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ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɨɞɧɚɤɨɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦɬɨɝɨɱɬɨɜɫɟɬɟɤɫɬɵɛɵɥɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵɨɞɧɢɦɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦɍɥɶɮɢɥɨɣɡɚɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ

ɬɨɤɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɝɟɪɦɚɧ

ɫɤɢɦɹɡɵɤɨɦɇɚɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɛɵɥɢɫɨɡɞɚɧɵɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɩɢɫɶ

ɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɨ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɧɚɪɹɞɭɫɨɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɦɢɪɭ

ɧɚɦɢIII ± IV ɜɜɝɨɬɫɤɢɟɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɨɛɨɣɛɨ

ɝɚɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪ

ɧɨɫɬɹɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɹɡɵɤɨɜ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ

ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɯɱɟɪɬ

ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ

ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɨɣɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɨɜȼɦɟɫɬɟɫɬɟɦɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɝɨɬɫɤɢɯ  ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ

ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɢɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɤɧɢɦɨɫɨɛɨɟɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɩɪɢ

ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɬɢɣ

ɫɤɢɯɢɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɨɜɱɬɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɭɠɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ

ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ

Ⱥɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɢɟɝɨɦɟɫɬɨ

ɫɪɟɞɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɨɜ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢ

ɩɚɈɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɬɪɢɤɪɚɬɤɢɯa, i, uɢɱɟɬɵɪɟɞɨɥɝɢɯǀǌƝ

Ư).

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ

i Ư uǌ

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ:

Ɲ ǀ

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟɧɢɠɧɟɝɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ

ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɤɫɭɠɟɧɢɸɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɚe

ɢ o ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯɜ

ɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸɤɩɟɪɟ

ɯɨɞɭɜɞɨɥɝɢɟƯ ɢǌȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɫɨɜɩɚɥɢɞɜɚɞɨɥ

ɝɢɯɬɢɩɚƝɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶɜɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɤɚɤɫɚɦɨ

ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɮɨɧɟɦɵƝ

ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣɝɥɚɫɧɵɣɨɬɧɨɫɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɧɢɡɤɨɝɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚɢƝ

ɭɡɤɢɣɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣɝɥɚɫɧɵɣɜɵɫɨ

ɤɨɝɨɩɨɞɴɺɦɚɉɪɢɷɬɨɦɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟƝ

ɜɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ

ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟ

ɧɢɸɜɫɬɨɪɨɧɭƗ ɱɟɪɟɡɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ae, ɱɬɨɧɚɲɥɨ

ɫɜɨɟɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɜɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ

ɋɪƝ

ɝɨɬlƝtan ɢɧɟɦlassɟn

± ɝɨɬhƝr ɢɧɟɦhier

ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɜɨɜɫɟɯɫɥɭɱɚɹɯɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢ

ɦɨɨɬɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɝɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨɢɦɟɟɬɭɡɤɢɟi ɢu, ɜɡɚɩɚɞ

ɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɤɪɚɬɤɢɯe-i; o-u ɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɩɨ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ Ɇɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ e ɢ o ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬa ɢɥɢoɢ± i ɢɥɢuɟɫɥɢɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣɫɥɨɝɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬi

ɢɥɢu:

ɞɜɧberan ɧɟɫɬɢ± biru ɹɧɟɫɭ

©ɍɡɤɢɣªƯ ɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɫɹɱɟɪɟɡei:

ɝɨɬbeitan, steigan, weis.

Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟɝɥɚɫɧɵɟi ɢ u ɩɟɪɟɞɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɢ h, r ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢ

ɥɢɫɶɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɤɚɤe ɢ o, ɚɧɚɩɢɫɶɦɟɨɧɢɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ai ɢ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ au:

DLKUڝ ƝDXKU ǀ

ɝɨɬ wair, faihu

ɂɬɚɤɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟai ɢau ɦɨɧɨɮɬɨɧɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɜƝ ɢǀ, ɚɥɸɛɨɟ

e > iɤɪɨɦɟɩɨɡɢɰɢɣɩɟɪɟɞr, h, hwɚu > o,

ɟɫɥɢɡɚɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢh, r.

