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164 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

20. See the

excellent discussion of his activities in Luciano Tosi, `Giuseppe Antonio

Borgese e la Prima Guerra Mondiale (1914±1918)', Storia Contemporanea, IV/2 ( June

1973) pp. 263ff.

21. See Hlava

ek,

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', p. 32 note 22: Milada Paulova

in the 1920s

( Jugoslavenski Odbor, p. 406) was unable to discover the person who ordered this

mission, but Borgese himself later told Hlava

ek that Garruccio was the real initiator.

Valiani's account (The End of Austria-Hungary, p. 224) appears confused since Gal-

lenga Stuart

at this time had not been appointed Under-secretary for Propaganda.

22. Borgese, Goliath,

p. 135.

23. HHStA, PA

I/771 (Generalia XII), Musulin to Czernin, Nr 125/P±F, 10 August 1917.

On the basis of this agent's information, Musulin (the Austrian minister in Berne)

asked Czernin whether a trustworthy Croat politician could be sent to meet Borgese

when he returned again to Switzerland, so as to convince him that Austria-Hun-

gary's South Slavs wanted unity only within the framework of the Monarchy. While

this agent appears to have been reliable, another ± codenamed `M' and clearly a

Serbian ± was not: he reported that Luigi Albertini had accompanied Borgese (see KA,

EvB 1917, Fasz.5699/14976).

24. See the

undated report on these talks by the head of the Serbian press bureau,

Boz

idar Markovic

: Arhiv Hrvatske, Zagreb [hereafter AHZ], Julije Gazzari MSS (798/

8), `Referat o konferencijama s Italijanima Profesorom Borgese i Markizom Paterno'.

The Italians had been instructed by the CS to find out particularly the views of

Gazzari, a member of the Yugoslav Committee in Switzerland; as Borgese discovered,

there was a certain difference in the priorities of the Serbians and the `Yugoslavs'.

25. The report,

`La Questione Adriatica', was later published in G. Amendola, G.A.

Borgese, U. Ojetti, A. Torre, Il Patto di Roma (Rome, 1919). See Tosi, `Giuseppe

Antonio Borgese', pp. 283±6 for an analysis.

26. Borgese, Goliath,

pp. 132, 136; Paulova

, Jugoslavenski Odbor, p. 408.

27. Tosi, `Giusepp

e Antonio Borgese', p. 286.

28. Hlava

ek,

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 29±30.

29. Brancaccio, In

Francia durante la Guerra, pp. 111±12: here he was referring to Italy

receiving coal supplies from Bohemia after the war.

30. Valiani, The

End of Austria-Hungary, p. 173. See Benes

's own account: Sve

tova

lka,I,

pp. 380ff.

31. Benes

Sve

tova

lka, I, pp. 382, 394.

32. See the

arguments presented by Benes

: VHA, Fond C

s. Vojsko v Italii, `Dossier

SNR,

sur la question tche

coslovaque' [October 1917].

33. Hlava

ek,

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 39±40.

34. Ibid., p.

42.

35. Hugh and

Christopher Seton-Watson, The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-

Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981) p. 238.

36. Tullio Marchetti,

Ventotto Anni nel Servizio Informazioni Militari (Trento, 1960) p. 170.

37. Odoardo Marche

tti, Il Servizio Informazioni dell'Esercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra

(Rome, 1937) p. 205.

38. See the

extensive discussion in Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, chapters 10±12.

39. See Tullio

Marchetti, Luci nel Buio. Trentino Sconosciuto 1872±1915 (Trento, 1934).

40. Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni, pp. 69±76.

41. Ibid., p.

208. The CS Berne office, besides propagating Italian views in the Swiss-

German press, sent information to a special counter-espionage centre at Milan (later

known as Sezione M) which relayed it to Udine.

The Seeds of Italy's Campaign 165

42. Ibid., pp.

116, 120±5.

43. Ibid., pp.

133±5.

44. Ibid., pp.

125±31. Ljudevit Pivko, when at one of the 1st army Intelligence offices,

heard how an agent from Franzensfeste took his reports to a chemist in Innsbruck

who then concealed them in cough sweets and `exported' them to Zurich: Pivko,

Zeleni Odred (Maribor, 1925) pp. 78±9.

45. PRO, WO

106/1550, Report on the Intelligence Service in Italy by [Brigadier-

General] C.H. Mitchell, 30 April 1919, pp. 108±9.

46. Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni, pp. 144±6.

47. Ljudevit Pivko,

Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji (Maribor, 1924) p. 18.

48. Cesare Pettorell

i Lalatta [Finzi], `I.T.O.' Note di un Capo del Servizio Informazioni

d'Armata (1915±1918) (Milan, 1934) p. 66.

