Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IRISH.

279

Ce^.\t]\c^n)<\,

quarter, from ceACA]!,

four.

CoiiniftfA,/".

neighbour, from

corb

and ii]tfA,

jamb,

support.

Cn,f.

a hound; gen.

sing, coi),

(pronounced

Jam,

short);

dat.

coil);

nora. plu. co|r).

Cuii-le,/.

vein;

ciiifle

c|toi8e,

pvdse

of ray

heart.

í)A|le<.\rÍ7,

cup-bearer

;

from

h(v]Í,

festive

gathering.

<t)eA|tr)A,

the palm

of the

hand.

t)lle,/.

flood.

<t)iilleAtb,

the Creator,

from

hiql,

element.

6Af

cu,

eel

;

gen.

eA|*coi)

;

from eA]*,

water, and cit,

hound.

See cii, above.

G/aUóAjjT. (pr. al-y-ali),

a science.

6Alb<v; gen. eAlb<vi);

plu. e^lbATjA;

p|t]oit)-5e]r)ce

eAlbAi)

—

the first fruits

of thy

herds."

—

Deuteronomy, xii.

18,

Irish

Bible by Dr.

MacHale,

345.

Bute,

Ireland; gen.

6i|ieAT)r)

; dat.

Q:>WX]V\).

3ob<\,

m. a smith

;

2l)Ac3ohAi) (smith's

son), MacGowen.

^íiaIa,

shoulder.

peAl|*AtÍ7,

philosopher,

bjieiceAri),

is of the

fifth

and

first.

pjACATT),

debtor;

Ajuf

r\)^t

6iqi)T)

a|i

b-|iiACA

n)A|t

TT)<\icAtr)ui<3-i)e

fci'

A|i

'b-^*iACATT)i)Aib'

y:<y\\ii

and

forgive

us our

trespasses (debts),

forgive our

debtors."

—

The

Lord's Prayer.

'Pioi)i)-5uaIa,/.

woman's name.

Z^iow^waZa,

fair shoulder

joi)5A,/.

nail (of the finger).

)oi\^,f.

a hay-yard.

Laca,

duck; makes the

gen.

sing,

and

gen.

plu.,

Iacat), and

Iacaii)

in the nom.

plu.

l,<vi)Ait)A,

married couple.

LeACA, m.

cheek.

'Lei5eAi)i)y!

Leinster;

Cu]3e le]5eAi)r), province

Leinster^

\.\.\]\-r^^,

the

shin.

2l)iin}<v, /.

Munster;

gen.

2t)urÍ7Ar)

;

as, Cu^je

2t)urbAr),

the

province

Munster.

í)eA|--2t)uTT)AT),

South-Munster

—

IJesmond; 'CuA6-2t)iiTT)AT),

North-Munster,

Thomond;

Oi|i-

2t)utTjAi), East-Munster

—Ormond.

2l)eAnn7A,

_/.

the

mind; u]ti)A)5e

t>A

Tt7eAt)inAr),

mental

prayer, meditation.

230 SELF-INSTRUCTIOX IN

IRISH.

Pei^]\]\\,f.

person.

Sac)*ati),

England; gen.

SokCfAn;

caIatí)

S^cfAn

land of

England.

SeAT)5A,/!

cormorant; fpom

]*eAr)5,

lank.

RAonxe,

Reelion,

in the county

Kildare.

'C4>,]\\te,f.

Teltown, in Aleatli.

"CeAOSvA,

tongue

;

plu. ceAT)5CA.

"CeoiiA,

border,

boundary, limit

;

Latin,

terminus.

U|lle,/*.

elbow;

Latin, ulna

;

ell,

measure.

UlcA,/".

beard.

Ujti'A,

the jamb of

door.

BftAJA,

shoulder, mas.

and

fern.

;

gen. b|iA5A&.

Ca]ia,

7n.

friend,

makes

gen.

CA]tAb,

and dat.

CA|tAi&,

plu.

CAftA&A,

cAiiA]be, and contractedly

cAijibe.

