Camp J. The Archaeology of Athens

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THE ARCHAEOLOGY

OF ATHENS

THE

ARCHAEOLOGY

ATHENS

JOHN M. CAMP

Yale University Press New Haven and London

To Elizabeth Ann Fisher

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copy-

ing permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public

press), without written permission from the publishers.

The Composing Room of Michigan, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Printed in Italy by EuroGrafica SpA, Vicenza.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Camp, John M., 1946–

The archaeology of Athens / John M. Camp

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0–300–08197–9

1. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Athens. 2. Athens (Greece)—

Antiquities. 3. Historic sites—Greece—Athens. I. Title.

DF275 .C28 2001

938⬘.5—dc21

2001002711

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production

Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Preface ix

PART I

THE MONUMENTS OF ATHENS

1 INTRODUCTION

THE PHYSICAL SETTING

2 THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD 11

Paleolithic and Neolithic 11

Early Bronze Age 12

Middle Bronze Age 13

Late Bronze Age 14

3 EARLY AND ARCHAIC ATHENS 21

The Dark Ages 21

The Eighth and Seventh Centuries 22

The Sixth Century 26

Solon 26

Peisistratos 28

The Rise of Democracy 39

The Persian Wars 47

4 CLASSICAL ATHENS 59

Kimon 63

Perikles 72

The Parthenon 74

The Propylaia 82

The Temple of Athena Nike 90

The Erechtheion 93

The Lower City 100

Attica 106

The Peloponnesian War 117

The Fourth Century 137

5 HELLENISTIC ATHENS 161

6 ROMAN ATHENS 183

7 LATE ROMAN ATHENS 223

Epilogue 239

PART II

SITE SUMMARIES

ATHENS

247

Acropolis 248

Acropolis Slopes 254

Agora 257

Kerameikos 261

Mouseion Hill, Pnyx, Areopagos 264

Olympieion, Southeast Athens 266

ATTICA 271

Acharnai 274

Brauron 277

East Coast: Steireia, Prasiai

(Porto Raphti, Koroni, Perati) 281

Eleusis 283

Ikaria 289

Marathon 291

Peiraieus 294

Phyle 299

vi CONTENTS

Rhamnous 301

Sounion 305

Thorikos 311

West Coast: Euonymon, Aixone,

Cape Zoster, Cave of Pan

(Trachones, Glyphada,

Vouliagmeni, Vari) 315

BORDER AREAS 319

Eleutherai 319

Oropos (Amphiareion) 322

Salamis 324

Abbreviations 328

Illustration Credits 329

Index 330

Contents vii

Preface

The city of Athens has played a leading role in the development of European civiliza-

tion. When we look back through time to the origins of so many of the institutions and ac-

tivities which thrive or are valued today, we are led to ancient Greece and, most often, to

Athens in the Classical period (480–323

.). Time and again we find a connection with

antiquity and a sense that little has changed but the technology; this is true in the case of

theater, philosophy, art, law, athletics, medicine, architecture, and politics. Every time we

watch a marathon, walk through the colonnaded facade of a public building, tell the story of

the tortoise and the hare, or vote, we pay tribute to the enduring legacy of ancient Greece.

Of the figures associated with the greatest accomplishments of Classical Greek civi-

lization, many were native Athenians and others were drawn to the city from all over the

Mediterranean to contribute to a remarkable period of intellectual and artistic achieve-

ment. Statesmen and playwrights, historians and artists, philosophers and orators—

Thucydides, Aischylos, Sokrates, Pheidias, Euripides, Demosthenes, Aristotle, and Praxi-

teles—all f lourished here in the fifth and fourth centuries, when Athens was the most

powerful city-state of Greece; collectively they were responsible for sowing the seeds of

Western civilization.

Here, too, the political institution of democracy first took root under the guidance of

Solon, Kleisthenes, and Perikles. Even when the city’s political, economic, and military sig-

nificance waned, Athens remained an influential cultural and educational center for cen-

turies, drawing teachers and students of philosophy, science, logic, and rhetoric until the

sixth century

. Archaeological exploration of the city and study of its monuments can

therefore shed light on all aspects of the early history of modern institutions.

Archaeology is the study of the past using physical evidence: buildings, monuments,

gravesites. When we study Athens we are especially fortunate, however, because the abun-

dant archaeological record can be supplemented by an equally rich written tradition. Much

of ancient Greek literature is, in fact, Athenian or concerns Athens. The historians He-

rodotos, Thucydides, and Xenophon provide a narrative account of the fifth and fourth cen-

turies

., which can be supplemented by the extant speeches of orators such as Demos-

thenes, Lysias, and Lykourgos. In the years around

. 100 the philosopher Plutarch

studied in Athens and later wrote a series of biographies which include considerable infor-