder tanks, 268, 269
270, 271
heads, 385, 386
downstream, 406
horizontal pipelines, 466
upstream, 405
hydraulic gradients, 381
long rising mains, 147, 148
sewage schemes, 147, 149
sleeve valves, 430, 431
432
three simultaneous trips, 147, 149
velocities, 149, 149, 384, 386, 387, 404
Viking
Johnson coupling, 356
wellfields, 494
497
see also pump trips
pumping stations, 80, 81
after trip, heads, 311, 312
air valves, 310
314, 311
313
arrangement types, 325
327, 329
centrifugal, 228
check valves, 377, 378
configurations, 137
139, 138
distribution systems, 482
483
drainage, 292
293
elevations, 337, 346
failures, 276, 278
flow instabilities, 503
504
heads, 268, 276, 278
after pump start-up, 337
after trip, 311, 312
hydraulic transients predictions, 380
382
layout, 383, 384
losses, 139
mains, 137, 138
536
Pressure transients in water engineering
modelling, 390
394
network amplification, 481
488
non-reflecting boundaries, 80, 81
relief valves, 366
369, 368
Riding Mill, 221
223, 221
223
sewage, air valves, 310
314, 311
313
velocity after pump start-up, 336
wet well/dry well, 346
pumps, 125
158
backwash type, 244
blockage, 351
354, 352
booster pumps, 136
137, 136
case studies, 141
146
centrifugal, 127
128
check valve reopening, 384, 385, 386,
387
check valve velocities, 384, 386, 387
definition, 125
direct start, 140, 141
143, 142, 143,
144
145
downstream conditions, 100
failure, 146
150
flow, 146, 501
507
flywheels, 159
172
impeller type, 127
instabilities, 501
507
jet pumps, 156
158, 157
158
multi-pump operation, 143
146, 144
145
performance, 328, 329
reciprocating, 150
152, 151
restart, 314
318, 315
316, 317, 358
sequenced start, 144, 145
sewage rising mains, 347
sleeve valve failure, 432
speed, 163
167, 328, 329, 432
stop operations, 349
surge effects, 126
system curves, 139
140
transfer pumps, 134
136, 135
transient behaviour, 125
126
turbine pumps, 126
139, 140
141
types, 125
126
wellfields, 492
493
see also operating pumps; turbine pumps
Qatar (State), 310
radial flow pumps, 127
128
see also turbine pumps
ramp slope vs. head, 334
rarefaction waves, 101, 104
rational heat transfer (RHT) equation, 176
reciprocating pumps, 150
152, 151, 152
recoil valves, 416
417, 417, 437, 439, 440
recorded pipe bursts, 485
488
recorded pressure variations, 349
Redcar distribution area, 482
483
refilling pressure vessels, 183, 184
185, 186,
187
188
reflections
check valve reopening, 383
385
waves, 101, 104, 383
385
see also non-reflecting boundaries
reflux valves see check valves
regulation
gravity flow system, 508
510
Grove regulators, 369
371, 370
relief valves, 359
375
behaviour, 363
365, 364
damped, 362
discharge, 369
elements, 360
high head, 371
375
installation, 360, 361
positioning, 363
pumping stations, 366
369, 368
schematics, 364
sizing, 362
363
types, 359
362
reopening check valve doors, 382
388
reservoirs
boundaries, 62
64
of energy, 159
172
outlet arrangements, 114
resistance allowance, 390
393, 391
resistance to flow equations, 203
207
resonance, 499
500, 501
responses
check valves, 376
377, 409
410
multi-pump installations, 388
restarting pumps, 314
318, 315
316, 317,
358
restricted air outflow devices, 332
333
reversed flow
pressure vessels, 183, 184
185, 186,
187
188
reversed velocity
air valves, 306
307, 307
operating pumps, 388
RHT see rational heat transfer
Riding Mill pumping station, 221
223,
221
223
Rifa’a/Hamad Town Blending Station, 189,
190, 191, 192
rigid pipes, 9
11, 13
14, 469
470
rigid-column approach, 21
23, 22
risers, 325
334, 353
rising heads, 102, 105
rising mains
check valves, 400, 401
406
feeder tanks, 264
protection of, 479
pump start-up, 480
rigid pipe, 469
470
537
Index
rising mains (continued )
sewage case study, 345
351, 347
stiffeners, 468
uniformly rising, 468
470
unsupported pipes, 469
see also mains
rubber flap valves, 418
420, 419
Scottish Water, 163
167
SDVs see submerged discharge valves
seal weirs, 248
249, 249, 250
seawater intake systems, 245
248, 247,
248
semi-axial flow pumps, 128
sequenced direct start pumps, 144, 145
sequenced pump operation, 493
494
service reservoirs (SR), 241
243, 241, 242
sewage
parameter, 38
40
air valves, 295, 296, 310