CAHt&e

the

usual form.

CA]tAb,

friend, in the nom.

case, is not

unusual.

It is then of

the

first declension

;

plu. cA|iA]fc.

Cao]ia,

a sheep

;

makes the gen.

sing, and plu. caoji.ac.

nom.

plu.

cAonti3,

sheep.

"CAlArb,

land,

earth, makes gen.

; cAlrbAt),

contractedly

for caIatí^at); dat.

caIaití);

plu. cAlr^AijA and

CAilce.

Those

are the only

nouns

the language that belong to

the

fifth

declension.

EXERCISE LXXII.

2li) c-An)

-|rr)i5eA|-

feiuj

(1)

fUvi)

CA]ftb]b.

When fortune

begins

to frown,

friends

will

be packing."

2ln),

time, being a

noun masc, takes

for

euphony after the article

ah,

the; rlAT), adj.

farewell; literally

(be)

save, sound ; cAjrtojb,

with

friends,

the prepositional

case,

contractedly for

cAtaA&Aib.

i)i6

C|6

Ai) leAi)b &o 5i)í8 at) IcAi^b.

What

the child sees that he doeth."

leAtjb, a child

(pr.

leánov),

gen. lejnb

(pr.

lynv)

;

c]ó, sees, irr,

v.,

5n|6

(nee),

does.

2t)<\

n)ATC

leAc bo

rboÍAÓ,

^<\5 b<\f

;

2^iv

']•

TTjAic

leAC bo

ci\]i;eA6,

pof.

If you

wish

to be lauded, await death.

•If

you

wish to be reviled,

marry."

' Ae laudes

hominem in vita sua'

—

tanquam

Si diceret, lauda post

vitam

magnifica

post

consummationem."

—

Maximus

Hoinilia,

59.

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH-

281

2t)iUeAT;tj

cAO|tA

(5)

cpeub

(I),

A sheep mars

flock."

2t)illeAr)i?

b]toc-corT)litAhA|i

(1)

beA5-beu]-A

(3).

Evil

communications corrupt good manners."

—

St.

Paul.

2t)ic c4v A leA#iv

(5)/|íAou,

M]'l

A1)

luce

(1)

A]il

f]ACAl

(I).

If his cheek is wan,

The

fault rests not with his tooth."

iJt)Cv

tTMnU

bi|ieAC bjogAlcAf

(1)

í)e.

Though

slow yet

sure is God's

justice"

(pé

gen.

t»|A,

God).

"'Eíirep

yap

re koI avriK'

O'Kvfiirios ovk

ÍTeXeffffev

E/c

re Kol o^/e Te\ú."—Book iv.,

II.

160,

161.

Thus

rendered

into Irish verse by Dr.

MacHale

3íé

"7^11

A15

cu||il]t}c bj05AlcA|*

ceAjic

t)A

r)-t)eA

;

Beib

for

imiftc

bi]ieAC,

\)]

5AT) pívé

—

Zrme^

195-6.

Though the

mills of God grind slowly,

yet

they

grind exceeding

small

;

Though

with patience He stands waiting, with

exactness grinds

all."

—

Longfellow's

Poetic Aphorisms.

lAbAi]t

le]f

t;A

co}*Aib

co-f*Ab

A'f

beióeA^

aij

CeAl}I) A

lACAl]t.

long as

the

head is present

do not speak to the feet."

CofAib,

dat.

plu.

cor,/.;

n. 2nd

;

gen.

co]xc,

plu.

cofA;

ceAtjrj,

1st d.

gen.

c]\)r),

plur,

ceA7)nv\.

bjÓeAW

50|XC

(1)

At)

b]A|-AC

(1)

pjAÓ.

"CuiSeAS

CAC

ciaU

(2)

njo

|tA]i)r). (I

;

gen. case)

jl*

ceAjtc

i)eAC A]]i

rn-b|6

]iac

(3).

Mac

Tt)-b]6eAi)0

rr^eAC

(3)

A]]t

cu]b

(3)

b'A

cIa^o

(2).