49. Ibid., pp.

47, 67±8.

50. Of these

three Czech pioneers, two ± Ryant and Dolez

el ± had deserted in June 1915

( Jan Ryant having been entrusted by Austrian military Intelligence with sabotaging

an electricity centre in Valcamonica); the third, Novy, deserted in March 1916. At

Procolo, Finzi entrusted overall supervision to Francesco Baradello, an officer whom

he discovered at the front and who knew most languages of the Habsburg Empire.

51. PRO, WO

106/1550, report by C.H. Mitchell, 30 April 1919, pp. 27±8.

52. Finzi, `I.T.O.',

pp. 128±9, 144. However, it was a sign of Italian uncertainty about

even these `reliable' Czech agents that they were themselves watched secretly by

trustworthy Italians in order to ensure maximum security (p. 130).

53. Hanzal, SV

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 70±2. Hanzal's work is a valuable summary of the research

carried out between the wars on the subject of the Czech movement on the Italian

Front.

innost dra 54. For the

following see: Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 72±84; and Hlava

ek, `C

Ed. Benes

e', pp. 12±13, 16±18, 31.

55. KA, 11AK

Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.442, Na Nr 1725, 10AK to 11AK, Op. Nr 8167/6 Feind,

2 October 1918: statement of a (recaptured) Slovak, Martin Badinka.

56. See the

leaflet collection of the Orsza

gos Hadto

zeum, Budapest [Museum

rte

neti

of Military History ± hereafter OHM]. Leaflets in Hungarian, German and Italian:

`Magyarorsza

usztria

katona

ihoz!' (OHM, sz.1476/2, 1576, 1549), which largely

described the Entente advances on all fronts (including the Russian capture of

Trebisond on 17 April 1916). At this time, Italian soldiers on the Isonzo were also

throwing over hand-written letters which reported events of the war and urged the

Austrians to desert: see KA, AOK Na.Abt 1917, Karton 3601, Na Nr 3463.

57. Odoardo Marche

tti, Il Servizio Informazioni,p.93.

58. Tullio Marchetti,

Ventotto Anni, p. 210. For leaflets on these themes, see OHM,

sz.79.72.1: `Az osztra

k para

ncsroksa

g nem szo

l nektek a saja

t balsorsa

[ July 1916]; and KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5696/4255: leaflet in Croat, `Talijani tieraju ...',

dated 24 June 1916 (and discovered on a soldier in hospital the following

January).

59. See leaflet

in Slovene in VHA, Fond Czechoslovak National Council [C

SNR]-Par

õz

`Italian propaganda leaflets from the Italian Front 1915±1918': `Vojakom Avstrijs-

kega Cesarstva

in Ogrskega Kraljestva!' And for a positive Slovene reaction to this

leaflet: Franc Grafenauer, `Od Gorice do Soluna', in Ernest Turk, Josip Jeras and Rajko

Paulin (eds), Dobrovoljci Kladivarji Jugoslavije 1912±1918 (Ljubljana, 1936) p. 683.

60. Leaflet [seven

languages], `Vojõ

ni rakousko-uherske

armady!' (in KA, AOK Na.Abt

1917, Na Nr 4745).

166 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

61. Ibid.: leaflets

[both multilingual], `Soldati dell Impero d'Austria e del Regno

d'Ungheria!' and `Soldaten der o

sterreichisch-

ungarischen Armee!' The latter coun-

tered the

Austrian charge that US entry into the war was simply a `colossal specula-

tion' by

American capitalists. The former is also in the aerial leaflet collection of

IWM, 3(45), File 44.

62. HIL, Propaganda

Anyag, Fasz.4516, BI 4/20, leaflet [in four languages], `Soldaten des

sterreichisc

hungarischen Heeres!' [inscribed, 13 February 1917].

63. The bulk

of Italy's propaganda continued to be very simple, telling, for example, of

Anglo-French booty in the Nivelle offensive: leaflet [in six languages], `Za vrieme

zadnje ofenzive zarobile su siedinjene francuzko-englezke vojske'

(in KA, AOK

Na.Abt 1917, Fasz.5699/13390).

64. See VHA,

Fond C

SNR-Par

z, leaflet [dated 1915 with a note that it is the `first

Czechoslovak revolutionary leaflet'], `Ces

tõ

vojõ

ni! Synove

esky

ch matek!'

65. VHA, Fond

SNR-S

tefa

nik,

Karton 1, 34/2/1, Brancaccio to S

tefa

nik, 9 January 1916.

