Canale L.C.F., Mesquita R.A., Totten G.E. Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Table A6.1 (continued)
AISI-SAE
grade Treatment or condition
Average coefficient of expansion, mm/m K, at °C(°F)(a)
20–100
(68–212)
20–200
(68–392)
20–300
(68–572)
20–400
(68–752)
20–500
(68–932)
20–600
(68–1112)
20–700
(68–1292)
1064 Unknown 11.1(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... ... ...
1065 Unknown 11.1(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... ... ...
1070 Unknown 11.5(b) ... ... 13.3(b) ... ... ...
1078 Unknown 11.3(b) ... ... 13.3 ... ... ...
1080 Annealed 11.0 11.6 12.4 13.2 13.8 14.2 14.7
1080 Unknown 11.7(b) 12.2(b) ... ... ... ... ...
1085 Annealed 11.1(b) 11.7(b) 12.5(b) 13.2(b) 13.6(b) 14.2(b) 14.7
1086 Unknown 11.1(b) ... ... 13.1(b) ... ... ...
1095 Unknown ... ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(d)
1095 Annealed 11.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1095 Hardened 13.0(b) ... ... ... ... ... ...
1117 Unknown 12.2(f) ... ... 13.1(g) ... ... ...
1118 Unknown 12.2(f) ... ... 13.3(g) ... ... ...
1132 Unknown 12.6(f) ... ... ... ... ... ...
1137 Unknown 12.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1139 Unknown 12.6(f) ... ... ... ... ... ...
1140 Unknown 12.6(f) ... ... ... ... ... ...
1141 Unknown ... 12.6(b) ... ... ... ... ...
1144 Unknown 13.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1145 Annealed 11.2(b) 12.1(b) 13.0(b) 13.6(b) 14.0(b) 14.6(b) 14.8(b)
1145 Annealed 11.6(b) 12.3(b) 13.1(b) 13.7(b) 14.2(b) 14.7(b) 15.1(b)
1146 Unknown 12.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1151 Unknown ... 12.6(b) ... ... ... ... ...
1330 Unknown 12.0 12.8 13.3 ... ... ... ...
1335 Unknown 12.2 12.8 13.3 ... ... ... ...
1345 Unknown 12.0 12.6 13.3 ... ... ... ...
1522 Annealed 12.0(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.4(b) ...
1524 Unknown 11.9 12.7 ... 13.9 ... 14.7 ...
1524 Annealed 12.0(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.4(b) ...
1526 Annealed 12.0(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.4(b) ...
1541 Annealed 12.0(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.4(b) ...
1548 Unknown 11.9(b) ... ... 13.3(b) ... 14.6(b) ...
1551 Annealed 11.7(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.6(b) ...
1552 Unknown 11.1(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... ... ...
1561 Annealed 11.1(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.6(b) ...
1566 Annealed 11.5(b) ... ... 13.5(b) ... 14.7(b) ...
2330 Annealed 10.9(e) 11.2(e) 12.1(e) 12.9(e) 13.4(e) 13.8(e) ...
2515 Unknown 10.9(f)(h) ... 12.6(i) ... 13.5(j) ... ...
3120 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
3130 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
3140 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
3150 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
4023 Unknown 11.7(k) ... ... ... ... ... ...
4027 Unknown 11.7(k) ... ... ... ... ... ...
4028 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
4032 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
4042 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
4047 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
4130 Unknown 12.2 ... ... 13.7 ... 14.6 ...
4135 Unknown 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
4137 Unknown 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
4140 Oil hardened, tempered 12.3 12.7 ... 13.7 ... 14.5 ...
4142 Unknown 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
4145 Oil hardened, tempered 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
4147 Unknown 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
4161 Unknown 11.5 12.2 12.9 ... ... ... ...
4320 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
4337 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
(continued)
(a) To obtain coefficients in min./in.
F, multiply stated values by 0.556. (b) Stated value represents average coefficient between 0
C (32
F) and indicated temperature.
(c) 10.3 mm/m K from 100 to 20
C(148 to 68
F); 9.8 mm/m K from 150 to 20
C(238 to 68
F). (d) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20
and 650
C (68 and 1200
F). (e) Stated value represents average coefficient between 25
C (75
F) and indicated temperature. (f) Stated value represents average
coefficient between 20 and 95
C (68 and 200
F). (g) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 370
C (68 and 700
F). (h) 8.6 mm/m K from 195 to
20
C(320 to 68
F); 10.0 mm/m K from 130 to 20
C(200 to 68
F). (i) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 260
C (68 and 500
F).
(j) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 540
C (68 and 1000
F). (k) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 95
C (0 and
200
F). (l) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 650
C (0 and 1200
F). (m) 11.2 mm/m K from 100 to 20
C(148 to 68
F) 10.4 mm/m K
from 150 to 20
C(238 to 68
F). (n) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 205
C (68 and 400
F). (o) Stated value represents average
coefficient between 20 and 315
C (68 and 600
F). ( p) Stated value represents average coefficient between 25 and 270
C (77 and 518
F). (q) Stated value represents
average coefficient between 20 and 275
C (68 and 525
F). (r) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 260
C (0 and 500
F). (s) Stated value
represents average coefficient between 18 and 540
C (0 and 1000
F).
542 / Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 542
Table A6.1 (continued)
AISI-SAE
grade Treatment or condition
Average coefficient of expansion, mm/m K, at °C(°F)(a)
20–100
(68–212)
20–200
(68–392)
20–300
(68–572)
20–400
(68–752)
20–500
(68–932)
20–600
(68–1112)
20–700
(68–1292)
4340 Oil hardened, tempered
600
C(1110
F)
12.3 12.7 ... 13.7 ... 14.5 ...
4340 Oil hardened, tempered
630
C (1170
F)
...(m) 12.4 ... 13.6 ... 14.3 ...
4422 Unknown 11.7(k) ... ... ... ... ... ...
4427 Unknown 12.6 ... 13.8 ... ... 15.1 ...
4615 Unknown 11.5 12.1 12.7 13.2 13.7 14.1 ...
4617 Carburized and hardened 12.5 13.1 ... ... ... ... ...
4626 Normalized and tempared 11.70(f) ... 12.6(i) ... ... 13.8(j) ...
4718 Unknown 11.3 12.2 13.1 ... ... ... ...
4815 Unknown 11.5(f) 12.2(n) 13.1(o) ... ... ... ...
4820 Unknown 11.3(f) 12.2(n) 12.9(o) ... ... ... ...
5046 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
50B60 Unknown 11.9 12.4 12.9 ... ... ... ...