There

is not

a corn-field

without

wild blade,

Let

each

understand

the

purport of

song.

So,

rarely is

the man

found

whom fortune favors,

That a blight falls

not

some of

his

children.

t>]ArAc,

from

bjAr,

blade

of corn;

^]Aó,

wild; c]aU,

gen.

céjlle;

nAinn

gen.

tiahu,

a song,

a poem,

stanza;

ceAftc,

rare, scarce;

tjeAc

(indeclinable),

individual.

Kac,

luck

;

bnoc-rtAC,

bad

luck

;

&eA5-taA6,

good

lack

;

njeAt,

pining,

bliglrt

;

cl\

cutt

n;eAtrA,

the

crop

blighted.

282

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

C|i]oc

(1)

co|ió|i)

(2)

i)v\

b-oibfte,

finis

coronat

opus.

C|ifoc,

end

;

conóm,

crown

;

oibtie,

gen. of obAni,

(2)

work,

gen

obAitte,

and contractedly

obtxt>, in

which

slender vowel, must,

before b,

be inserted to conform

to the rule

slender

ivith slender, hence

ojbtie.

FORTY-FIFTH LESSON.

ADJECTIVES.

In English, adjectives

remain unclianged in their

termi-

nations. The word ^ood,

for instance, undergoes

change

gender, number,

case,

in the

following

: a

good

man

{rn.)

;

a good

looman

(/.)

;

a good

house

[n.)

;

I see

good

man

{ohj.)

;

/ see' good men

{phi. obj.)

;

good man's

(poss.) house

;

good mens

{plu. poss.)

houses.

The slightest acquaintance with any

foreign language will

show the

mere

English student

that the adjective is

inflected

the noun with which

agrees.

In French

and

in Italian,

for example, it varies

in gender

and

number.

French.,

Italian.

Sing. bon,m.; bonne,

f.,

good.

bono, m.

;

bona,f.

Plu. bons,m.;

bonnes,

f.,

good.

boni, m.

;

bone,/.

In other languages—

say,

Latin,

Greek, German—it varies

gender,

number,

and case :

Nom

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

283

Take an example of

noun and adjective

peAji n)ó]x,

birj

man.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom,

)

Acc.

^'^

^^^^

'^'^^^

^"^

"^*^'^^

Gen.

At)

f:i]t

rbó||i.

t?A

b-peAji rr>ó|t.

Dat.

bo 'rj pevAjt TÍ7Ó]t.

bo i)<v

^eAjtAjb

n^óitA.

tills

example, rnoji, the

nominative

singular,

masculine,

becomes

n)ó||i in

the genitive singular,

and

rijóit^

the

nominative

plural

2lr)

beAt)

rboji,

the big women.

Singular. Plural.

At) beAt)

tT)5|i.

i)A

rr)t)A

n)5]tA

(mora).

Gen.

r)A

rtjtJA

rf)ó||te (jnoirhye) r)A nj-bAr)

n^ofi.

Dat.

't)

rt)i)AO]

rbó[|i.

bo t;A

Ti7r)Aib

rtjojiA.

Agreeing with

noun of the feminine

gender,

rr)ó|t

be-

comes, in the genitive singular, tt7Ó|jie, and in

the dative

xx)ó\\x

;

nom. plu.

n^oftA,

masculine and feminine.

An example, one in which the final vowel of

the adjec-

tive

slender

2li)

i)i\CAb Tt)]!),

the

fine

needle.

Singular. Plural.

^í)

]*i)^cAb

x\)\x).

i)A

frjACAjb

TÍ)|t)e.

Gen.

At)

c-ft)i\cAib

vri\x). r)A

ftjACAb

tt)]!).

Dat.

bo T)'

c-i-tji^CAb ti^ir).

bo tjA ]*t)ACAbAib

rtjítje,

Obs.

—

2t)ii)

is not

changed in

the

genitive

masculine,

because

the peculiar effect

of that

case is to

assume a

slender

vowel.