66. KA, EvB

1917, Fasz.5696/6318, AOK Na.Abt to KU

17 April 1917. This lengthy

report about S

tefa

nik

mentions his propaganda flight in 1916 and the fact that the

manifesto had been found repeatedly on the Italian Front.

67. Josef Du

rich,

a Czech Agrarian politician, was a Czech e

migre

particularly active in

Russia who later fell out with Masaryk.

68. Leaflet, `Slovane

echove

(KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5759/28207); also reproduced in

Hanzal, SVy

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 25±6.

69. Ibid., p.

27.

70. Brancaccio, In

Francia durante la Guerra, pp. 24, 32. Whether these manifestos

reached their destination is unclear, but one example seems to be the leaflet, `C

Slovane

! Drazõ

bratr

i!', signed by Benes

and S

tefa

nik, which especially stressed that

Karel Krama

ÂÏ

r had been condemned to death (KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5759/28207).

71. Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni, p. 211.

72. Finzi, `I.T.O.',

pp. 116±19, 140.

73. For example

s of such leaflets: OHM, sz.7923, `Soldati Roma

ni!'

[five languages,

different texts]; KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5699/15709, `Hrvatski vojnici! Vas

astinici

laz

u . . . ' [five languages, different texts]; OHM, sz.3379, `Soldaten des o

sterrei-

chisch-ungaris

chen Armee!' [seven languages, same text with pictures of prisoners

in Italy].

74. KA, EvB

1917, Fasz.5699/12516, `C

tõ

stojnõ

ci a vojõ

ni!' [dated June 1917];

Ljudevit Pivko, Jablane med Frontama (Maribor, 1924) p. 8.

75. Leaflet of

tefa

nik type [issued in Czech and Croat]: `Proglas. Slavjani!' (KA, AOK

Op. Abt 1917, AOK Op. Nr 44522; copies also in KA, EvB 1918, Fasz. 5759/28207, and

IWM, 3(45) Italian leaflets, File 42). Masaryk, S

tefa

nik, Benes

leaflet: `C

echove

Slova

ci! Draz

õ bratr

ÏÂ

õ!' (KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5699/16935).

76. VHA, Fond

SNR-R

(Hlava

ek), 36/9/4, undated memorandum [mid-1917]:

`Hlava

vna

vrh na proklamace k rak.uher. voja

m'. See also Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky,

pp. 82±3.

77. Leaflet [in

five languages]: `Hrvatski vojnici!' telling of Russia's readiness to free all

Slav peoples (HIL, `Propaganda Anyag', Fasz. 5018); and the leaflets already cited in

KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5699/12516 and 16935.

78. Luciano Tosi,

La Propaganda Italiana, pp. 126±7.

79. Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni, p. 243.

80. The title

of Finzi's account, Il Sogno di Carzano (Bologna, 1926).

81. Pivko, Jablane

med Frontama, pp. 6±8.

The Seeds of Italy's Campaign 167

82. Cf. Ronge,

Kriegs- und Industriespionage, p. 310. The Austrian official history sim-

ilarly dismisses

the incident in a paragraph: OULK, VI, pp. 509±10.

83. Ljudevit Pivko,

Seme (Maribor, 1924) p. 6.

84. KA, EvB

1917, Fasz.5700, Nr 19230: documents concerning the police investigation

in Maribor (October 1917).

85. The eight

volumes have recently been republished together in independent Slove-

nia: see

Ljudevit Pivko, Proti Avstriji 1914±1918 (Maribor, 1991).

86. Pivko, Seme,

pp. 20ff, 58±60, 65.

87. Ibid., p.

21.

88. Ibid., pp.

76±107.

89. Ibid., pp.

110±28.

90. Finzi, Il

Sogno di Carzano, pp. 12ff. Finzi's account makes no mention of Pivko's

precise letter about Slav grievances, nor about meeting Mlejnek (who told Pivko

that Finzi had tried to bribe him in Vicenza).

91. Ibid., pp.

21±6; Pivko, Jablane med Frontama, pp. 37±43.

92. Ibid., pp.

52±8; Finzi, Il Sogno di Carzano, pp. 36±8.

93. Later, before

the 11AK court on 15 October, Mas

lka would feign total ignorance

of the plot, pleading in particular that Pivko and his Czech officers had usually

spoken in German which he could not understand: see KA, EvB 1917, Fasz. 5700,

Nr 17701/I, `Protokoll u

ber

die Aussage des Fhr. Georg Mas

lka'.

94. Pivko, Jablane

med Frontama, pp. 81±3, 110±11.

95. Ibid., pp.

74, 107±8.

96. Pivko, Nas

Dobrovoljci u Italiji (Maribor, 1924) p. 20.

97. Finzi, `I.T.O.',

p. 158.