5117 Unknown 12.0 12.8 13.5 ... ... ... ...
5120 Unknown 12.0 12.8 13.5 ... ... ... ...
5130 Unknown 12.2 12.9 13.5 ... ... ... ...
5132 Unknown 12.2 12.9 13.5 ... ... ... ...
5135 Unknown 12.0 12.8 13.5 ... ... ... ...
5140 Annealed ... 12.6 13.4 13.9 14.3 14.6 15.0
5145 Unknown 12.2 ... 13.1( p) ... ... ... ...
5150 Unknown 12.8 ... 13.7( p) ... ... ... ...
5155 Unknown 12.2 ... 13.1(q) ... ... ... ...
52100 Annealed 11.9(b) ... ... ... ... ... ...
52100 Hardened 12.6(b) ... ... ... ... ... ...
6150 Annealed 12.2 12.7 12.3 13.7 14.1 14.4 ...
6150 Hardened, tempered
205
C (400
F)
12.0 12.5 12.9 13.0 13.3 13.7 ...
615 0 Annealed 12.4(e) 12.6(e) 13.3(e) 13.8(e) 14.2(e) 14.5(e) 14.7(e)
8115 Unknown 11.9 12.6 13.3 ... ... ... ...
81B45 Unknown 11.9 12.6 13.3 ... ... ... ...
8617 Unknown 11.9(k) ... 12.8(r) ... ... 14.0(s) ...
8622 Unknown 11.1 12.2 12.9 ... ... ... ...
8625 Unknown 11.1 12.2 12.9 ... ... ... ...
8627 Unknown 11.3 12.2 12.9 ... ... ... ...
8630 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
8637 Unknown 11.3 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
8645 Oil hardened, tempered 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
8650 Oil hardened, tempered 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
8655 Oil hardened, tempered 11.7 12.2 12.8 ... ... ... ...
8720 Unknown 11.3(k) ... ... ... ... ... 14.6(l)
8822 Unknown 11.3 12.2 12.9 ... ... ... ...
(a) To obtain coefficients in min./in.
F, multiply stated values by 0.556. (b) Stated value represents average coefficient between 0
C (32
F) and indicated temperature.
(c) 10.3 mm/m K from 100 to 20
C(148 to 68
F); 9.8 mm/m K from 150 to 20
C(238 to 68
F). (d) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20
and 650
C (68 and 1200
F). (e) Stated value represents average coefficient between 25
C (75
F) and indicated temperature. (f) Stated value represents average
coefficient between 20 and 95
C (68 and 200
F). (g) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 370
C (68 and 700
F). (h) 8.6 mm/m K from 195 to
20
C(320 to 68
F);10.0 mm/m K from 130 to 20
C(200 to 68
F). (i) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 260
C (68 and 500
F).
(j) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 540
C (68 and 1000
F). (k) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 95
C (0 and
200
F). (l) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 650
C (0 and 1200
F). (m) 11.2 mm/m K from 100 to 20
C(148 to 68
F) 10.4 mm/m K
from 150 to 20
C(238 to 68
F). (n) Stated value represents average coefficient between 20 and 205
C (68 and 400
F). (o) Stated value represents average
coefficient between 20 and 315
C (68 and 600
F). ( p) Stated value represents average coefficient between 25 and 270
C (77 and 518
F). (q) Stated value represents
average coefficient between 20 and 275
C (68 and 525
F). (r) Stated value represents average coefficient between 18 and 260
C (0 and 500
F). (s) Stated value
represents average coefficient between 18 and 540
C (0 and 1000
F).
Appendix 6: Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels / 543
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 543
Table A6.2 Summary of thermal expansion
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE), approximate ranges at room temperature to 100
C (212
F), from lowest to highest
CTE value
CTE
Material10
6
/K 10
6
/°F
2.6–3.3 1.4–1.8 Pure Silicon (Si)
2.2–6.1 1.2–3.4 Pure Osmium (Os)
4.5–4.6 2.5–2.6 Pure Tungsten (W)
0.6–8.7 0.3–4.8 Iron-cobalt-nickel alloys
4.8–5.1 2.7–2.8 Pure Molybdenum (Mo)
5.6 3.1 Pure Arsenic (As)
6.0 3.3 Pure Germanium (Ge)
6.1 3.4 Pure Hafnium (Hf)
5.7–7.0 3.2–3.9 Pure Zirconium (Zr)
6.3–6.6 3.5–3.7 Pure Cerium (Ce)
6.2–6.7 3.4–3.7 Pure Rhenium (Re)
6.5 3.6 Pure Tantalum (Ta)
4.9–8.2 2.7–4.6 Pure Chromium (Cr)
6.8 3.8 Pure Iridium (Ir)
2.0–12 1.1–6.7 Magnetically soft iron alloys
7.1 3.9 Pure Technetium (Tc)
7.2–7.3 4.0–4.1 Pure Niobium (Nb)
5.1–9.6 2.8–5.3 Pure Ruthenium (Ru)
4.5–11 2.5–6.2 Pure Praseodymium (Pr)
7.1–9.7 3.9–5.4 Beta and near beta titanium
8.3–8.5 4.6–4.7 Pure Rhodium (Rh)
8.3–8.4 4.6–4.7 Purr Vanadium (V)
5.5–11 3.1–6.3 Zirconium alloys
8.4–8.6 4.7–4.8 Pure Titanium (Ti)
8.6–8.7 4.8–4.8 Mischmetal
7.6–9.9 4.2–5.5 Unalloyed or low-alloy titanium
7.7–10 4.3–5.7 Alpha beta titanium
4.0–14 2.2–7.8 Molybdenum alloys
8.8–9.1 4.9–5.1 Pure Platinum (Pt)
7.6–11 4.2–5.9 Alpha and neat alpha titanium
9.3–9.6 5.2–5.3 High-chromium gray cast iron
9.3–9.9 5.2–5.5 Ductile high-chromium cast iron
9.1–10 5.1–5.6 Pure Gadolinium (Gd)
8.4–11 4.7–6.3 Pure Antimony (Sb)
8.6–11 4.8–6.3 Maraging steel
9.9 5.5 Protactinium (Pa)
9.8–10 5.4–5.8 Water-hardening tool steel
10–11 5.6–5.9 Molybdenum high-speed too steel
6.8–14 3.8–7.8 Niobium alloys
9.3–12 5.2–6.5 Ferritic stainless steel
7.6–14 4.2–7.5 Pure Neodymium (Nd)
11 5.9 Cast ferritic stainless steel
8.9–12 4.9–6.9 Hot work tool steel
9.5–12 5.3–6.6 Martensitic stainless steel
9.9–12 5.5–6.5 Cast martensitic stainless steel
11 6.1 Cermet
10–12 5.6–6.6 Ductile silicon-molybdenum cast iron
10–12 5.6–6.5 Iron carbon alloys