Ɍɚɤɢɦɨɛɪɚɡɨɦɫɨɞɧɨɣɫɬɨɪɨɧɵɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ

ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟɢɦɟɥɢɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ± ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟi

ɢu ɛɵɥɢɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ

ȼɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɫɬɚɪɨɟɱɟɪɟ

ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɚɛɥɚɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɨ ɜ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪ

ɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɝɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ

ɜɚɧɢɹɢɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Ɍɚɤ ɫɥɨɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫ

ɫɨɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ

ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦɝɥɚɫɧɵɯɜɤɨɪɧɟi (ai) ± a:

I ± V-ɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨ

ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

Ɵ ± ă-ɧɭɥɶ ɢɟƟ± ǂ -ɧɭɥɶ:

ɝɨɬreisan ± rais ± risum ± risans ɜɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ

VI -ɣɤɥɚɫɫɝɨɬɫɤɢɯɫɢɥɶɧɵɯɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɱɟɪɟ

ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɝɥɚɫɧɵɯɜɤɨɪɧɟɩɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɟă ± ǀ ɢɟă ± Ɨ

ɝɨɬfaran ± fǀr ± fǀrum ± farans ɟɯɚɬɶ

ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɛɟɡ

ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɯɢɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɯ

ɝɨɬsun

us ɢɦɩɟɞɱ± sunjus ɢɦɩɦɧɱ

ɝɨɬnima ɥɟɞɱ± nimis ɥɟɞɱ

ȼ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɚɛ

ɥɚɭɬɚɱɬɨɢɩɪɢɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯɮɨɪɦɫɢɥɶɧɵɯɝɥɚɝɨ

ɥɨɜ

ɝɨɬdrinkan ɩɢɬɶ± drank ɩɢɬɶɺ

Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɚɹɜɥɹɟɬ

ɫɹɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɬɚɤɨɝɨɜɚɠɧɨɝɨɞɥɹɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɨɜɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɦɥɚɭɬɚ

ɝɨɬharjis ɢɞɚɫɜɧhere.

ɝɨɬkuni ɢ ɞɚɫynn.

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜ

ɲɟɫɬɜɚɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɨɜ

ɋɨɧɨɪɧɵɟr, l, m, n

ɉɨɥɭɥɝɥɚɫɧɵɟj [i], w.

Ɂɜɨɧɤɢɟɳɟɥɟɜɵɟb >ڊ@bÿd

Ɂɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟۚ>ɬɢɩɚɭɤɪɝ@g, kȤ

Ɂɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟɥɚɛɢɨɜɢɟɥɹɪɧɵɟgwڝkw

Ƚɥɭɯɢɟɳɟɥɟɜɵɟf, ଵ >ɬɢɩɚɚɧɝɦɟɠɡɭɛܵ], s

Ƚɥɭɯɢɟɫɦɵɱɧɵɟp, t

ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦɱɬɨɜɨɫɧɨɜɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɜɱɚ

ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚɥɟɠɢɬɩɟɪɜɨɟɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ

1-ɟɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ

ɢɟ. ɡɜ. ɫɦɵɱ. ɫ ɩɪɢɞɵɯ. bh, dh, gh, gwh ŇŇ ɝɟɪɦ. ɡɜ. ɫɦɵɱ.

bڊÿdۚg, gw

ɫɤɪbhirƗmi ɥɚɬphprǀ ɝɨɬbairan ɞɚ beran ɞɜɧberan

ɢɟɡɜɫɦɵɱ b, d, g, gw ŇŇɝɟɪɦɝɥɫɦɵɱ p, t, k, kw

ɫɤɪdvƗu) ɥɚɬduo ɝɨɬtwai ɞɚ twa

ɢɟɝɥɫɦɵɱ p, t, k, kw ŇŇ ɝɟɪɦ ɝɥɳɟɥ f, ଵȤڝ

ɫɤɪpitir- ɥɚɬpater ɝɨɬfadar ɞɚ

fder ɞɜɧ. fater

Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ

ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɬɨɱɬɨɨɧɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟɤɨ

ɧɟɱɧɨɟz ɜɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢɩɨɫɥɟɧɟɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨȼɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɷɬɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟz ޓ s ɩɨɨɛɳɟɦɭɞɥɹɷɬɨɝɨɹɡɵɤɚɩɨɬɟɪɢɡɜɨɧɤɨ

ɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ s ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɤɨɧɰɟɫɥɨɜɚɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɨɬɬɨɝɨɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹɥɢɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸ

ɳɢɣɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢɢɥɢɧɟɬ

ɝɨɬdags, gasts, sunus, blinds

ȼɞɫɤɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹɩɟɪɟɯɨɞz ޓ r ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɪɨɬɚɰɢɡɦɚ

ɋɪɝɨɬdags ɞɢɫɥdagr ɢ ɞɜɧtag ɞɚ. dg.

Ɉɛɳɟɣ ɝɨɬɨɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɝɥɨɫɫɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ⱥ ɏɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚɜ

ɢɧɬɟɪɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ

ɱɚɫɬɶɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɞɨɥɝɢɯɫɨɧɨɪɧɵɯ -jj- ɢ -ww- ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪ

ɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ

ɞɢɮɬɨɧɝ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɚ

ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚɫɶɜɫɦɵɱɧɵɣɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣg ©ɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹª-jj-,

-ww- ):

ɝɟɪɦ. *-jj- ޓ ɝɨɬ-ddj- (< *-ggj-), ɞɫɤ-ggj-; ɝɟɪɦ. *-ww- ޓ ɝɨɬ

* -ggw- ɞɫɤ-ggw-.