98. Pivko, Jablane

med Frontama, pp. 118±20; Finzi, Il Sogno di Carzano, pp. 65±9. Pivko

dates this tour to the night of 10 September, while Finzi gives 25 August.

99. Finzi, Il

Sogno di Carzano, pp. 49, 70, 73±7, 90±6. Pivko's detailed plan is published

in ibid., document 9, pp. 174±88, while for the final Italian plan, and Finzi's

criticisms, see document 10, pp. 189±94.

100. Ibid.,

p. 85; Pivko, Jablane med Frontama, pp. 87, 115.

101. For

example, when he tested the views of a Polish officer Hardy and faced a rebuff:

ibid., pp. 99±100. This minor incident is worth recording as it was corroborated in

the battalion commander's later report: see KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5700, Nr 17701,

report by Obstlt Emil Vidale, 26 September 1917.

102. Pivko,

Jablane med Frontama, p. 88.

103. Pivko, Vulkanska Tla (Maribor, 1924) pp. 21±62.

104. KA, EvB 1917, Fasz.5700, Nr 17701, Vidale report, 26 September 1917.

105. The words of Frantis

ek Jirsa: Vulkanska Tla, p. 65.

106. Ibid., pp. 76±92; and for Finzi's viewpoint: Il Sogno di Carzano,p.99.

107. For much of the following, see Pivko's account, Carzanska Noc

(Maribor, 1924).

108. Ibid., pp. 20±1. Obstlt Vidale reiterated this point in his later report (KA, EvB 1917,

Fasz.5700/17701) written

after he had returned from leave in Vienna.

109. Pivko, Carzanska Noc

, pp. 42±50, 64.

110. Finzi, Il Sogno di Carzano

, pp. 80±2, 100. During the summer, about 80 `agents' (chiefly

Italian, but

also including some ex±Russian prisoners who had escaped from Austria)

had been trained at the Procolo fortress in Verona for use in the Carzano attack. In

August, Finzi had also used two Romanian deserters to contact former comrades in

Val Posina, and appears to have had a Polish agent operating in Val Lagarina (p. 55).

111. Pivko,

Carzanska Noc

, pp. 56ff, 90±1.

168 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

112. Finzi,

Il Sogno di Carzano, pp. 127±30.

113. Ibid., p. 10.

114. See `Der Verrat von Carzano', O

sterreichisch

e Wehrzeitung, Folge 43, 23 October

1925, p. 2. It reports a well±attended lecture in Vienna by a Major Josef Seifert,

who had served among German-Austrian troops at Carzano.

115. Finzi,

Il Sogno di Carzano, pp. 141±3; Finzi, `I.T.O.', pp. 163±4; Marchetti, Ventotto

Anni,

p. 265.

116. Ljudevit Pivko, Zeleni Odred (Maribor, 1925) pp. 20±2.

117. Ibid, pp. 23±9; Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 34.

118. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, pp. 28±38; p. 94 for Pivko's continued uncertainty about his

patron's motives.

Pivko would later report to the Yugoslav Committee that he had

been particularly influenced in October 1917 by the advance of the Czech cause in

Italy, for all of his Carzanci officers were Czechs and he felt `after a solution of the

Czech question the turn of the Yugoslav question would come sooner or later': see

Arhiv Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, Zagreb [hereafter AJA],

Yugoslav Committee Archive [ JO], 60A/X/1, Pivko report of 21 August 1918.

119. Pivko,

Zeleni Odred, pp. 39±40.

120. Ibid., pp. 41±60.

121. This is clear from KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5746, Nr 9089, Beute no 38 `Austrian deserters'

[captured Italian

interrogation statements of deserters]; and Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci

u Italiji

, pp. 52±64. Finzi too suggests a slight rebuff (`I.T.O.', p. 165).

122. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, pp. 97±9, 104±8.

123. Ibid., pp. 68±9.

124. Ibid., p. 77. The Dolfin villa was similarly used during the Second World War, and

still retains

its forbidding atmosphere.

125. Ibid., p. 87.

126. Ibid., pp. 85ff; and for Pivko's attempt to contact Benes

: Jablane med Frontama,

pp. 47±8,

58.

127. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, p. 100. Pivko was at first only allowed to recruit from deserters,

but from

28 January from prisoners too (Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, p. 237).

128. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, pp. 99±102.

129. Finzi, `I.T.O.', pp. 176±9.

130. Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 290.

131. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, pp. 109±10; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 311.

132. Ljudevit Pivko, Informatorji (Maribor, 1925) p. 59. The 26SchD propaganda work is

recorded in

KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.449, Pr.2124 and 2135, but the `favour-

able results' seem

to consist chiefly of seeing Italians pick up the deposited leaflets.