9.3–12 5.2–6.9 Pure Terbium (Tb)
9.8–13 5.4–6.9 Cobalt chromium nickel tungsten
10–12 5.8–6.7 High-carb on high-chromium cold work
tool steel
11 6.2 Tungsten high-speed tool steel
8.5–14 4.7–7.8 Commercially pure or low-alloy nickel
11 6.3 Low-alloy special purpose tool steel
7.1–16 3.9–8.7 Pure Dysprosium (Dy)
9.3–13 5.2–7.2 Nickel molybdenum alloy steel
11–12 6.1–6.6 Pure Palladium (Pd)
11 6.3 Pure Thorium (Th)
11 6.4 Wrought iron
10–13 5.7–7.0 Oil-hardening cold work tool steel
7.6–15 4.2–8.5 Pure Scandium (Sc)
11–12 6.1–6.8 Pure Beryllium (Be)
6.3–17 3.5–9.4 Carbide
10–13 5.7–7.3 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy steel
CTE
Material10
6
/K 10
6
/°F
11–12 6.1–6.9 Shock-resisting tool steel
12 6.5 Structural steel
11–13 5.9–7.1 Air hardening medium-alloy cold work
tool steel
11–13 6.2–7.0 High manganese carbon steel
10–14 5.6–7.6 Malleable cast iron
12 6.6 Mold tool steel
8.8–15 4.9–8.4 Nonresulfurized carbon steel
11–14 5.9–7.5 Chromium molybdenum alloy steel
9.4–15 5.2–8.2 Chromium alloy steel
12–13 6.5–7.0 Molybdenum/molybdenum sulfide alloy
steel
12 6.8 Chromium Vanadium alloy steel
11–14 5.9–7.6 Cold work tool steel
11–14 6.0–7.5 Ductile medium-silicon cast iron
7.6–17 4.2–9.4 Nickel with chromium and/or iron,
molybdenum
11–14 6.2–7.5 Resulfurized carbon steel
12–13 6.4–7.4 High strength low-alloy steel (HSLA)
4.8–20 2.7–11 Pure Lutetium (Lu)
10–15 5.6–8.3 Duplex stainless steel
9.9–13 5.5–7.3 High strength structural steel
9.0–16 5.0–8.9 Pure Promethium (Pm)
12–13 6.5–7.4 Pure Iron (Fe)
11–14 5.9–8.0 Metal matrix composite aluminum
10–15 5.6–8.6 Cobalt alloys (including Stellite)
6.0–20 3.3–11 Pure Yttrium (Y)
11–15 6.0–8.5 Gray cast iron
9.0–17 5.0–9.6 Precipitation hardening stainless steel
13 7.4 Pure Bismuth (Bi)
7.0–20 3.9–11 Pure Holmium (Ho)
11–16 6.1–8.6 Nickel copper
13 7.4 Pure Nickel (Ni)
14 7.5 Palladium alloys
12–14 6.8–7.7 Pure Cobalt (Co)
10–17 5.6–9.6 Cast austenitic stainless steel
13–15 7.0–8.2 Gold alloys
8.1–19 4.5–11 High-nickel gray cast iron
14 7.8 Bismuth tin alloys
7.0–20 3.9–11 Pure Uranium (U)
14 7.8 Pure Gold (Au)
10–19 5.3–11 Pure Samarium (Sm)
7.9–21 4.4–12 Pure Erbium (Er)
13–16 7.0–9.0 Nickel chromium silicon gray cast iron
14 7.8 Tungsten alloys
14–15 7.7–8.4 Beryllium alloys
12–18 6.7–10 Manganese alloy steel
10–20 5.6–11 Iron alloys
9.7–19 5.4–11 Proprietary alloy steel
15 8.5 White cast iron
12–19 6.7–10 Austenitic cast iron with graphite
8.8–22 4.9–12 Pure Thulium (Tm)
14–18 7.5–9.8 Wrought copper nickel
13–19 7.0–10 Ductile high-nickel cast iron
4.5–27 2.5–15 Pure Lanthanum (La)
16–18 8.8–10 Wrought high copper alloys
17 9.4 Cast high copper alloys
15–19 8.3–11 Wrought bronze
17–18 9.2–9.8 Cast copper
16–18 9.1–10 Wrought copper
17 9.6 Cast copper nickel silver
9.8–25 5.4–14 Austenitic stainless steel
16–19 8.9–11 Cast bronze
16–19 8.9–11 Wrought copper nickel silver
18 10 Pure Barium (Ba)
(continued)
Source: Thermal Properties of Metals and Alloys, ASM, 2002
544 / Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 544
Table A6.2 (continued)
CTE
Material10
6
/K 10
6
/°F
18 10 Cast copper nickel
18 10 Pure Tellurium (Te)
18–20 9.9–11 Silver alloys
19 11 Pure Silver (Ag)
17–21 9.4–12 Wrought brass
16–23 8.9–13 3xx.x series cast aluminum
silicon+copper or magnesium
16–24 8.9–13 2xxx series wrought aluminum copper
16–24 8.9–13 Zinc copper titanium alloys
16–24 9.1–13 6xxx series wrought aluminum magnesium
silicon
20 11 Pure Strontium (Sr)
20–21 11–12 Cast brass
18–24 10–13 1xx.x series commercially pure cast
aluminum
20–22 11–12 4xx.x series cast aluminum silicon
19–23 11–13 2xx.x series cast aluminum copper
12–32 6.4–18 Pure Gallium (Ga)
22 12 Manganese (Mn)
12–22 6.9–12 4xxx series wrought aluminum silicon
22 12 Pure Calcium (Ca)
21–24 12–13 7xxx series wrought aluminum zinc
22–24 12–13 3xxx series wrought aluminum manganese
23 13 8xx.x series cast aluminum tin
23 13 Unalloyed aluminum ingot
22–25 12–14 1xxx series commercially pure wrought
aluminum
23–25 13–14 5xx.x series cast aluminum magnesium
24–25 13–14 7xx.x series cast aluminum zinc
21–29 12–16 Tin lead
22–28 12–15 Zinc aluminum
23–27 13–15 Zinc copper aluminum
CTE
Material10
6
/K 10
6
/°F
25–26 14–15 Cast magnesium aluminum zinc
25–26 14–15 Pure Magnesium (Mg)
25–26 14–15 Wrought magnesium aluminum zinc
25–26 14–15 Cast magnesium aluminum manganese
26 15 Cast magnesium rare earth
17–36 9.2–20 Commercially pure tin
25–27 14–15 Commercially pure magnesium
26 15 Pure Ytterbium (Yb)
20–33 11–18 Pure Indium (In)
25–28 14–16 Lead tin solder
27–29 15–16 Commercially pure or low-alloyed lead
28 16 Tin silver
23–24 13–19 9xx.x series cast aluminum plus other
elements
29 16 Pure Lead (Pb)
28–30 16–17 Pure Thallium (Tl)
26–32 14–18 Magnesium alloys
20–40 11–12 Unalloyed or low-alloy zinc
22–40 12–22 5xxx series wrought aluminum magnesium
30–32 17–18 Pure Cadmium (Cd)
33–35 18–19 Zinc copper
35 19 Pure Europium (Eu)
37–49 21–27 Pure Selenium (Se)
56 31 Pure Lithium (Li)
64 36 Pure Sulfur (S)
69–71 38–39 Pure Sodium (Na)
83 46 Pure potassium (K)
90 50 Pure Rubidium (Rb)
