Bourke Ulick J. Easy lessons, or Self-instruction in Irish / Легкие уроки: самоучитель ирландского языка

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SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

239

'Co'

^|i&

le'

cfiAr),

as liigh

tree.

'Co' ixjtfc)

A3U}*'

]:e]b]|i

é,

as high

possible.

Ob5.

—In plain narrative the terms

vi\ox

and

are

em-,

ployed.

They

serve then

as signs of the

comparative

and

superlative

degrees;

as,

Comparative.

—

'Civ At)

5tMAt;

*r)io|*'

loT)|tv\|5e

'r;<\ ai)

jeAllAC,

the sun is more luminous than the moon.

At)

cejUCfteAC

tjíof'

liiA^ce

'rjA ai) co|ti)AC,

the

light-

ning

was

more rapid than the thunder.

i)o

ceAi;t)U|3

1*6

vi\o\' |*AOi|ie

'ua

ty\o\

fe,

bought

more cheaply than he

sold.

Superlative.

—

2in7eAr5

cjniiui^e

t)a

|*peu|i

|*i

at)

5^1

loi}ftAi3e,

amidst the

orbs of

the

heavens the

sun

is tiie

most

luminous.

Obs.

2 The

superlative relative

requires the

presence

the article

before the noun.

It is in this especially

diíFers

from the comparative

;

as,

c\\\

PeAbA]|i

'at/

ceAtD^Al

'if'

A]|tbe

fAt)

boujAi),

the

Church of St.

Peter is the highest in the

world.

PA^ftif

at/

bA]le

beife

bAilcib

i;a

b-Bujioipe,

Paris is

the handsomest

city of

the cities of Europe

—

Paris

est 'la'

j^liis belle cle

tuutes les villes

de V

Europe.

From

the foregoing examples

of the

relative superlative it

is seen that the

use

the article in

Gaelic liistinguishes

the

superlative from

the comparative,

it does

in the French and Italian

languages. In French,

Italian, English,

the

article

precedes

the adjective

; in

Gaelic, the

noun.

The change arises

from

the positions which,

in these

languages, the adjective

holds in relation

with

the noun

which

qualifies.

Superlative absolute.

—The particles At),

very

;

fivjt,

sur-

passingly

;

corresponding

with

the German sehr, |io,

ex-

ceedingly,

are

employed

Gaelic

to express the superlative

absolute, as very

English,

tres in

French, violto Italian.

Note.

—The

term

V]o\\

which

precedes the comparative,

derived

from rjjó,

a thing

(sometimes in old

writings,

written

^)]),

and

]f,

is,

the third

person singular of the asser-

tive

form of the

verb bo

bejc,

be.

jf,

which goes before

the superlative,

is the

assertive

veib, is.

This is

immediately

290

SELF-INSTEUCTION IN

IRISH.

seen

employing

the

comparative or

superlative form

about

something

which

requires the use of the

past tense

;

as,

"Civ

2t)<s]rie

^)]of

ó|5e

'v^

BjilSI^,

Mary is younger than

Bridget.

2t)<v||ie

DÍ

ó|3e

'i)a

B|ti5ib,

Mary

was

younger

than

Bridget.

Here

v]of

the

present

tense becomes

rji

b" (for

ij]

b<v') in the past.

Again,

in the

present

assertive

form it is seen where

i;i6

(severed

from

]y)

omitted

;

as,

jr'

ói^e

2t)v\iTte

'V'S

Btii5i!5

(with

emphasis), Mary is

younger than

Bridget.

Negative

emphatic

form

—

oije

2t)A]]ie

't)A

BpjSl&j

Mary is not

younger than Bridget.

In the

assertive

negative.

—

ó|5e,

the

verb

is left

understood.

Past tense

'Ni

5]5e

2t)Ai]te

't;^

13]X]'Sp,

Mary

was

not older than Bridget.