133. On

16 March, two Italians deserted to the enemy near Sasso Rosso, claiming that

they were war-weary and had relatives in occupied Venetia. They in fact told their

captors that they had not read any Austrian propaganda, but said that such mater-

ial was

eagerly read by their comrades; the Austrians made them compose a letter

which was then thrown over to the Italians. (KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.442,

Na Nr 476, U

berla

ufungsauss

agen, 20 March 1918).

134. Pivko,

Informatorji, pp. 39±40. Kreuz's version of his own role is slightly suspect

since he does not appear in the Austrian records as a member of the 26SchD

Nachrichtentruppen; but his `confession' to Nikolic

still provided a valuable insight

into Austria's use of propaganda, and Nikolic

drew up reports for Italian Intelli-

gence on

this basis. Having pretended to be a deserter, Kreuz was finally executed at

Sandrigo by a Czech legionary.

The Seeds of Italy's Campaign 169

135. HIL,

M.Kir.42 Honve

d Gyaloghadoszta

ly [42HID records], Fasz.1661, Op. Nr 4404.

For the known desertions (which included four Germans): Fasz.1661, Op. Nrs 4404,

4406; Fasz.1662, Op. Nrs 4413, 4414.

136. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt 1918, Fasz.449, Pr.2120, 11AK Propaganda report for March

1918; Fasz.272, 4±6/1±2, 26SchD (GM Klein) to VI KK, Na Nr 269/2, 5 March 1918.

137. Pivko,

Zeleni Odred, p. 118 and note; Finzi, `I.T.O.', pp. 212±13. For 26SchD reports

on this propaganda: HIL, 42HID 1918, Fasz.1663, Op. Nrs 4505±10, 4513: Slovene

and Polish songs were also heard.

138. KA,

11AK, Fasz.449, Pr.2163, 26SchD to VI KK, Na Nr 488, 8 April; Pr.2164, 26SchD

to VI KK, Na 525, 16 April 1918: these reports list in detail the mass of material

distributed and effectively suggest this as proof of `success'.

139. Pivko,

Informatorji, p. 59; for the SchR12's position: KA, 11AK 1918 Op. Akt.,

Fasz.269, 1±17/15±18/8 Op. Nr 2608/18, 26SchD to VI KK, Op. Nr 172/5, 21 June

1918.

140. Pivko,

Zeleni Odred, pp. 119±20; Finzi, `I.T.O.', p. 213.

141. PRO,

WO 106/852, Cavan to CIGS, 28 April 1918. Pivko also noted Montuori's

enlightened knowledge of foreign peoples: `a rare bird among Italian officers'

(Informatorji, p. 7).

142. Finzi,

`I.T.O.', p. 215.

143. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.264, Op. Nr 1400/15, 26SchD [GM Klein] to VI KK, Na Nr

573 [monthly report], 24 April 1918.

144. See

the article by Achille Benedetti, `Gli Czechi±Slovacchi al fronte italiano' in

Giornale d'Italia, 3 May 1918. Austrian Intelligence noticed it (KA, EvB 1918,

Fasz.5752/16221), just as the KPQ had picked up an earlier article, on 9 April, by

Benedetti in the same paper about Austrian propaganda efforts (KA, FAst 1918,

Fasz.5994, Res.109).

145. Pivko,

Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 36; Zeleni Odred, p. 128; Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky,

p. 240 (who

also confirms a largely hostile Austrian reaction).

146. Pivko, Zeleni Odred, pp. 31, 96.

147. Luciano Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, p. 185.

148. KA, 11AK Op. Abt 1918, Fasz.445, Na Nr 609, KISA Beilage 8: Report on propaganda

activity for

March 1918.

149. Leaflets: `Fratelli italiani! Sappiamo che il nemico ...' (KA, EvB 1918, Fasz. 5758/

26661; other copies in OHM sz.82141±3), and `Italiani! Non e

piu

saluto delle ore

della fortuna' (KA, 6AK 1918, Fasz.15, Abwehr-Stelle, Aw.Nr 317).

150. Leaflets:

`Agli Italiani delle terre invase' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, File `Unerledigt 1918

11AK Feindespropaganda'), and `Fratelli, noi sappiamo quello che soffrite!' (KA,

6AK 1918, Fasz.15, Aw.Nr 617).

151. KA,

6AK 1918, Fasz.15, Aw.Nr 504, 6AK Abwehr-Stelle to subordinate commands, 5

March 1918, enclosing proclamation in German, Hungarian and Italian: `An die

Bevo

lkerung

des besetzten Gebietes!'

152. Ibid.,

Aw.Nr 793, 20 March 1918.