14–203 7.8–113 Pure Plutonium (Pu)
125 70 Pure Phosphorus (P)
97–291 54–162 Pure Cesium (Cs)
Table A6.3 Summary of thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity, approximate ranges at room temperature to 100
C (212
F), from lowest to highest value
Thermal conductivity
MaterialW/m K
Btu/
(h ft °F)
2–3 1–2 Pure Tellurium (Te)
0.2–5 0.1–3 Pure Selenium (Se)
3 2 Pure Sulfur (S)
5 3 Pure Technetium (Tc)
5–8 3–5 Pure Plutonium (Pu)
8 5 Permanent magnet iron alloy
8 5 Pure Manganese (Mn)
6–11 3–7 Beta and near beta titanium
8–11 4–7 Pure Bismuth (Bi)
6–12 3–7 Alpha beta titanium
8–10 5–6 Pure Mercury (Hg)
6–14 4–8 Cobalt chromium nickel tungsten alloys
4–17 2–10 Alpha and near alpha titanium
11 6 Pure Gadolinium (Gd)
11 6 Pure Dysprosium (Dy)
11 6 Pure Terbium (Tb)
11 7 Pure Cerium (Ce)
11–13 6–7 Cermet
9–15 5–9 Nickel molybdenum alloys
13 7 Austenitic cast iron with graphite
13 7 Pure Praseodymium (Pr)
13 8 Mischmetal
13 8 Pure Lanthanum (La)
13 8 Pure Samarium (Sm)
11–16 6–10 Ferritic stainless steel
10–17 6–10 Pure Yttrium (Y)
Thermal conductivity
MaterialW/m K
Btu/
(h ft °F)
13–15 7–9 Cobalt chromium tungsten alloys
14 8 Pure Europium (Eu)
14–16 8–9 Manganese alloy steel
25 15 Cast martensitic stainless steel
15 8 Pure Erbium (Er)
15 9 Pure Promethium (Pm)
11–21 6–12 Austenitic stainless steel
16 9 Pure Scandium (Sc)
16 9 Pure Gallium (Ga)
16 9 Pure Holmium (Ho)
16 10 Pure Lutetium (Lu)
1–33 0.6–19 Cobalt alloys
17 10 Pure Neodymium (Nd)
17 10 Pure Thulium (Tm)
12–24 7–14 Cast austenitic stainless steel
18 11 Pure Barium (Ba)
15–22 9–13 Pure Titanium (Ti)
15–22 9–13 Low-alloy titanium
33 19 Pure Rubidium (Rb)
11–28 6–16 Uranium alloys
8–35 5–20 Nickel with chromium, iron, molybdenum
13–30 7–17 Duplex stainless steel
22 13 Cast ferritic stainless steel
19–25 11–15 Pure Rhenium (Re)
20–25 11–15 Maraging steel
14–31 8–18 Martensitic stainless steel
Source: Thermal Properties of Metals and Alloys, ASM, 2002
Appendix 6: Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels / 545
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 545
Table A6.3 (continued)
Thermal conductivity
MaterialW/m K
Btu/
(h ft °F)
13–32 8–19 Precipitation hardening stainless steel
22–24 13–14 Pure Hafnium (Hf)
19–27 11–16 Pure Zirconium (Zr)
24 14 Pure Indium (In)
8–40 5–23 Zirconium alloys
17–42 10–24 Hot work tool steel
22–29 13–17 Cast nickel-silver copper alloys
17–34 10–20 Pure Antimony (Sb)
22–30 13–17 White cast iron
20–32 12–19 Cold work tool steel
24–29 14–17 Shock-resisting tool steel
18–36 11–21 Pure Cesium (Cs)
13–42 8–24 Ductile cast iron
25–30 15–17 Pure Uranium (U)
20–36 12–21 High-speed tool steel
24–34 14–20 Lead antimony
10–50 6–22 Nickel steel
16–45 9–26 Nickel copper alloys
23–45 13–26 Cast copper-nickel
34 20 Low-alloy lead
13–55 7–32 Magnetically soft iron alloy
34–35 19–20 Pure Lead (Pb)
29–41 17–24 Pure Gallium (Ga)
23–50 13–28 Chromium alloy steel
11–63 6–37 Specialty stainless steel
38 22 Pure Thorium (Th)
39 22 Pure Ytterbium (Yb)
36–43 21–25 Chromium molybdenum alloy steel
40 23 Tin antimony
27–54 16–31 Tantalum alloys
35–57 20–33 Lead tin
25–58 14–33 Ultrahigh strength steel
37–48 21–28 Molybdenum alloy steel
31–54 18–31 Pure Vanadium (V)
39–46 23–27 Pure Thallium (Tl)
34–54 20–29 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy steel
44 26 Nickel molybdenum alloy steel
8–83 5–48 Nickel specialty alloys
12–81 7–47 Cast bronze
46–57 27–33 Tin lead alloys
47 27 Pure Protactinium (Pa)
45–50 26–29 Niobium alloys
46–50 27–29 High-manganese carbon steel
47–52 27–30 Resulfurized carbon steel
29–70 17–40 Niobium alloys
20–80 12–46 Gray cast iron
50–51 29–30 High-strength low-alloy steel
29–72 17–42 Mold steel
51 30 Malleable cast iron
18–86 11–50 Low-alloy nickel
53–54 30–31 Pure Niobium (Nb)
38–71 22–41 Nonresulfurized carbon steel
52–57 30–33 Pure Tantalum (Ta)
54–57 31–33 Tin silver alloys
58 34 Pure Rubidium (Rb)
42–75 24–43 Cast magnesium aluminum manganese
44–75 26–43 Cast magnesium aluminum zinc
48–71 28–41 Pure Rhenium (Re)
56–65 32–38 Pure Germanium (Ge)
52–74 30–43 Pure Tin (Sn)
67 39 Pure Chromium (Cr)
60–76 35–44 Pure Palladium (Pd)
21–116 12–67 Wrought nickel-silver copper alloys
69–73 40–42 Pure Platinum (Pt)
71–76 41–44 Pure Lithium (Li)
68–80 39–47 Pure Iron (Fe)
Thermal conductivity
MaterialW/m K
Btu/
(h ft °F)
77 44 Pure Thorium (Th)
35–121 20–70 Carbide based material
47–110 27–64 Wrought magnesium aluminum zinc
80 47 Pure Indium (In)
51–113 30–65 Cast rare earth magnesium alloys
72–92 42–53 Pure Nickel (Ni)
69–99 40–57 Pure Cobalt (Co)
87 50 Pure Osmium (Os)
88 51 Pure Rhodium (Rh)
88 50 Pure Gallium (Ga)
87–91 50–53 Pure Chromium (Ch)
84–97 49–56 Pure Cadmium (Cd)
56–142 32–82 Magnesium alloys
65–138 38–80 Tungsten alloys
96–108 56–97 (2xx.x series) Cast aluminum copper
100–108 58–63 Potassium (K)
25–189 14–109 Cast brass
21–195 12–115 Wrought copper nickel
108–113 62–65 Low-alloy zinc
105–125 61–72 Pure Zinc (Zn)
105–125 61–72 Zinc aluminum
116 67 Pure Ruhenium (Ru)
88–146 51–85 (5xx.x series) Cast aluminum magnesium
125–126 72–73 Pure Calcium (Ca)