From

the

third example above

—

6156

2l)v\i]ie

't;A

Bfii3ib,

Mary

older

than Bridget—

is seen that

]y,

which

points

out

the

superlative, precedes also

the assertive form of

the comparative.

Tlie use

the. article, therefore, before

the

noun,

and other

aids—

such as that

noun governed

preposition—

become necessary to

distinguish

the

former

from

the

latter.

This very readily becomes

known from the

context.

EXERCISE

LXXVI.

Here

are

together—George, Joseph, and Gregory

(3|te5ói|t).

George,

the youngest

(ai;

]]•

o]5o),

you, Joseph, are

the tallest,

and

Gregory is the oldest (v\i)

VV)^)^

'•

f^oii^

v^Ai),

old).

2. (Gregory),

who is the oldest,

you say ?

3. You are.

I am

not, indeed

; with great

respect (lo

uitjiAir)

n7Ó|t)

;

think

you

arc as old yourself

(co

|*eAT)

cu ye^])

a']*

zii,]ro-ye)

\Vell,

—

are not women, that

should

thus dispute about

age.

Certainly

we are

all

old as

that

the

youngest

of'us

should

have sense.

7. I agree with

you

(cu]5]rT) leAc).

How is

your

family (cu]i^n))

9. They

are well,

thank

you.

10. Are your sons

home—

John, Vincent, and

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN IRISH.

291

Alphred

(Uii)feuc

A3uí*

2llf

|ie&)

11. They arc. 12.

Which of them is the

older

(c]<v

ac<v

y]r)Ve)?

13.

Vincent.

14. Which of them is

the

strongest

(]f

Uib]]ie,

from

Iai&jii,

strong)?

15. Alphred. 16.

Do you tell

so? 17. Yes.

18.

And

is he

not

the youngest and the

slenderest (caoI

—

c<\0]le)

? 19. Yes

(]y

ye).

20.

He is

fine

fellow—

btiACAl

biieA5,

or ojpeAji

ivlii]t)

—

his head is

as massive

(c]iorT))

and as

intellectual

(ciAlrb<\|t)

as Daniel

O'Connell's

(le ceAt;t)

i)orbi)A]l

Coi)i)<vill).

21. How

is business doing

(cjAunoi*

b-inql

5i;ocA]óe

ai5

béAr)A6)?

22.

Fairly

(50

ri7eA|*A]aÓA). 23. Is wine dear? 24

is.

25. Is

meat

dearer

(n'jof

bAO]]ie) than bread ('i5<v

a^vívi;)

26. It is.

'27.

Are bread and meat

cheaper

than wine and

spirits

(u]f5e-beACA)?

28. Certainly. 29- Have

you bought

(Afi

ceAT)r)Uf5

en)

gloves (lArijAUA) ?

30.

I have (&o ceAP-

DuijeAf).

31. I

buy

cloth,

and

everything

that

want, in

Dublin. 32.

Why

do you do

—do you

not know that

thus acting

you

injure the

trade

of small

towns, in which

things are sold really

cheap

in large cities ?

VOCABULARY.

'il]ce (pr.

aJc-khf)

proximity

;

aho

Aicc,

iu proximity, ado.

;

near,

by;

Arjn

b-A7ce,

her

proximity,

near her ;

Ann

Aice,

near

him; aiio

n-A]ce,

near

them.

ÓonPA]nc

{khonnark),

saw

;

past tense

V<^]C,

see,

ir.

;

vcic|n;,

see

;

reic^]&,

shall see;

conoAii^c,

saw.

t^fon,

(3rd dec.) a

shelter, protec-

tion

ójotj,

under shelter.

016,

want.

O'a

bni5

rifl

{dha nree shin), for that

reason,

therefore—

literally,

of,

;

A. its,

(brijo)

virtue,

rjn,

that.