153. See

the vivid reports on the occupied areas sent to Count Czernin from his repres-

entative at

HGK Boroevic

: HHStA, PA I/1050, Liasse 67. On 28 March, for example,

Ippen reported on the mass seizure of bed-linen: `I will only mention in passing

the issue of how this will morally affect the native population. Our occupation [of

Venetia] bears so heavily upon the population that we should not indulge in any

illusion that we might gain sympathy here. Nevertheless, the mentioned requisi-

tioning will

simply cause us to be hated.'

170 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

154. Marche

tti, Ventotto Anni, p. 208. See Chapter 8 (p. 361) for further examples of this

propaganda in the Italian language.

155. Leaflets

[each in six languages] detailing the gains in land, booty and prisoners:

`Vojini rakousko-uherske armady! Ve velke

ofensõ

ve . . . ' (HIL, `Propaganda Anyag',

Fasz.4516, BI 4/20); `Vojini rakousko-uherske armady! Vitestvi Ita

lu na Isonzu jest

velkole

' (OHM, sz.1480/2).

156. It

is also clear that some material originated in governmental ministries. For

example, Ubaldo Comandini, now responsible for domestic propaganda in Italy,

also liaised with the CS in the spring to send manifestos for distribution over the

lines. See Comandini's letter to Frantis

ek Hlava

ek of 7 March, inviting the latter

to help in this work: Archõ

vNa

rodnõ

ho Muzea, Prague [hereafter ANM], Frantis

Hlava

ek MSS, Karton II/i.

157. Leaflets:

`Oesterreicher! Wir ko

fligkeit [sic] nicht brauchen' [six lan-

nnen Eure Ho

guages] (in OHM, sz.1481/2; version in German/Italian in OHM, sz.1548); `O

ster-

reicher!!' (in

KA, 11AK, Fasz.448, Pr.2043).

158. Leaflet

[German/Slovene]: `Soldaten! In Deutschland und noch mehr in Oester-

reich ...'

(in OHM, sz.1562/1; KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538; copy in Czech/Italian in

EvB, Fasz.5748/10657); `Oesterrichische und Ungarische Soldaten!' (in KA, 11AK

1918, Fasz.452).

159. Leaflet

[six languages]: `Vojnici austro-ugarski! Nezasitni niemacki zahtievi . . . ' (in

KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5748/10657, 5751/15384); leaflet [seven languages]: `Soldati

Austro Ungarici! Ecco il vostro errore!' (in KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538).

160. See,

for example, the series of pictorial manifestos depicting Austrian subservience

to Prussian militarism: `Habt ihr noch nicht verstanden ...?' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5753/

18306), `O

sterreich-U

ngarische Soldaten!!' (HIL, Fasz.4515, BI-4) and `Richt dich

auf Bruder'

(HIL, Fasz.4516, BI 4/51). Also: leaflet [six languages], `Vojnici austro-

ugarski! Branite

se od germanstva' (in OHM, sz.1484); and leaflet [six languages]:

c`Mi'r c

initi

jest jeden u

et' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451/I; HIL, Fasz.4515, BI-4).

161. `Christen, Eine aus englischen, italienischen und franzo

ften bestehende

sischen

Kra

Armee . . . ' [six languages] (HIL, Fasz.4515, BI-4).

162. Leaflet in German (which might stem from pre-1918): `Die unzetrennbare Dreifal-

tigkeit macht

das unzetrennbare Vaterland geltend' (HIL, Fasz.4516, BI 4/20).

163. `Austrijsk

i vojnici, z

elite vi mir?' [six languages]: numerous copies distributed in

March 1918 (in OHM, sz.1459, 1478; KA, EvB, Fasz.5747/8782; KA, 11AK Gsts Abt,

Fasz.449, Pr.2106).

164. Notably

Henry Wickham Steed who quoted this leaflet. See British Library [BL],

Northcliffe MSS, vol. XI, Add.Mss 62163, report by Steed on the British Mission for

propaganda in Austria-Hungary, 30 April 1918.

165. KA,

11AK 1918, Fasz.444, Na Nr 595, Beilage 1: 10AK propaganda report for March.

See also KISA's report for March (ibid., Fasz.445, Na Nr 609); and the 11AK report

for February (Fasz.448, Pr.2075).

166. KA,

11AK 1918, Fasz.444, Na Nr 447, HGK FM von Boroevic

, February monthly

report.