Now,

as the

vowel is

already

slender,

the

genitive

cannot

assume another,

and

therefore undergoes

change.

Adjectives

are, therefore,

declined

nouns of

the same

gender

and of

the

same

final

syllable. Their inflection

consequently follows

the

analogies

the

fifst,

second,

third,

and

fourth

declensions

nouns.

Those

that end

vowelá

are

invariable.

Adjectives,

therefore,

ending

consonant take

before it

slender

vowel,

(if

not

already in

the final syllable,)

in the

genitive

masculine

;

and an

additional

syllable,

é,

the

noun is

feminine.

284

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

The

]jlural usually ends

a, except

where

the

rule c<\o\

le CAol

rec^uiies e and

not

DECLENSION

ADJECTIVES.

9t)ó|t,

large, great,

big.

SKLF-IXSTRUCTION IN HUSH. 285

makes

AOjbiDe

(gen. fem.), and

syncope, eliding

]

before

i;,

Aoibi)e;

AbAn;,

river, makes

AbA(ne; b and

coalesce,

and

form Abi^e, and

correcting the spelling, the

word becomes

A]br)e,

rivers; ACA]|t,

father, makes A]C]ie

(and

AiciteACA)

the

plural;

b|tACAi|i, a

brother,

friar,

b]iAic|te;

rn]l]Yt

sweet, makes

njiljf-e;

I, from the second last

syllable,

unites

with

-[•,

and

the word assumes the contracted

form

(i)io]*)

rT)]l]'e,

sweeter

;

bilii*,

fond,

makes

&]lfe.

An adjective

ending in

vowel is indeclinable

;

as,

|*oija,

lucky

;

botjA,

unlucky

óftÓA,

golden

(jtb

are

pronounced

]i[i)

;

f.*A&A,

long;

Liv -pAbA, a

long

day.

ÍAece

-pAbA,

long

days.

i)ix]r)e boi)A, an unlucky

person.

*t)AoiT)e

boi)A,

unlucky

people.

'CeAC

óítÓA,

a golden house.

'C]5ce 6|i6a,

golden

houses.

Nouns

terminate

the dative

plural in ]b,

adjectives

do not.

Agreeing

with the noun, the

adjective is, like it, aflfected

aspiration.

Masciiline.

Feminine.

Aspiration of adj.

when

in concord

with

noun ar-

ticulated.

Smg,

Gen.

Dat.

Voc.

PIu.

Nom.

Voc.

Sing.

Nom.

and

Ace.

Dat.

Voc.

In the articulated dative,

the

adjective,

the

modern

language,

suffers

only aspiration

in the

initial

consonant, though

the mutable

the noun

generally

eclipsed.

modern Gaelic the

termination

rarely annexed

the

dative plural.

VOCABULARY.

Guluio,

V. depart,

separate

from

;

ti'euUM5

re,

went oif.

lAfs,

m. fish

;

r-iArs,

the fish

;

At)

c-iAr5

Too|x,

the

large fish

;

gen. case,

ejrs,

nom.

plur.

eirs,

fish;

h-é)r5,

the

fish; tja

l)-

é|r5

n)ÓTiA

A5ur tia

Ij-éirs

BeASA,

the large fish

and

the little fish.

lAf5A]tie,

m. a

fisherman

;

at)

c-jat-

SAifte,

the

fisherman.

y.i)

z]u\t

b]óeArAin

loc

Nev\CAió

at)

r-^Ar-

SAii^e

a;5

nubAl."

Lough

Neagh's

banks

the

fisherman

strays."

—

Moore.

IfoT), gen.

Ifr),

m. flax,

lint,

linen ; A15

buAiT)c

IfT),

pulling flax; A]5

buAjleAB

Ifn,

beetling flax;

IfT)-

eu&Ac,

linen

(cloth);

briAc-lfu,

a sheet;

from bjiAr, a covering,

and

Ifn—

Latin, linum

;

Welsh,

llin.

From

LfoT),

flax,

is derived,

IfoT),

m. gen.