26–230 15–133 Wrought bronze
100–159 58–92 (7xx.x series) Cast aluminum zinc
92–168 53–97 (3xx.x series) Cast aluminum silicon plus
copper or magnesium
117–146 68–85 Wrought magnesium zinc
131–138 76–80 Pure Sodium (Na)
133–138 77–80 Cast magnesium zinc
138–155 80–90 (4xxx series) Wrought aluminum silicon
121–163 70–94 (4xx.x series) Cast aluminum silicon
141–147 82–85 Pure Iridium (Ir)
134–155 77–90 Molybdenum (Mo)
138–156 80–90 Pure Silicon (Si)
145–151 84–87 Pure Rhodium (Rh)
130–178 75–103 Pure Tungsten (W)
112–205 65–118 (5xxx series) Wrought aluminum
magnesium
153–167 88–97 Pure Magnesium (Mg)
109–212 63–123 Beryllium alloys
100–234 58–135 Wrought brass
154–193 89–112 (3xxx series) Wrought aluminum
manganese
121–227 70–131 (7xxx series) Wrought aluminum zinc
167–184 97–106 (8xx.x series) Cast aluminum tin
146–210 85–121 Pure Beryll ium (Be)
112–251 65–145 (2xxx series) Wrought aluminum copper
85–315 49–182 Cast high copper alloys
167–244 97–141 (1xxx series) Commercially pure wrought
aluminum
142–284 82–164 (6xxx series) Wrought aluminum
magnesium silicon
209–222 121–128 (1xx.x series) Commercially pure cast
aluminum
221–247 128–143 Pure Aluminum (Al)
80–410 46–237 High copper alloys
117–431 21–249 Molybdenum alloys
194–391 112–226 Wrought coppers
292–316 169–182 Pure Gold (Au)
346–391 200–226 Cast copper
360–413 208–239 Silver alloys
417–428 241–247 Pure Silver (Ag)
415–493 240–285 Silver tungsten
633–716 366–414 Silver tungsten carbide
546 / Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 546
Table A6.4 Thermal conductivities of carbon and low-alloy steels
Conductivity, W/m K, at°C(°F) (a)
AISI-SAE
grade
Treatment or
condition
0
(32)
100
(212)
200
(392)
300
(572)
400
(752)
500
(932)
600
(1112)
700
(1292)
800
(1472)
1000
(1832)
1200
(2192)
1008 Unknown 59.5 57.8 53.2 49.4 45.6 41.0 36.8 33.1 28.5 27.6 29.7
1008 Annealed 65.3(b) 60.3 54.9 ... 45.2 ... 36.4 ... 28.5 27.6 ...
1010 Unknown ... 46.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1015 Annealed 51.9 51.0 48.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1016 Annealed 51.9 50.2 47.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1018 Annealed 51.9 50.8 48.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1020 Unknown 51.9 51.0 48.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1022 Annealed 51.9 50.8 48.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1025 Annealed 51.9 51.1 49.0 46.1 42.7 39.4 35.6 31.8 26.0 27.2 29.7
1026 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1029 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1030 Annealed ... 51.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1035 Annealed ... 50.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1037 Annealed ... 51.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1039 Annealed ... 50.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1040 Annealed ... 50.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1042 Annealed 51.9 50.7 48.2 45.6 41.9 38.1 33.9 30.1 24.7 26.8 29.7
1043 Annealed ... 50.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1044 Annealed ... 50.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1045 Annealed ... 50.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1046 Unknown 51.2 49.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1050 Annealed 51.2 49.7 46.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1055 Unknown 51.2 49.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1060 Unknown 50.5 ... 46.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1064 Unknown 51.2 49.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1070 Unknown 49.9 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1078 Annealed 47.8 48.2 45.2 41.4 38.1 35.2 32.7 30.1 24.3 26.8 30.1
1078 Unknown 49.6 48.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1080 Unknown 50.5 ... 46.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1086 Unknown 49.9 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1095 Unknown ... 46.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1117 Unknown 51.9(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1118 Unknown 51.5(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1141 Unknown ... 50.5 47.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1151 Unknown ... 50.5 47.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1522 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1524 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1526 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1541 Annealed 51.9 50.1 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1548 Unknown 50.5 49.0 48.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1551 Annealed 50.7 49.3 48.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1561 Annealed 51.2 49.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1566 Annealed 51.2 49.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2515 Unknown 34.3(b) ... ... 38.2(c) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4037 Hardened and
tempered
... 48.2 45.6 ... 39.4 ... 33.9 ... ... ... ...