167. Three

types of leaflet which used the sailors' signatures were produced [separate

texts, in Croat, Polish, Czech but also German]: (1) `Kamara

di! Jsme zdejs

ÏÂ

õmi

pome

ry velmi mile pr

ekvapeni' ± dated 25 February (KA, EvB, Fasz.5751/14707;

OHM, sz.1446/1); (2) `Soudruzi voja

ci a namor

nõ

ci!' ± dated 1 March (KA, EvB,

5749/12437); (3) `Polacy! Gøo

wny komitet marynarzy . . . ' ± dated 6 March (KA, EvB,

5749/12437). In April, a fourth leaflet signed by the sailors told of a failed Austrian

The Seeds of Italy's Campaign 171

naval exploit

(see `Mornari!' in KA, EvB, 5751/15172). The sailors' actual miserable

experience in Italy is recalled in Anton Sesan's account, published in Dragoslav

Jankovic

and Bogdan Krizman (eds), Gradja o Stvaranju Jugoslavenske Drz

ave, 2 vols

(Belgrade, 1964) I, no. 149, pp. 198±201.

168. PRO,

FO 371/3228, Rodd to Balfour, d.94, 14 March 1918. The messages were

picked up by all armies on the Italian Front as well: for example, KA, HGK Conrad

1918, Fasz.66, Na Nr 400a/66.

169. Leaflet

in Croat/Czech and in Slovene/Polish: `Vojnici! Vas

a vlada Vam pripovjeda

puno stvari o nas Italijanih . . . ' (KA, 11AK 1918, Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III'), quoted in

Finzi, `I.T.O.', pp. 193±4. A more simple comparison of rations was the subject of a

multilingual leaflet: `Austro-ugarski vojnici! Dnevni obrok . . . ', dated 12 March

(OHM, sz.1226).

170. Leaflet,

`Voja

ci C

eskosloven

tõ

!' (KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5744/4538). It paraphrased

Zahradnõ

k's speech in the Reichsrat: Stenographische Protokolle u

ber

die Sitzungen

des Hauses der Abgeordneten des O

sterreichisc

hen Reichsrates (Vienna, 1918) XXII

Session, vol. III, 58.Sitzung, 6 Feb.1918, pp. 3049±50. The same technique was

used with a speech by the Polish deputy Gøombinski: leaflet `Zoønierze Polacy!'

(OHM, sz.1456).

171. Leaflet,

`Magyarok! Evsza

zadok o

ta ku

. . . ' (OHM, sz.1489; KA, EvB, Fasz.5748/

10658): `Long live the revolution of '48 and the memories of its glorious heroes!'

172. Leaflets: `Magyar baka

k!' (OHM, sz.1230/1); `Magyarok! Az Egyesu

llamok

ria

si . . . ' (OHM, sz.7927); `Magyar katona

k! Ne

metorsza

g vila

guralmi . . . ' (KA,

6AK 1918, Fasz.15/1153); `Magyar katona

k! Az oroszok forradalmat csina

ltak ...'

(KA, EvB, Fasz.5748/10655).

173. Leaflet,

`Voja

ci c

eskoslovenske

rodnosti!', found on the mountain front in late

March (KA, 11AK 1918, Fasz.448, Pr.2043).

174. Leaflet, `Soudruzi voja

ci na

rodnosti c

eskoslo

cke!', dated 6 March and signed

by the `Central Committee of Oppressed Nationalities in Rome' (KA, EvB 1918,

Fasz.5758/26661).

175. Leaflet

in Slovene, `Slovenski Vojaki!', distributed by Italian planes on 26 January

(KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5744/4538).

176. ANM,

Hlava

ek MSS, Karton II/ii, Marchetti to Hlava

ek, 2 December 1917.

(Already in late September Marchetti had congratulated Hlava

ek for his services

in the war zone.)

177. For

Smaniotto, see Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky od S

carsky

ch Ledovcu

, pp. 97±8. For one

view of Vecchiarelli see: Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 292, but also ANM, Hlava

MSS, Karton II/ii, Vecchiarelli to Troiani, 13 February 1918.

c178. ANM,

Hlava

ek MSS, Karton II/ii, Vigevano to Hlava

ek, 3 February 1918.

179. See Hlava

ek's report to Benes

of 26 January in ibid., Karton IV/c (also reproduced

in Hlava

ek, `C

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 65±9).

c180. ANM,

Hlava

ek MSS, Karton II/i, Hlava

ek to Franklin-Bouillon, 4 January 1918.

181. Finzi, `I.T.O', pp. 176±82.

182. The memorandum is reproduced in Benes

, Sve

tova

lka, III, document 100,

pp. 313±17;

and in Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 104±5.

183. ANM,

Hlava

ek MSS, Karton II/i, Spingardi to Hlava

ek, N.49218, 14 December

1917; Spingardi here agreed to transfer to Padula from other camps 119 prisoners

whom Hlava

ek had listed for him.

