Dake L.P. Fundamentals of reservoir engineering
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SUBJECT INDEX 431
reduction of,
significance of,
Mobilising residual oil,
Movable oil volume,
Multi-rate testing, gas wells,
back pressure testing,
Essis-Thomas analysis,
Odeh-Jones analysis,
non-stabilized analysis,
validity of transient analysis,
Multi-rate testing, oilwells, 97
ambiguity in interpretation,
analysis,
basic analysis equation,
Odeh-Jones analysis,
routine surveys, partially depleted
reservoirs,
validity of transient analysis,
Natural water influx (see Water influx)
Net bulk volume,
Non-Darcy flow,
Non-Darcy flow coefficient (F),
Normalization of effective permeability
curves,
Numerical simulation,
Numerical simulation of immiscible,
incompressible displacement,
comparison with analytical methods,
conducting a study,
evaluation of viscosity at grid block
faces,
finite difference formulation of 1-D
conservation equations,
harmonic averaging of absolute
permeability,
IMPES solution technique,
instabilities in solution,
material balance mode,
one-dimensional model,
purpose of,
reduction of dimensions,
role of thickness averaged relative
permeabilities and pseudo capillary
pressures,
semi implicit rates, well model,
semi implicit relative permeabilities;
pseudo capillary pressure,
two point upstream weighting, relative
permeabilities,
well model,
Odeh-Jones analysis,
Oil
column,
compressibility,
density, reservoir,
" , standard conditions,
displacement (see Immiscible,
incompressible displacement)
expansion in reservoir,
" on heating,
formation volume factor
of bubble point oil, differential,
of bubble point oil, flash,
differential, relative to residual oil
volume,
gravity,
in place,
pressure gradient,
saturation,
" , residual,
undersaturated,
velosity, during displacement,
viscosity,
volume, residual,
Oil relative permeability,
altering the characteristics,
Oil viscosity reduction:
carbon dioxide flooding,
thermal,
Oil-water contract, 9
Oil wet,
Osmosis,
Overburden:
SUBJECT INDEX 432
pressure,
" , gradient,
Overpressure,
Paraffin series,
Partical penetration, of well,
Permeability:
absolute,
dimensions of,
effective (see Effective permeability)
increasing by well stimulation,
reduction in vicinity of well,
relative (see Relative permeability)
units of,
vertical,
Phase diagram,
Phase equilibrium calculations,
Piston-like displacement,
Polymer flooding,
Pore compressibility,
experimental determination,
Pore volume (PV),
determination of, gas well test
" ", oil well test,
reduction during depletion,
Porosity,
Potential:
dimensions,
fluid,
gradient,
real gas,
Practical aspects of well surveying,
Predicting
pressure decline, water drive gas
reservoir,
reservoir performance
water influx,
Pressure:
absolute,
average, aquifer,
" , grid block,
" , reservoir,
" , within well's drainage boundary,
bottom hole flowing,
critical,
drawdown,
drop, across skin,
dynamic grid block,
extrapolated, infinite closed-in time,
gauge,
grain (matrix),
initial, determination of,
overburden,
pseudo critical,
pseudo reduced,
squared, real gas flow,
water abnormal,
" , normal
Pressure buildup:
computer program,
dominated by afterflow,
Matthews, Brons, Hazebroek theory,
plot, Horner (see Horner buildup plot)
practical aspects,
theoretical equation,
theoretical linear equation,
Pressure buildup analysis:
gas-oil,
general,
oil,
real gas,
Pressure drawdown testing, multi-rate,
(see Multi-rate testing)
Pressure drawdown testing, single rate:
analysis of, oil,
" ", real gas,
purpose of,
Pressure gradient:
capillary (see Capillary pressure
gradient)
fluids in the well,
gas,
overburden,
SUBJECT INDEX 433
water,
Pressure maintenance, partial:
gas reservoir,
oil reservoir,
Pressure maintenance, total,
Primary recovery (see Recovery of
hydrocarbons)
Producing gas-oil ratio (see Gas-oil ratio)
Productivity index(PI):
aquifer,
increase, well stimulation,
numerical simulator, well model,
ratio increase, skin removal,
" " , steam soaking,
semi-steady state, liquid,
Pseudo:
critical pressure,
" temperature,
pressure, real gas (see Real gas
pseudo pressure)
