Burton T. (et. al.) Wind energy Handbook
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
cross spectra 247
cross spectrum 269
spectrum 241, 244
rotor blade theory 59
rotor disc 41
rotor hub 421
rotor locking 375
rotor thrust 305, 308, 345
power spectrum 306
rotor torque
fluctuations 306
standard deviation 308
rotor whirl modes 412
roughness length 19, 332
Runge-Kutta method 147
S–N curve 388, 391, 399, 403, 424, 429, 432, 458
safety 374
safety factor 459
safety factors, material 388, 392, 403, 447
partial 212
safety system 213, 471, 473
scarf joints 389
scuffing 437
seasonal variations 11
section modulus 405
self-excitation 594
self-tuning controllers 501
sensitivity 552
sensors 471, 502
shadow flicker 527
shaft brake 473
shaft gravity moment 297
shaft moment standard deviation 296
shaft moments 294
shaft tilt 232, 299, 392, 400
shear webs 380
shell structure 380
short-circuit or fault level 572
shutdown 472
simulations 255, 282, 404
wind 249, 271, 292, 401
single-bladed turbines 346
site investigations 517
site selection 512
size reduction factor 302, 320, 323
skew angle 103–109, 112, 133, 137
skin thickness 333, 339, 381
slab foundation 465
SLEDGE 359
sleeved joints 460
slip 372, 439
slip rings 363, 505
slip speed 364
slow voltage variations 573
Smith–Putnam 1
sociological aspects 527
soft towers 374
soft-start unit 588
solidity 51, 52, 63, 71, 125, 139, 174, 175, 176,
177, 338
sound power level, LW 528
sound pressure level, LP 528
spatial variation 26
specially orthotropic laminate 414
specific power 337
spectral analysis 284
spectral gap 12, 17
speed exclusion zones 485
speed-up factor 38
spheroidal graphite iron 418, 421, 445
splash lubrication 437
splice plates 460
spoilers 359
spur gears 436
square-cube law 329
stable 18
stable stratification 18
stall 41, 63, 65, 72, 74, 93, 94, 138, 139, 141, 168–
171, 173, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200
delay 138, 139, 140, 231
regulation 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 189,
195, 201, 209, 489
stall control, passive 350
stall-regulated machines 300, 350, 381, 392, 400
stall-regulation 476
standard air conditions 195
star connection 571
start-up 472
state estimator 486, 502
stationary blade loading 219
stationary blade loads 398
Statistical Energy Analysis 436
statistical prediction 33
step response 497
step-by-step dynamic analysis 264, 271, 279, 292
step-by-step solution 277
stiff towers 374
stochastic loading 289
stochastic loads 228, 239, 255, 268, 296
stochastic rotor thrust fluctuations 306
stochastic tower bending moments 305
Stodola method 258, 260
strain gauges 492
strain-life regression Lines 386
stream-tube 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 67, 80, 119
strength-to-stiffness ratio 407
strength-to-weight ratio 381
structural damping 221, 262, 309, 407
structural loads 478
structural properties 381
sun gear 433
supervisory control 472
support mechanisms 555
surface roughness 18, 35
swept area 336
switch-fuse 593
symmetric laminate 413
synchronous generators 364
synchronous speed 438
synoptic variations 11, 16
tangential flow induction factor 47, 75, 83, 86,
95, 119
INDEX 615
tangential induced velocity 47, 48, 57
Tarifa 546
Taylor’s hypothesis 27
teeter angle
extreme value 275
power spectrum 274
teeter end stops 349
teeter excursions 271
teeter hinge 344, 347
load relief 347
teeter loads 239
teeter natural frequency 271
teeter response
to deterministic loads 273
to stochastic loads 274
teeter stability 349
television relay links 540
Theodorsen’s function 115, 152, 153, 154
three-bladed machine 341
thrust coefficient 35
thrust, or axial force, coefficient 46, 66, 95, 96,
101, 130, 133, 146, 147, 173
thyristor soft-start unit 559
tilting moment coefficient 136, 146
time domain 249
methods 282
time histories 252, 292
tip
blade 355, 358
deflection 405
optimum 481
loss 341, 347
power spectrum 269
relief 435
speed 339
speed ratio 7, 49
vortex 79, 110
tip-loss factor 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 117,
154
tooth bending stress 429
torque
coefficient 64, 176
control 476
demand 484, 491
oscillations 372
torque–endurance curves 429, 431
torsional vibration 488, 491
tower base, critical load case for 300
tower base fore-aft bending moment 309
tower
coupling 276
doorways 463
height 455
loading 300
natural frequency 454, 460
resonant excitation 301
shadow 120, 233, 266, 373
shadow loading 280
stiffness 374
tie-down 463
tubular 455
vibration 478, 486
weight 334
towers, lattice steel 523
stiff 374
trade winds 13
transfer function 494
transformer 560
tubular towers 455
tuned absorbers 437
tuned mass damper 412
tuning 460
turbine wake 35
turbulence 12, 17, 42, 66, 141, 161, 162, 179, 192,
198, 199, 200, 213, 241, 395, 400, 452, 492
intensity 17, 21, 209
models 404
normal 395, 397
spectra 22
TV rebroadcast links (RBL) 539
TV reception 539, 541
two level braking 450
two-bladed machine 341
two-speed operation 361
ultimate loads 211
unstable 18
unstable stratification 18
unsteady flow 141, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150,
152, 154
upwind configuration 373
use-of-system charges 602
vacuum bagging 385
variable slip induction generator 363, 477, 490
variable speed
broad range 362, 441
variable speed operation 25, 68, 184, 189, 196,
362, 441, 477, 481, 488
narrow range 362, 442
variable-speed wind turbines 588
vector-shift relays 597
Veers 250, 283
velocity deficit 35
vibration sensor 471, 474
vibrations in stall 407
visual 519
visual appearance 346
voltage
control 600
flicker 586
level 560
source converter 589
unbalance 582
voltage variations, slow 573
von Karman 22, 404
constant 19
power spectrum 23, 242, 251
vortex cylinder 51, 53, 58, 103, 104, 117
Wagner function 151, 153
wake 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 62,
63, 65, 66, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 97, 100, 142
effects 235
616 INDEX
losses 35
mixing 65, 92
rotation 47, 51, 56, 59, 62, 83, 85, 111, 113, 115,
117
turbulence intensity 36
wake, or flow, expansion 51, 52, 55, 58, 59, 103,
104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 121,
122
watchdog timer 474
Weibull distribution 14, 30
Weibull function 185
Weibull scale factor 185
Weibull shape factor 185
welding imperfections 456
wind atlas 512
wind direction measurement 194
wind farms 511
wind shear 19–20, 34, 120, 193, 202, 207, 215–
216, 233, 267, 274, 295, 299, 332, 348
wind simulation 249, 271, 292, 401
wind speed measurement 193, 194, 196, 206
wind vane 471
wind-power capacity 6
wind-turbine noise 531
windmill brake state 68
wire frames 524, 526
WISPER 388
wood laminates, fatigue properties 391
wood veneer 389
wound rotor induction generators 483
Yaw
fixed 453
free 453
friction damped 453
soft 453
yaw angle 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 106, 120, 124, 125,
132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 145, 146, 396, 400
yaw brake 453
yaw control 356, 477
yaw drive 451
yaw error 204, 392, 395, 452
yaw misalignment 299
yaw moments 348, 452
yaw offset 401
yawed flow 231
yawing moment coefficient 134, 135, 146
zero-upcrossing frequency 222, 324
zeros 495
zones of visual impact (ZVI) 524
INDEX 617