Cotton W.R., Pielke R.A. Human Impacts on Weather and Climate

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Plate 1 Satellite visualization of NOAA AVHRR images, showing the

microstructure of clouds for three cases over three different continents with

streaks of visibly smaller drops due to ingestion of pollution originating

from known pollution sources that are marked by white numbered asterisks.

(A) A 300 × 200 km cloudy area containing yellow streaks originating from the

urban air pollution of Istanbul (

∗

1), Izmit (

∗

2), and Bursa (

∗

3) on 25 December

1998 at 12:43 UT. (B) A 150 × 100 km cloudy area containing yellow streaks

showing the impact of the effluents from the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting

compound at Flin-Flon (*4) in Manitoba, Canada (54





N 102





W), on

4 June 1998 at 20:15 UT.(C) An area of about 350×450 km containing pollution

tracks over South Australia on 12 August 1997 at 05:25 UT originating from the

Port Augusta power plant (

∗

5), the Port Pirie lead smelter (*6), Adelaide port

(

∗

7), and the oil refineries (

∗

8). All images are oriented with north at the top. The

images are color composites, where the red is modulated by the visible channel;

blue is modulated by the thermal infrared; and green is modulated by the solar

reflectance component of the 37 m channel, where larger (greener) reflectance

indicates smaller droplets. The composition of the channels determines the color

of the clouds, where red represents cloud with large drops and yellow represents

clouds with small drops. The blue background represents the ground surface

below the clouds. From Rosenfeld (2000). Reprinted with permission from

See also Figure 4.3.

2100 GMT

15 May 1991

Looking NE

dryline

USGS vegetation

N-S

E-W

(a)

dryline

short grass

(b)

Cumulonimbus

8 g kg

–1

vapor

8 g kg

–1

vapor

towering Cu

(C. Ziegler, NSSL)

2100 GMT

15 May 1991

Looking NE

N-S

E-W

Plate 2 (a) and (b) Model output cloud and water vapor mixing ratio fields

on the third nested grid (grid 4) at 21 : 00 UT on 15 May 1991. The clouds

are depicted by white surfaces with q

= 001 g kg

−1

, with the Sun illuminating

the clouds from the west. The vapor mixing ratio in the planetary boundary

layer is depicted by the shaded surface with q

= 8gkg

−1

. The flat surface is

the ground. Areas formed by the intersection of clouds or the vapor field with

lateral boundaries are flat surfaces, and visible ground implies q

< 8gkg

−1

. The

vertical axis is height, and the backplanes are the north and east sides of the grid

domain. Reproduced from Pielke et al. (1997) with permission from Ecological

Applications and the Ecological Society of America. See also Figure 6.10.

Plate 3 South of the South Platte River, south and west of North Platte, Nebraska, looking north on 1 June 2004 at approximately

1300 LST. A number of pivot irrigators are not watering. Photo courtesy of Kelly Redmond. See also Figure 6.16.

(c)

Shortgrass Tallgrass

Crop/mixed/farming Irrigated crop

Wooded

grassland

Mixed

woodland Scrubland

(a)

(b)

Plate 4 Land-cover datasets used for RAMS simulations for (a) 1997 Landsat

and ancillary data irrigation, (b) OGE, and (c) Küchler potential vegetation.

From Adegoke et al. (2003) reproduced with permission from the American

Meteorological Society. See also Figure 6.17.

Plate 5 This MODIS view shows the denuded high albedo regions of

the Sinai and Gaza Strip, in contrast to the darker western Negev. Sensor:

Terra/MODIS; Datastart: 2000-09-10; Visible Earth v1 ID: 5606; Visualization

date: 2000-10-12. Courtesy of NASA Visible Earth and Jacques Descloitres,

MODIS Land Science Team. See also Figure 6.24.

Plate 6 Examples of clear-cutting

of the tropical forest in two areas

of the Amazon. Photos provided

by Carlos Nobre of the Center for

Weather Prediction and Climate

Studies – CPTEC, INPE, Brazil.

See also Figure 11.1.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

–150° –120° –90° –60°

–60° –30° 30° 60°0°

–30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150°

Plate 8 Global distribution of lightning from April 1995 through February 2003 from the combined observations of the

NASA Optical Transient Detector (OTD) (4/95-3/00) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) (1/98-2/03) instruments. From

http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/images/HRFC_AnnualFlashRate_cap.jpg. See also Figure 11.2.

(a) Radiative forcing due to carbon sequestration (nW m

–2

–1

)

(b) Radiative forcing due to albedo change (nW m

–2

–1

)

–1

)

(d) Net radiative forcing by afforestation (nW m

–2

–1

)

–0.8

–0.6 –0.4 –0.2 –0.1 –0.05 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

–0.6 –0.5 –0.4 –0.3 –0.2

0.05

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Plate 9 Radiative forcing of climate by afforestation, considering illustrative

1-ha plantations in the temperate and boreal forest zones. Calculations apply

to the time at the end of one forestry rotation period, relative to the start of

the rotation period with plantation areas unforested. (a) Global mean long-

wave radiative forcing due to carbon dioxide removal through sequestration

nWm

−2

−1

. (b) Global mean shortwave radiative forcing due to albedo

reduction nWm

−2

−1

. (c) Carbon emissions that would give the same mag-

nitude of radiative forcing as the albedo reduction tC ha

−1

. (d) Net radiative

forcing due to afforestation, found by summing (a) and (b) nWm

−2

−1

.

Positive forcing implies a warming influence; where (d) shows positive values,

afforestation would warm climate rather than cooling it as would be expected

by considering carbon sequestration alone. After Betts (2000); from Pielke et al.

(2002). See also Figure 11.9.

scale: 0.5

0.5 /lat/lon

–2

LAI

+2 –2 –40

Plate 10 Effect of land-use changes on plant canopy density (potential LAI - actual LAI). Scale 0.5 latitude × 0.5 longitude.

From Pielke et al. (2002), based on Nemani et al. (1996). See also Figure 11.10.