pressure, two phase, gas-oil,
reduced pressure,
reduced temperature,
relative permeabilities (see Thickness
averaged relative permeabilities)
skin factor,
Pseudo capillary pressure,
function ,
in dipping reservoir,
role in numerical simulation,
Psi potential,
PV cell,
PVT:
gas,
oil,
PVT analysis
Dodson's experiment,
gas,
gas condensate,
oil, basic analysis,
" , complete analysis,
PVT oil, presentation of results:
corrected for surface separation,
uncorrected for surface separation,
Radial diffusivity equation:
constant terminal rate solution (see
Constant terminal rate)
difficulty in solving, real gas,general,
line source solution (see Line source
solution)
oil,
real gas,
Radial diffusivity equation, dimensionless
general,
liquid,
real gas,
Ramey, H.J., Jr.,
Real gas pseudo pressure,
generation of,
reasons for using,
Recombination, fluid samples,
Recovery factor
Recovery of hydrocarbons, primary,
compaction drive, gas,
gascap drive,
solution gas drive
Recovery of hydrocarbons, tertiary,
Reduction of displacement problems to
one
dimension,
layered reservoirs,
numerical simulation,
segregated displacement,
homogeneous,
Relative permeability,
curves, rock,
end point values, gas-oil,
end point values, water-oil,
gas,
linear,
measurement of ,
oil,
SUBJECT INDEX 434
thickness averaged (see Thickness
averaged relative permeabilities)
Relative volumes, PVT
cumulative gas,
gas,
oil,
total,
Removal of mechanical skin,
Reservoir drive mechanisms,
combination,
compaction,
solution, gas,
water,
Reservoir limit testing,
Reservoir simulation (see Numerical
simulation)
Residual:
gas saturation,
oil saturation,
oil volume, PVT,
Retrograde liquid condensate,
Russell, afterflow analysis,
Russell-Goodrich, real gas flow,
difficulty in application,
Sample collection (see Fluid samples)
Saturation:
critical, gas,
" , gas condensate,
gas (see Gas saturation)
oil (see Oil saturation)
water (see Water saturation)
Schilthuis, R.J.:
material balance equation,
steady state water influx.
Segregated displacement, oil by gas,
" " , oil by water (see Water
drive)
Semi-steady state:
condition,
time,
Separation, gas-oil:
reservoir,
surface,
Shrinkage factor:
bubble point oil, differential,
" " ", flash,
oil separator-stock tank,
Sign convention:
Darcy's equation,
isothermal compressibility,
Laplace, capillary pressure equation,
source-sink terms, numerical,
Skin factor:
mechanical (see Mechanical skin)
pseudo,
rate dependent,
Solution gas drive:
above bubble point,
below bubble point,
Solution gas-oil ration (see Gas-oil ratio)
Standard conditions,
Standing-Katz, Z-factor correlation,
application of 14-18
Statfjörd field (North Sea),
Static pressure survey,
Steady state condition,
Steam:
drive,
injection,
Stiles method,
Stock tank oil, initially in place, STOIIP,
probablistic determination,
Subsidence, surface,
Superposition:
inspace,
in time,
Summary:
chart, generation of averaged relative
permeabilities,
pf pressure analysis techniques,
SUBJECT INDEX 435
Surface tension,
Surfactant flooding,
Temperature:
ambient, surface,
distribution, steam soaked well,
effect, sealed fresh water system,
reservoir,
seperator,
Tertiary flooding,
Thermal recovery,
Thickness averaged relative
permeabilities/water saturations,
diffuse flow,
graphical determination,
homogeneous reservoir, finite
capillary transition zone,
homogeneous reservoir, segregated
flow,
layered reservoir, lack of vertical
equilibrium,
layered reservoir, pressure
communication,
role in numerical simulation,
summary chart,
with total lack of vertical equilibrium,
Time scale for hydrocarbon recovery,
Time to reach semi-steady state
Transient flow condition,
Transient well test analysis
buildup, general,
", oil,
" , real gas,
multi-rate drawdown, general,
"" " , oil,
multi-rate drawdown, real gas
single rate drawdown, oil
" " " , real gas,
Transition from transient to semi-steady
state flow,
well at centre of regular shaped
drainage area,
Trapezoidal rule for integration,
Ultimate recovery,
Underground withdrawal,
Underreaming,
Undersaturated oil,
Units:
absolute,
cgs,
Darcy,
field,