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɚɹɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ -jj- ɢ -ww- ɩɨɫɥɟɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨɩɪɢɜɨ

ɞɢɥɚ ɤ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɦɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ

ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ >ngw@ ɉɨɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ

ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɏɨɥɶɰɦɚɧ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɟ

ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ

ɫɥɨɝɗɉɪɨɤɨɲɫɱɢɬɚɥɱɬɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟɜɫɟɠɟɩɚɞɚɥɨɧɚɤɨ

ɪɟɧɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɝɥɚɫɧɨ

ɝɨ

Cɪɞɜɧzweio ɞɫtweio ± ɝɨɬ. twaddje ɞɢɫɥtveggja.

ɞɜɧtaju ± ɝɨɬ. daddjan ɞɲɜdggia.

ɞɚ. treowe ɞɜɧtriuwi ± ɝɨɬtriggws ɞɢɫɥtryggr.

ɞɜɧbliuwan ± ɝɨɬbliggwan.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ

ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɜɨɧɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ b, d, z ɜɧɭɬɪɢ

ɫɥɨɜɚɫɝɥɭɯɢɦɢf, p, s ɜɤɨɧɰɟɫɥɨɜɚ

ɋɪɝɨɬhlaifs ɢɦɩɟɞɱ hlabias ɪɨɞɩɟɞɱ

Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ

 ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ

ɫɨɧɨɪɧɵɣɩɟɪɟɞɝɥɭɯɢɦɢɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦɢf, ࡛, s:

ɋɪɝɨɬan࡛ar ɞɜɧɚnder.

ɑɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉ ȼɟɪɟɧɟɪɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɹɡɵɤɟɧɟɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶɜɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ

ɋɪ.: ɞɚ. FƝRVDQFƝDVFXURQFRUHQ

ɞɜɧ. kiRVDQNǀVNXUXPJLNRUDQ

ɝɨɬ. kiusan kaus kusam kusans

ɋɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸɫɥɟɞɵɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɫɨɝɥɚɫ

ɧɵɯɩɨɡɚɤɨɧɭȼɟɪɧɟɪɚɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ

ɜɚɧɢɢ

ɥɹɬɶª

Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡ

ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢ

ɪɨɜɚɧɵɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɟɫɥɨɝɢɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵɢɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɟɳɺɜɨɛ

ɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɚɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ  ɫɭɮ

ɮɢɤɫ  ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɦɨɪɮɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ

ɤɨɪɟɧɶ  ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɥɢɲɶ

ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɦɭɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ

ɋɪɝɪ zyg-y-n, ɥɚɬdom-u-s ɢɝɨɬgib-a ɢɥɢɝɨɬhauhs.

ɂɦɹɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɹɡɵɤɟ

ȼɫɢɫɬɟɦɟɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɢɦɟɧɢɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɬɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɦɭɠ

ɫɤɨɣɠɟɧɫɤɢɣɢɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ

ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɮɨɪ

ɦɚɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɚ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟ

ɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣɫɦɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɉɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨ

ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠɢ. Ɂɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɫɦɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɑɬɨɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ

ɝɨɩɚɞɟɠɚɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɜɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɫɨ

ɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ  ɬɨ ɟɝɨ

ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ

ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ

ȼɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɤɚɤɢɜɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɜɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ

ɫɬɢɨɬɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹɬɪɢɬɢɩɚ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ

x ɢɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ

ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ

x ɬɢɩ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ

ɜɫɟɯɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣɤɪɨɦɟɥɢɱɧɵɯɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɮɨɪɦɜɩɚɪɚ

ɞɢɝɦɟɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

x ɬɢɩ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟ

ɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ

ɂɡɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɜɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦɹɡɵɤɟɬɢɩɨɜɫɤɥɨ

ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ

ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ-a-,-ǀ-,-i-,-u-ɢɧɚɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ-n- / -ǀn- / -ein-,-ter-, -

nd- Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɚɞɟɠɧɨɣɮɨɪɦɵɱɬɨɜɟɥɨɤɩɨɬɟɪɟɜɵɱɥɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɨɫɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɉɨɷɬɨɦɭɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ

ɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɞɟ ɨɬ

ɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨɫɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɢɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɟɨɤɨɧɱɚ

ɧɢɹɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶɩɪɹɦɨɤɤɨɪɧɸɫɦɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ

ɧɵɯɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɣɧɚ-ɚ- ɢɧɚ-ǀ-ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɛɵɥɨ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɚ -ter- ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɟɝɨ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨɬɟɪɦɢɧɵɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ȼɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɤɚɤɢɜɞɪɭɝɢɯɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬ

ɜɨɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɦɨɝɭɬɢɦɟɬɶ

ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɢɦɟɥɢɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨalls, midjis, halbs,

fullsɢɥɢɬɨɥɶɤɨɫɥɚɛɨɝɨtaihsma, ibnaɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɈɛɴɹɫɧɹ

ɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