184. Hlava

ek,

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 275±80.

185. Benes

, Sve

tova

lka, II, p. 55.

172 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

186. For

the following, see the accounts in Milada Paulova

, Jugoslavenski Odbor (Zagreb,

1925) pp. 413ff; Hlava

ek, `C

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 55ff. The real breadth of

Hlava

ek's activity is evident in VHA, Fond C

SNR-R

Karton 5/3 and 5/4.

187. ANM, Hlava

ek MSS, Karton IV/c, Hlava

ek to Benes

, 30 December 1917.

188. Ugo Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie 1915±1919, ed. Fernanda Ojetti (Florence, 1964)

p. 498; Leonida

Bissolati, Diario di Guerra, ed. G.Einaudi (Turin, 1935) p. 104.

189. On 8 March, Diaz was still opposed (Bissolati, Diario, p. 103), and he was felt by the

Czechs to

be a sceptic until late June 1918: see the notes by Lev Sychrava in VHA,

SNR-SFond C

tefa

nik,

Karton 3/4, 35/5/3. Orlando told Olindo Malagodi on

20 March that he had gradually persuaded Sonnino to agree: Olindo Malagodi,

Conversazioni della Guerra 1914±1919, ed. Bruno Vigezzi, 2 vols (Milan and Naples,

1960), II, p. 305.

190. For

Hlava

ek's embittered view of S

tefa

nik's negotiations (`He wanted to appear

like a meteor'), see Hlava

ek, `C

innost

dra Ed. Benes

e', pp. 282±90; see also Hanzal,

SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 111ff, who notes the dearth of written evidence about S

tefa

nik's

talks.

191. AHZ,

Dobrovoljac

Arhiv, II/2, Stane Vidmar to Ljudevit Pivko, 4 April 1918;

Pivko, Zeleni

Odred, pp. 121±2.

192. Luigi Albertini, Venti Anni di Vita Politica, III, pp. 247ff.

193. Corriere della Sera, 5 and 6 February 1918. On the 6th the paper was responding to a

reader's letter

which advocated using as front propaganda a speech by the Dalma-

tian politicia

n Ante Tresic

-Pavic

(on 19 October in the Austrian Reichsrat) which

had condemned atrocities against the South Slav population. It is clear that the

Corriere followed up this idea, and in April 1918 some copies of the speech (a 71-

page booklet

in Croat, Czech and German) were distributed by Italian propagan-

dists in

the front line. See booklet, `Jugoslaveni', in HIL, Fasz.4515, BI-4; and

Umberto Zanotti-Bianco, Carteggio 1906±1918, ed. V. Carinci (Rome and Bari,

1987) p. 604. See also below pp. 193, 294.

194. Albertini,

Venti Anni, III, p. 249.

195. Luigi Albertini, Epistolario 1911±1926, ed. Ottavio Barie, 3 vols (Verona, 1968) II,

pp. 894, 899.

196. `Azioni necessarie ed esitazioni funeste', Corriere della Sera, 21 February; and `E noi?',

Corriere della Sera, 14 March 1918.

197. Rino Alessi, Dall'Isonzo al Piave. Lettere Clandestine di un Corrispondente di Guerra,

ed. Arnoldo

Mondadori (Milan, 1966) pp. 207±8, 213±14.

198. Finzi, `I.T.O.', p. 182.

199. Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, p. 476.

200. See Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, pp. 152±4.

201. Ibid., p. 186; Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 419ff. As a writer Ojetti in February 1916 had been

responsible for

boosting Cadorna's low reputation in the press, while after Capor-

etto he

had drafted for Orlando the royal proclamation issued to the Italian public.

202. Valiani, The End of Austria-Hungary, p. 434 note 236; Albertini, Epistolario, II, p. 903.

203. Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 491, 498±9. At this time, Ojetti also discussed propaganda at

length with

Giovanni Amendola and with the poet-adventurer (and later propa-

gandist) Gabriele

D'Annunzio.

204. Albertini, Epistolario, II, p. 913.

205. KA, AOK Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle [FAst] 1918, Fasz.5994, Res.89, AOK to

FAst, Op.

Nr 766/107, 10 May, `II Richtlinien fu

tigkeit'.

die Propagandata

206. Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 500±2.

The Seeds of Italy's Campaign 173

207. Salvem

ini, Carteggio 1914±1920, pp. 369±70: Salvemini to Ojetti, 23 March 1918.

208. Ojetti, Lettere, p. 504; Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, p. 234 note 109.

209. `Prima che sia troppo tardi', Corriere della Sera, 21 March 1918.

210. Albertini, Epistolario, II, p. 924.