4130 Hardened and
tempered
... 42.7 ... 40.6 ... 37.3 ... 31.0 ... 28.1 30.1
4140 Hardened and
tempered
... 42.7 42.3 ... 37.7 ... 33.1 ... ... ... ...
4145 Hardened and
tempered
41.8(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4161 Hardened and
tempered
42.7(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4427 Unknown 36.8(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4626 Unknown ... 44.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5132 Unknown 48.6 46.5 44.4 42.3 38.5 35.6 31.8 28.9 26.0 28.1 30.1
5140 Hardened and
tempered
... 44.8 43.5 ... 37.7 ... 31.4 ... ... ... ...
8617 Unknown ... 43.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8622 Unknown ... 37.5(d) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8627 Unknown ... 37.5(d) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8637 Unknown ... 37.5(d) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8822 Unknown ... 37.5(d) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(a) To obtain conductivities in Btu/ft h
F, multiply values in table by 0.5777893; to obtain conductivities in Btu in./ft
2
h
F, multiply values by 6,933472; to obtain
conductivities in cal/cm s
C, multiply values in table by 0.0023884. (b) Thermal conductivity at 20
C (68
F). (c) Thermal conductivity at 260
C (500
F).
(d) Thermal conductivity at 50
C (120
F)
Appendix 6: Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels / 547
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 547
Table A6.5 Summary of heat capacity
Specific heat capacity, approximate ranges at room temperature to 100
C (212
F), from lowest to highest value
Specific heat capacity
MaterialJ/kg K Btu/lb °F)
113–117 0.027–0.028 Pure Thorium (Th)
92–142 0.022–0.034 Tantalum alloys
116–117 0.028 Pure Uranium (U)
104–140 0.025–0.033 Pure Mercury (Hg)
121–129 0.029–0.031 Pure Bismuth (Bi)
126–130 0.030–0.031 Pure Gold (Au)
112–133 0.027–0.032 Pure Lead (Pb)
130–132 0.031–0.032 Pure Iridium (Ir)
130–131 0.031 Pure Osmium (Os)
129–134 0.031–0.032 Low alloyed lead
128–138 0.031–0.033 Commercial gold
136 0.032 Pure Platinum (Pt)
134–142 0.032–0.034 Pure Tungsten (W)
137–140 0.033 Pure Rhenium (Re)
111–167 0027–0.040 Uranium alloys
130–150 0.031–0.036 Pure Thallium (Tl)
134–151 0.032–0.036 Tungsten alloys
130–159 0.031–0.038 Lead antimony alloys
131–159 0.031–0.038 Pure Plutonium (Pu)
144–148 0.034–0.035 Pure Hafnium (Hf)
147 0.035 Pure Tantalum (Ta)
150 0.036 Pure Lutetium (Lu)
154 0.037 Pure Ytterbium (Yb)
160 0.038 Pure Thulium (Tm)
162 0.039 Pure Cerium (Ce)
165 0.039 Pure Holmium (Ho)
168 0.040 Pure Erbium (Er)
171 0.041 Pure Dysprosium (Dy)
182 0.043 Pure Europium (Eu)
182 0.043 Pure Terbium (Tb)
188 0.045 Pure Promethium (Pm)
190 0.045 Pure Neodymium (Nd)
193–195 0.046–0.047 Mischmetal
150–239 0.036–0.057 Tin lead alloys
195 0.047 Pure Lanthanum (La)
195 0.047 Pure Praseodymium (Pr)
196 0.047 Pure Samarium (Sm)
201 0.048 Pure Tellurium (Te)
204–213 0.049–0.051 Pure Antimony (Sb)
219 0.052 Tin silver alloys
213–239 0.051–0.057 Lead-tin alloys
205–238 0.049–0.057 Pure Tin (Sn)
205–247 0.049–0.059 Commercially pure tin
230 0.055 Cadmium
202–267 0.048–0.064 Pure Cesium (Cs)
236 0.056 Pure Gadolinium (Gd)
201–272 0.048–0.065 Niobium alloys
235–239 0.056–0.057 Pure Silver (Ag)
238 0.057 Pure Ruthenium (Ru)
201–280 0.048–0.067 Molybdenum alloys
236–246 0.056–0.059 Pure Palladium (Pd)
234–251 0.056–0.060 Commercial silver
244–248 0.058–0.059 Commercial palladium
229–264 0.055–0.063 Pure Indium (In)
233–264 0.056–0.063 Indium Semi-conductor Grade
254 0.061 Pure Rhodium (Rh)
246–276 0.059–0.066 Pure Molybdenum (Mo)
268 0.064 Pure Niobium (Nb)
285 0.068 Pure Barium (Ba)
281–289 0.067–0.069 Pure Zirconium (Zr)
298–300 0.071–0.072 Pure Yttrium (Y)
308 0.074 Pure Strontium (Sr)
310–322 0.074–0.077 Pure Germanium (Ge)
310–328 0.074–0.078 Pure Arsenic (As)
325–331 0.078–0.079 Gallium compounds
272–418 0.065–0.100 Zinc alloys
330–380 0.079–0.091 Pure Rubidium (Rb)
Specific heat capacity
MaterialJ/kg K Btu/lb °F)
337–376 0.080–0.090 Cast beryllium copper nickel alloys
335–390 0.080–0.093 Cast brass
377 0.090 Cast copper-nickels
377.0 0.090 Cast nickel-silvers
375–398 0.090–0.095 Wrought copper-nickels
374–425 0.089–0.102 Cobalt chromium nickel tungsten
alloys
360–420 0.086–0.100 Wrought high-copper alloys
387–393 0.092–0.094 Pure Copper (Cu)
317–462 0.076–0.110 Pure Selenium (Se)
360–420 0.086–0.100 Wrought bronze
372–409 0.089–0.098 Gallium (Ga)
382–400 0.091–0.096 Pure Zinc (Zn)
280–502 0.067–0.120 Zirconium alloys
371–418 0.089–0.100 Wrought brass
398 0.095 Beryllium copper
377–419 0.090–0.100 Wrought nickel silvers
377–420 0.090–0.100 Wrought coppers
383–418 0.091–0.100 Un alloyed or low-alloy zinc
377–439 0.090–0.105 Nickel molybdenum alloys
389–420 0.093–0.100 Cast high copper alloys
335–481 0.080–0.115 Nickel molybdenum alloy steel
376–440 0.090–0.105 Cast bronze
352–473 0.084–0.113 Cobalt alloys
285–545 0.068–0.130 Nickel with chromium and/or iron,
molybdenum
335–502 0.080–0.120 Pr ecipitation hardening stainless steel