Ifr),

net,

fishing net,

snare

;

Ifr)

]Ar3Ac, a fishing

net

; Ifon

ejriTiló,

an oyster

net,

dredge.

5leAiT)T)ui5, V. to glide away

;

slip

ofl"; from

tleA^'ipAjt), slippery.

286

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IRISH.

EXERCISE

LXXIII.

Nv\

b-éirS

ri^oiiA

A5Uf

]t<v

b-éirs

beA5A.

C)o

Alt) ATjtj

Ajuf

]Af5Aiite

A15 CA|a|XAn5

cixtr»

cji^jje,

lit;

A b|

lixt)

^]y^]h beA5A

A5uf

TT)ó}tA.

<t)o

fleAtr)i)U|5bA]t

r)A

b-^irS

beA5A

cfiib

t)a

po^ll

A-^uy b'

eului5bA|t leo

^ao]

'i;

cojud

;

acc

i)a

b-^irS

Tbó|tA

5AbA6

]Ab,

A5uf

cAjceAO

fceAC

]Ab

A]|t

ai)

lo]i)5.

rnjtjic li5ceA|i

bo't) bjieAn?

beA^,

bocc,

]ye^l

irrjceACc;

^5"r

5AbcA]t Ai;

tbuiuqjt

mójt,

fAi6b||t,

uaj^aI.

EXERCISE

LXXIV.

2lu

pu|icivi)

Ó5

(young

crab) A5U|*

njACAHi.

í)ubA]]ac (said)

í*eAi)-puiicAt) le ceAr)r)

b'A

b-^l

cAb

Ai)

pAC, A

le|t;b (O child),

c^ cii

Ai5

ffubAl

(walking)

tDAfi

]-o

AT|i

cid?

—

|*iubAl

A]]t b'

A5A]6 (walk

forward)."

21 Tt)ACA]ii,"

Afji

(says)

aij pujicivi)

Ó5,

béAupAb

shall

act) rt)A|i

beijx

cu,

n^A

]-)ublAUi)

cii-féjo

|tori}An7

cai|*-

beivi;A6

óah)

At) i;ó|*

]}•

cónt

ti^o

co|f-cé]n)

6íftu5A6.

feixpit

fon^plA

i)A

ceA5Af5.

Example is better than instruction.

Si vis

me Here,

dolendum est primum ipsi tibi.

—

HoratiuSf Epistola ad Pisones.

Obs

—The adjective is not

declined

whenever it

forms part

of the predicate; as,

this man is tall, cC\ ai)

|:eAit

'A]tb';

these men are

tall,

c;\]b i;a

fijt

|-o

'ivfxb.'

In these

sentences

i^)tb

remains unchanged

whether the nominative or subject

singular

plural. But if it is said, these are

tall men,

]|*

p]|i ' ivjibA*

iAb

fo,

then

the adjective

^|tb

suffers

change,

to accord

with the noun

'men,'

'f]ft,'

in the nominative

plural.

the latter case

the adjective agrees

with

the

noun ;

in the former

refers to

the verb, showing that

the

attribute

tallness,' is predicated

the man or of the men.

may

quite

place

explain what the term

predi-

cate'

means. The

word

is derived

from prae, before, in

public,

and

dicare, to tell,

announce ;

therefore,

assert, or de-

clare

The

predicate,

then, is

that

which

is asserted

something taken as

a subject

; as,

the man is

tall

;

man'

the

subject

;

tall,'

is the predicate. In

logic,

man'

the subject,

is,^

the

copula

or connecting

link,

tall,'

the

SELF-INSTBUCTION IN lEISH.

287

attributG.

The predicate

includes

the adjective and

the

verb is,

are,

was, were, &c.

It is thus seen

that naturally and

logically the

attribute

tall,'

a|i&,' being

part of the predi-

cate,

refers

the verb,

and not

the

noun, and

that,

therefore,

its

remaining

unchanged in Irish, as

does

in German, is

quite correct,

logical, and natural. In those

languages

which the attribute

varies,

in Latin,

Greek, Italian,

its

relation extends back to the subject, either directly or in-

directly. In Irish and German it

does

not

do so, but

refers

to the

verb.