for real gas flow,
Systeme Internationale (SI),
Units conversion,
Darcy's ;linear equation,
dimensionless variables,
real gas flow,
Universal gas constant,
Uplifting, of reservoir,
Variable rate history:
prior to buildup test,
prior to multi-rate flow test,
Velocity of
gas, with respect to oil,
maximum water saturation plane,
plane of constant water saturation,
Vertical equilibrium,
influences on,
total lack of,
Viscosity:
gas,
oil,
ratio, oil/displacing fluid,
water,
Viscosity-compressibility product, real
gas,
Viscosity-compressibility product, real
gas,
Viscosity-temperature relation, oil
Viscosity-Z factor product, real gas,
SUBJECT INDEX 436
Volume:
hydrocarbon (see Hydrocarbon pore
volume)
moveable oil,
pore (see Pore volume)
Water:
bearing sand,
breakthrough (see Breakthrough)
compressibility,
expansion,
formation volume factor,
injection,
pressure,
" , equation,
" , gradient,
salinity,
tongue,
viscosity,
Water drive,
Buckley-Leverett theory,
homogeneous reservoir, diffuse flow,
" " , finite capillary
transition zone,
homogeneous reservoir, segregated
flow,
ideal (piston-like),
layered reservoir, with vertical
equilibrium,
layered reservoir, without vertical
equilibrium,
mechanics of ,
non-ideal,
numerical simulation of,
Water drive, oil recovery equations:
stable, segregated flow,
unstable, segregated flow,
" " ", inclined,
Welge,
Water influx:
dimensionless cumulative influx
function,
dimensionless influx rate,
gas reservoir,
oil reservoir,
time dependance of,
Water influx calculations:
applied to steam soaking,
Fetkovitch, history matching,
" , prediction,
Hurst-van Everdingen, history
matching,
Hurst-van Everdingen, prediction,
uncertainty in,
Water saturation:
average, behind flood front,
breakthrough,
connate (see Connate water
saturation)
flood front (shock front),
influence, effective and relative
permeabilities,
Water saturation distribution:
areal,
definable,
diffuse (uniform),
dip normal (see Thickness averaged
relative permeability/water saturation
Water wet reservoir,
Welge's
equation,
graphical technique,
Well:
asymmetry,
conditioning,
exploration,
model, numerical simulation,
partial penetration,
stimulation,
Well testing:
collection of fluid samples,
initial,
practical aspects,
purpose of,
routine,
SUBJECT INDEX 437
Wettability,
Wireline formation test,
Z-factor:
application of,
as function of pressure,
average value, Russell-Goodrich
inflow equations,
two phase,
Z-factor, determination of:
correlation charts,
direct calculation,
experiment,
The author of "Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering" is especially well-qualified to
write on this subject, having spent the past few years with the Training Division of Shell
International Petroleum Company, lecturing on reservoir engineering.
In this book he gives a coherent account of the basic physics of reservoir engineering,
a thorough knowledge of which is essential in the petroleum industry for the efficient
recovery of hydrocarbons. Much of the text is based on various lecture courses given
by the author and throughout the book only the simplest and most straightforward
mathematical techniques are used. The first four chapters serve as an introduction to
the subject and will interest all those connected in any way with development and
production of hydrocarbon reserves.
The next four chapters are more specialised and describe the most important aspects
of the field, i.e. the theory and practice of oil and gas well testing and pressure analysis
techniques. This is dealt with in a concise, unified and applied manner not readily
found in other texts. Water influx and fluid displacement are described in the last two
chapters with the aim of helping the reader understand the numerical simulation of
reservoir performance. Numerous modern computational techniques are described
with the aid of flow charts and illustrated with examples.
This is an ideal text for the student as it assumes no prior knowledge of reservoir
engineering, but it is also of value for the practising reservoir engineer, production
technologist and production engineer.