314, 311
313,
319
case study, 345
351
definition, 38
39
pipelines, 39
40
pneumatic ejectors, 152
155, 154
pressure vessels, 179, 180, 181
properties, 39
40
pumping systems, 179, 180, 181,
310
314
pumps, 147, 149, 163, 167
170
rising mains, 154, 154, 345
351
temperature, 39
shafts
pressure waves, 236
239, 237, 239
shape vs. embedment, 451
Sharjah Pumping Station, 167
170,
292
293, 314
Shiskine project, 209, 210
short-term buckling pressures, 463
465
shutting see closure
side supports, 452
Silverburn project, 209, 210
Silverburn/Lawhead case study, 163
167,
164
166, 167
simulation uncertainties, 318
319
simultaneous trips, 147, 149
siphon breakers, 284
291, 284
285, 286,
287
289, 290
size
flywheels, 161
162
relief valves, 362
363
slanting disk valves see tilting disk valves
sleeve valves, 425
434, 426
definition sketch, 427
failure, 431
432
heads, 429, 430, 432
longer pipelines, 433
pump trips, 429, 430, 431, 432
velocities, 429, 430, 431, 433
sliming
mains, 47
48
slow-closing valves, 334
339
small branches, 69, 70
small hydropower stations, 513
519, 513
small orifice valves, 316, 317, 344
soft-start of pump, 141, 333
334
soil types, 463
sparg line, 339
speed
deformed circular sections, 458
462
flywheels, 163
167
pumps, 163
167, 328, 329
sleeve valve failure, 432
turbine pumps, 129
vs. efficiency curves, 129
see also velocities
spillage, 374
spiral casing throttles, 186, 187
split disk valves, 420
421, 420, 441, 442
spring-loaded check valves, 414
415, 418,
420, 422, 444, 445
spring-loaded relief valves, 360
SR (service reservoirs), 241
243, 241, 242
Star/Delta arrangements, 140
141
start-up see pump start-up
State of Qatar, 310
steady oscillatory flow, 1
steel pipes, 11
12, 107
stiffeners, 467, 468
Stonehouse pumping station, 193, 196
199
stop operations
pumps, 349
storage tanks, 284
286, 284
285
stored energy
flywheels, 159
172
strain
flexible pipes, 447, 449
451
Strathblane surge tank, 230, 231
sub-atmospheric pressures, 295, 302
subcontracting, 3
submerged discharge valves (SDVs),
117
118, 117, 513
519, 515, 517, 519
submersible pumping stations, 325
327,
326
327,329
suction mains pressure, 479
481
sump turbulence, 515
surface areas
tanks, 280
282
surge
air valves, 295, 298
302, 300, 301
anticipation valves, 366
check valves, 388
390
control valves, 365
366
protection, 159
172, 173
214, 177
538
Pressure transients in water engineering
surge chambers see surge tanks
surge effect type pumps, 126
surge shafts see surge tanks
surge tanks, 228, 230
258
equation applicability, 257
258
filtration plants, 243
245, 244
246
full-size connections, 236
head rise, 238
large surge chambers, 233
236
one-way, 241
242, 241
parameter estimates, 240
protection extent, 236
239, 237, 239
purpose, 230
232
related structures, 240
258
seal weirs, 248
249, 249
seawater intake systems, 245
248, 247
service reservoirs, 241
243, 241, 242
simple analysis, 232
233, 233
special structures, 253
254
underground, 231
232, 231
water towers, 249
253, 250
252
Swallowglide pump, 167
swing check valves, 411
416
behaviour prediction, 437
modifications, 412, 414
416
performance curves, 438
system curves, 139
140, 393
394, 393
tanks
boundaries, 62
64
buffer type, 321
324, 322
filling connections, 284
of finite area, 280
282, 281
gravity flow outlets, 281
surface areas, 280
282
see also feeder tanks; surge tanks
tapers, 186, 187
temperature
sewage, 39
terminal valves, 73
thermoplastics, 15
17
thermosetting plastics, 14
15
Three Valleys Water North Mymms
Ultrafiltration plant, 243
245,
244
245
throttling, 212, 213
air valves, 343
345
inflow, 184
185, 186, 187
188, 189
pressure vessels, 184
185, 186, 187
188,
189
surge shafts, 239
tilting disk valves, 417
418, 418, 437, 439,
440
time steps, 55
56, 56,77
78, 77
time vs. head, 344, 399
top water level (TWL), 189, 192
torsional springs, 418, 420, 442
transfer pumps, 134
136, 135
transformer starting method, 140
141
transient pressures
amplification, 474
498
check valve closure, 394
396
flexible pipes, 448
449, 463
465
flow instabilities, 504
505
short-term buckling, 463
465
sub-atmospheric, 295, 302
valves, 122
124
wellfields, 488
497
see also hydraulic transient . . .