EXERCISE LXXV.

the sky

(|*peu]i)

blue,

and

are

the stars

(ftculcA)

bright

(loi;}iAc)

2. The sky

is blue

and

the

stars are

bright. 3. Do

you see

(ai?

b-fieiceATjT)

cii) the

blue sky

and the

bright

stars

(fieulcA lot)it<\cA) ?

see

(pe|C]tD)

the

blue

sky

and the bright stars.

5. Are

the

fields

green

(sUf),

and the pretty

(beAf

a) blossoms

white

? 6. The fields

are not

green,

but the

pretty

blossoms

are white.

7. I

say

that green fields and white flowers

are pretty

to be

seen

(le

•pe]ci'|uc).

8. Are the hills

your country high,

the

men

large,

the women

fair, the

trees fruitful,

the harvest

abun-

dant

(liourijAlt) ? 9.

The hills

are high,

the land

rich,

the

men are

large,

the

women fair,

the trees fruitful,

the

harvest

abundant.

10.

{]y

^]l

l|orr))

see

high hills,

tall

men,

fair

women,

fruitful

trees, and

the harvest

abundant.

11. Have

you large

farms

? 12.

I have not large

farms

—

have

only

one small

farm

;

father

and brother

have

each

large

farm.

13.

Has

your

father fat sheep

(cao|ia]5

ItATTjAiiA) ? 14.

He has

fat sheep. 15.

Has

your

brother

large

stacks

corn

? 16. He

has,

but he is able

consume

twice

the

number

(6a

onte<Nb). 17.

Oh,

know

the

saying:

1ceA|i

t)A

citUACA n)ópA,

ASHi*

ci5i:eAii

le]r

i:)A

ciiuaca

beA3A

—

large

stacks

are eaten, and

small

ones

suffice."

FOETY-SIXTH

LESSON.

DEGEEES

COMPAEISON.

Adjectives

express

the

qualities

of things.

adjective

rnay

have

a certain

quality

—say

(1)

whiteness,

something

differing

from

blackness

redness

—

and so

far

indicates

288 SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

State

or degree, which it can in

certain sense be

called

;

or,

viewing

it in relation

some other

definite object,

may

have the

quality

(2)

higher or

lower degree; or,

(3)

relation to all other

things

the

same

kind,

may

possess

the quality in

state

which no

other object possesses, and,

therefore,

the

highest or

utmost degree. There

are,

then,

three

states

called

degrees,

which an

adjective represents

(1)

the positive,

(2)

comparative, and

(3)

superlative. They

are termed

degrees of comparison, for, even

the

superla-

tive there is

comparison between the

quality found in the

special subject spoken of

and

the

like quality as it abides in

all other things, taking each singly. This

view

of the

super-

lative degree is

correctly expressed in Gaelic

the

form of

words employed.

(a) The

positive

is the simple form

the

adjective

; as,

CAol, slender

;

5eAi;AmA]l,

amiable.

(b)

The comparative expresses an

increase or decrease

of the quality,

form, or number

of one

thing,

respect to

those

that abide in

some other.

(c)

The

superlative

shows

them

exist in the

highest

state, either absolutely

or relatively."

—

College

Irish

Gram-

mar.

REGULAR COMPARISON.

Obs.

—The

comparative and superlative are the same

the

genitive

singular

feminine.

Ex.

: ivjib, high

5|t^6rbA|t, affectionate

;

3itC\ÓAC, loving.

Singular.

Comparative.

Superlative.

''""7-Te,*

}w°rt^„.-.

(,r)

^'^^'fl^l'A^'\!l]]xL

}

^'^'"^^^

5^^\^i^Aiite.

(ir)

3!»i^^"N^ine,

Comparison

equality

^'''

'"'^'^

^^^)

i'loiiounced uid/te.

ipbe.