418–421 0.100–0.101 Cobalt chromium tungsten alloys
377–565 0.090–0.135 Au stenitic stainless steel
414–452 0.099–0.108 Pure Cobalt (Co)
368–502 0.088–0.120 Nickel steel
439 0.105 Chrome-nickel-iron superalloy
420–460 0.100–0.110 Air-hardening medium-alloy cold
work tool steel
448 0.107 Ultrahigh-strength steel
420–481 0.100–0.115 M araging high strength steel
431–477 0.103–0.114 M artensitic stainless steel
456 0.109 Molybdenum alloy steel
393–525 0.094–0.125 Zinc aluminum alloys
444–473 0.106–0.113 Pure Iron (Fe)
460 0.110 Cast martensitic stainless steel
460 0.110 Mold steel
460 0.110 High-carbon high-chromium cold
work tool steel
460 0.110 Molybdenum high-speed tool steel
460 0.110 Gray cast iron
460 0.110 Cold work tool steel
460 0.110 Water-hardening tool steel
420–502 0.100–0.120 No nresulfurized carbon steel
460–462 0.110 Hot work tool steel
453–473 0.108–0.113 Pure Nickel (Ni)
442–487 0.106–0.116 Pure Chromium (Cr)
440–494 0.105–0.118 Chromium alloy steel
470 0.112 Permanent magnet iron alloys
440–502 0.105–0.120 Du plex stainless steel
460–486 0.110–0.116 High strength low alloy steel (HSLA)
461–486 0.110–0.116 High-manganese carbon steel
461–486‘ 0.110–0.116 Austenitic cast iron with graphite
448–502 0.107–0.120 Chromium molybdenum alloy steel
418–540 0.100–0.129 Nickel copper alloys
460–502 0.110–0.120 Au stenitic cast stainless steel
430–532 0.103–0.127 Commercially pure or low-alloy nickel
460–502 0.110–0.120 Du ctile cast iron
486 0.116 High strength structural steel
481–502 0.115–0.120 Resulfurized carbon steel
475–508 0.113–0.121 Pure Manganese (Mn)
460–527 0.110–0.126 M alleable cast iron
(continued)
548 / Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 548
Table A6.5 (continued)
Specific heat capacity
MaterialJ/kg K Btu/lb °F)
500 0.119 Cast ferritic stainless steel
498–506 0.119–0.121 Pure Vanadium (V)
420–586 0.100–0.140 Ferritic stainless steel
460–572 0.110–0.137 Alpha and near alpha titanium alloys
370–674 0.088–0.161 Alpha beta titanium alloys
460–586 0.110–0.140 Cast stainless steels
510–553 0.122–0.132 Manganese alloy steel
490–580 0.117–0.139 Beta and near beta titanium alloys
513–599 0.123–0.143 Pure Titanium (Ti)
515–597 0.123–0.143 Unalloyed or low-alloy titanium
448–670 0.107–0.160 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy
steel
561–567 0.134–0.135 Pure Scandium (Sc)
623–655 0.149–0.156 Pure Calcium (Ca)
691 0.165 Carbon
712–728 0.170–0.174 Pure Silicon (Si)
733 0.175 Pure Sulfur (S)
741 0.177 Pure Phosphorus (P)
770 0.184 Pure Potassium (K)
864 0.206 (4xxx series) Wrought aluminum
silicon
816–963 0.195–0.230 (2xxx series) Wrought aluminum
copper
893–920 0.213–0.220 (3xxx series) Wrought aluminum
manganese
895–933 0.214–0.223 Pure Aluminum (Al)
875–963 0.209–0.230 (2xx.x series) Cast aluminum copper
920 0.220 (8xxx series) Wrought
aluminum+other elements
879–963 0.210–0.230 (5xxx series) Wrought aluminum
magnesium
Specific heat capacity
MaterialJ/kg K Btu/lb °F)
887–963 0.212–0.230 (6xxx series) Wrought aluminum
magnesium silicon
800–1050 0.191–0.251 Cast magnesium aluminum zinc
795–1050 0.190–0.251 (7xxx series) Wrought aluminum zinc
900–963 0.215–0.230 (1xxx series) Commercially pure
wrought aluminum, 99.00% or
greater
960–963 0.229–0.230 (3xx.x series) Cast aluminum
silicon+copper or magnesium
963 0.230 (4xx.x series) Cast aluminum silicon
963 0.230 (5xx.x series) Cast aluminum
magnesium
963 0.230 (7xx.x series) Cast aluminum zinc
963 0.230 (8xx.x series) Cast aluminum tin
966–1050 0.231–0.251 Cast magnesium rare earth alloys
1010–1050 0.241–0.251 Commercially pure magnesium
962–1109 0.230–0.265 Wrought magnesium aluminum zinc
alloys
1000–1080 0.239–0.258 Cast magnesium aluminum
manganese
1025–1064 0.245–0.254 Wrought magnesium zinc alloys
1050 0.251 Cast magnesium zinc
1060 0.253 Pure Magnesium (Mg)
1222–1234 0.292–0.295 Pure Sod ium (Na)
1285–1620 0.307–0.387 Pure Boron (B)
1500–1630 0.358–0.389 Beryllium alloys
1886–2070 0.450–0.494‘ Pure Beryllium (Be)
3300–3515 0.788–0.840 Pure Lithium (Li)
Table A6.6 Specific heats of carbon and low-alloy steels
AISI-
SAE
grade
Treatment
or
condition
Mean apparent specific heat, J/Kg K, at °C(°F)
50–100
(122–212)
150–200
(302–392)
200–250
(392–482)
250–300
(482–572)
300–350
(572–662)
350–400
(662–752)
450–500
(842–932)
550–600
(1022–
1112)
650–700
(1202–
1292)
700–750
(1292–
1382)
750–800
(1382–
1472)
850–900
(1562–
1652)
1008 Annealed 481 519 536 553 574 595 662 754 867 1105 875 846
1010 Unknown 450 500 520 535 565 590 650 730 825 ... ... ...
1015 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 599 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1016 Annealed 481 515 ... ... ... 595 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1017 Unknown 481(a) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1018 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 599 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1020 Unknown 486 519 ... ... ... 599 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1025 Annealed 486 519 532 557 574 599 662 749 846 1432 950 ...