transmission
pressure waves
branch connections, 474
476
cross-section change, 476
478
transmission systems, 335
trench width
pipes, 464
trips see failure; pump trips
trunk mains, 69
71, 70
tubes, 225
226, 226
227
tunnels, 31
turbine house & outflow channels, 513, 514
turbine pumps, 126
139
H
Q performance curves, 131
H=N
2
vs. Q=N curves, 132
hydraulic transient analyses, 132
139
performance curves, 128
132, 134
speed vs. efficiency curves, 129
start, 140
141
transfer pumps, 134
136
turbine runner blades, 3
4
turbulence, 515
TWL (top water level), 189, 192
two-stage valve closure, 113
116, 116
U pipework, 254
256
UAE see United Arab Emirates
ultra-high molecular weight HDPE pipes,
16
uniform gravity mains, 100
105
uniformly rising mains, 468
470
Uniglide pump case study, 163, 164
166,
167
United Arab Emirates (UAE), 250, 488,
489
unsteady flow, 1
unsupported pipes, 469
upstream cavitation
check valves, 397
400
upstream head variations
break pressure chamber, 512
pump trips, 405, 484
sleeve valves, 429, 430
upstream pumping station booster, 194
196,
197
539
Index
vacuum breakers, 284, 285
vacuum disconnecting valves, 286
291,
287
291, 290, 291
valves
actuated, 71
77, 72
74, 119
122
automated, 75
77, 365
366
bifurcation conditions, 82
83, 82
boundaries, 71
77, 72
74,82
83, 82
closure, 87
94
0 < t L=,89
90
2L= < t 3L=,92
3L= < t 4L=,93
94, 93
envelope curves, 112, 121
122, 121
heads, 104
105, 104, 111
inertial heads, 93
instantaneous, 87
89
L= < t 2L=,90
92
max pressure vs. time, 112
pressure waves, 89, 91
t ¼ 0, 87
89
times, 122
124
two-stage, 113
116
description, 106
downstream attenuation, 100
emergency closure, 114
115, 115
fast-acting valves, 87, 88
flow instabilities, 511
512
gravity flow system, 509
H1 valves, 509, 511
512
head loss characteristics, 510
head-loss coefficients, 71, 72
house & outflow channels, 513, 514
in-line, 74
75, 118
122
loss coefficients, 108
opening, 109, 110
operation, 106
124
improvement, 113
times, 122
124
porting arrangements, 509
slow-closing, 334
339
small hydropower stations, 513
519
submerged discharge, 117
118, 117
terminal, 73
transient pressures, 122
124
vacuum disconnecting type, 286
291,
287
291
see also air valves; butterfly valves; check
valves; relief valves
vaporous cavitation, 33, 102, 104
variable speed starting, 141
variable wave speed ,54
55, 55
velocities
air valves, 306
307
air-filled risers, 330, 331
coast-down, pump trips, 398
low-lift system after pump trip, 190
operating pumps, 384, 388
pump blockage, 352
pump start-up, 336
pumping failure, 384, 386, 387, 404
pumping stations, 336
sleeve valves, 429, 430, 431, 433
tripped pumps, 168, 429, 430, 431
two-stage valve closure, 116
vs. initial air volume, 306
307, 307
see also speed
Venezuela
Pao La Balsa scheme, 234
236, 235
venting see air venting
vertical bellmouths, 279
280, 280
vertical pressure vessels, 216
Viking SR complex, 242
243, 242
Viking
Johnson coupling, 355, 356
void fractions, 37
volume
buffer tanks, 321
324, 322
feeder tanks, 277
278
pressure vessel requirement estimation,
177
179
volumetric tanks see feeder tanks
wafer-type valves, 418, 423
424, 442
walls
conduits, 34
Warren Park Pumping Station, 242
water mains see mains
water towers, 249
253, 250
252
waterhammer, 1, 361
wave heights, 99
wave speed, 30, 37, 37, 458
462, 462
see also pressure waves
wavefronts, 97
98
Weir Pumps Ltd, 163, 165
167
weirs, 248
249, 249
wellfields, 488
497, 489, 491
494
Wensleydale Project, 193
196
wet well/dry well pumping stations, 325,
346
x—t plane characteristics, 50, 51, 52
Yarker Bank reservoir, 193, 195
540
Pressure transients in water engineering