1030 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 599 .... ... ... ... ... ...
1035 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 586 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1040 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 586 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1042 Annealed 486 515 528 548 569 586 649 708 770 1583 624 548
1045 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 586 ... ... ... ... .... ...
1050 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 590 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1060 Unknown 502 544 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1070 Unknown 490 532 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1078 Annealed 490 532 548 565 586 607 670 712 770 2081 615 ...
1086 Unknown 500 532 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1095 Unknown 461(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1117 Unknown 481 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1140 Unknown 461(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1151 Unknown 502(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1522 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... 599 ... ... ... ... ... ...
1524 Annealed 477 511 528 544 565 590 649 741 837 1449 821 536
(continued)
(a) Specific heat at 25–95
C (75–200
F). (b) Specific heat at 20–100
C (68–212
F). (c) Specific heat at 20–200
C (68–392
F). (d) Value presented is mean value of
temperatures between 20
C (68
F) and the higher of the cited temperatures. (e) Specific heat at 10–25
C (5080
F). (f) Average specific heat from 25540
C
(80 1000
F)
Appendix 6: Physical Properties of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels / 549
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 549
Table A6.6 (continued)
AISI-
SAE
grade
Treatment
or
condition
Mean apparent specific heat, J/Kg K, at °C(°F)
50–100
(122–212)
150–200
(302–392)
200–250
(392–482)
250–300
(482–572)
300–350
(572–662)
350–400
(662–752)
450–500
(842–932)
550–600
(1022–
1112)
650–700
(1202–
1292)
700–750
(1292–
1382)
750–800
(1382–
1472)
850–900
(1562–
1652)
1561 Annealed 486 519 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4032 Unknown ... 461(c) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4130 Hardened
and
tempered
477 515 ... 544 ... 595 657 737 825 ... 833 ...
4140 Hardened
and
tempered
... 473(d) ... ... ... 519(d) ... 561(d) ... ... ... ...
4142 Unknown ... 502(c) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4626 Normalized
and
tempered
335(e) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 615(f) ... ... ...
4815 Unknown 481(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
5132 Unknown 494 523 536 553 574 595 657 741 837 1499 934 574
5140 Hardened
and
tempered
452(d) 473(d) ... ... ... 519(d) ... 561(d) ... ... ... ...
8115 Unknown 461(b) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8617 Unknown 481(a) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8637 Unknown ... 502(c) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(a) Specific heat at 25–95
C (75–200
F). (b) Specific heat at 20–100
C (68–212
F). (c) Specific heat at 20–200
C (68–392
F). (d) Value presented is mean value of
temperatures between 20
C (68
F) and the higher of the cited temperatures. (e) Specific heat at 10–25
C (5080
F). (f) Average specific heat from 25540
C
(801000
F)
550 / Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_541-550.pdf/Appendix_6/ 18/8/2008 4:32PM Plate # 0 pg 550
APPENDIX 7
AISI to Non-AISI Steel Cross Reference
Table A7.1 Cross-references of standard SAE carbon and low-alloy steels to selected chemically
similar steels
Specifications established by standards organizations from the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Italy,
and Sweden.
United states
(SAE)
Fed. R. of Germany
(DIN)
Japan
(JIS)
United Kingdom
(BS)
France
(AFNOR NF)
Italy
(UNI)
Sweden
(SS
14
)
Carbon steels
1005 1.0288, D5-2 ... 970 015A03 ... 5598 3CD5 1160
1.0303, QSt32-2
1.0312, D5-1
1.0314, D6-2
1.0393, ED3
1.0394, ED4
1.1012, RFe120
1006 1.0311, D7-1 ... 970 030A04 A35-564 XC6FF 5598 3CD6 1147
1.0313, D8-2 970 040A04 5771 C8 1225
1.0317, RSD4 970 050A04
1.0321, St23
1.0334, StW23
1.0335, StW24
1.0354, St14Cu3
1.0391, EK2
1.0392, EK4
1.1009, Ck7
1008 1.0010, D9 G34445 1449 3CR A35-551 XC10 5598 3CD8 1142
1.0318, St28 STKM11A 1449 3CS XC6 1146
1.0320, St22 (11A) 1449 3HR XC6FF
1.0322, USD8 1449 3HS
1.0326, RSt28 1717 ERW101
1.0330, St2, St12 3606 261
1.0333, St3, St13
1.0331, RoSt2
1.0332, StW22
1.0336, Ust4, Ust14
1.0337, RoSt14
1.0344, St12Cu3
1.0347, RRSt13
1.0357, USt28
1.0359, RRSt23
1.0375, Feinstblech
T57, T61, T65, T70
1.0385, Weissblech
T57, T61, T65, T70
1.0744, 6P10
1.0746, 6P20
1.1116, USD6
1010 1.0204, UQSt36 G4051 S10C 1449 40F30, 43F35, A33-101 AF34 5331 C10 1232
1.0301, C10 G4051 S9Ck 46F40, 50F45, CC10 6403 C10 1265
1.0328, USD10 60F55, 68F62, C10 7065 C10 1311
1.0349, RSD9 75F70 (available in HR,
HS, CS conditions)
7846 C10
1.1121, Ck10 5598 ICD10
1.1122, Cq10 1449 4HR, 4HS, 4CR, 4CS 5598 3CD12
970 040A10 (En2A,
En2A/1, En2B)
5771 C12
970 045A10, 045M10
(En32A)
7356 CB10FF,
CB10FU
(continued)
Name ///sr-nova/Dclabs_wip/Failure_Analysis/5113_551-562.pdf/Appendix_7/ 21/8/2008 4:56PM Plate # 0 pg 551
Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
L.C.F. Canale, R.A. Mesquita, and G.E. Totten, editors, p 551-562
DOI: 10.1361/faht2008p551
Copyright © 2008 ASM International®
All rights reserved.
www.asminternational.org