2T)An, (conj.) as, even as, like

;

njAn

ceo,

mist ; vi).\]\

blAc

at»

n)ACAine,

as the

flower

the

field

: itjAfi

vin,

that (manner)

;

thus so

;

béAT)

n).\\\

nn.

do so

—

i.e.,

that manner; ^r)^y\

yo,

this

manner

; njAn

ru»)

in that

other

manner.

"il^ATt, (prep.)

for, like to

;

tijAn

rin,

for

that

—

i.e., then, therefore

;

ttjati

AbAjn,

river.

Scejlpe,/.

(2nd

declen,)

a cliff,

bare

mountain ridge

;

gen.

rceilp.

EXERCISE

LXXVII.

2lr)

5AbA|i

Ajui*

Ai) njAbAÓ aUa.

<t)o

coi)nA]Ttc

TTjAbAÓ aUa 5AbAn

A^^x

bi\]i|i

fce^lpe,

^jv

i)iv]t b'

feibjii

\e-\x

ceAcc

at)1)

b-A^ce.

43'^05ai]i

n^A^t

|*]i)

oyvyi]

A^5

|tí\ó

Cv%b

6 aij -pAC

b-|:i!il

a^i)

]'1U

«^r^

C\]c lon7, i}occu]5ce,

A^ut*

leo^t

yex\}i ai)i}

a^ji

a b-

yix\\

blAf A^uf

bUc. í)'a

b]i]5

X]^

z^\]\]\

Ai)iiAf."

292

SKLF-INSTIIUCTION IN

TRISTI.

jiAib

njAjc

A5v\í5,"

]:iteA3v\i|i

At)

5AbA]t,

]]•

ye^]xp.

l]om

feAjiji beA5AT)

1*05

't;a

TDoytAi) le

Ar)fo5.

little

with

peace

and quiet is better than

much

with

contention.

VOCABULARY.

cormo-

At last,

óeifié.

Contention,

strife,

irp^teAr»

'"•

1st

dec.

gen.

in)tt|r.

Durability,

buArjAr, m. ; from

buAtj,

lasting,

enduring.

Fine,

adj.

b^teAs,

X\Ui]n njAireAc,

rsiAiipAc,

gen. fein.

Aluine,

con-

tractedly

ajItjo

(pr.

A]Ué)

; nfor

Ajltje, more

beautiful;

ijfof

fSiA-

")^I5«.

"for

iT^Airio^i-

Raven,

PA05

(vulture),

2nd dec.

rujl

t)A

T:A]n5e,

the eye

the

vulture

;

i:|Ac, m. 1st dec.

gen.

^riAic,

plu.

FjAjc;

piAC

Sub,

raven;

}^]Ac

\\VWo<^>

rant.

Swallow,

Ainleo5, /.

2nd dec.

gen,

A]nleoi5e;

plu.

A]r)leo5A.

See

example

—

nouns

05,

/. of

the

second declension.

óo^^-^'^^

AOT)

rineolAc

(linnets)

tArnn'^ó,

one swallow will

not

make a

summer.

'bnuACAilfn

swallow)

;

from

b|uu\c,

a bank ;

also

called by

some, 5AulAr)

5^0)66

(5AblAi.i,

fork, gable,

one

that

moves

zig-

zag),

and

5Aoice,

wind.

EXERCISE LXXVIII.

The Swallow

and

the

Raven.

There was a contention between

the

swallow

and

the

raven,

which of

them

was the finer bird.

The

raven at

last

said:

"Your beauty stands (is)

for the

summer

alone,

bat

mine

lasts

many

winters."

|:eA]t|i

biiAr)A|* 'i;a

AilueACC.

Durabihty is

better than

beauty.

VOCABULARY.

CAjlin U\tt

cttuions,

a maid

in the

midst

of a

gathering.

Cu,

hound,

5th dec.

gen. cun.

(Most of

these terms have

been

explained

the

foregoing

Les-

sons.)

t)eAl5,

thorn, m.

1st

dec.

gen.

feeils-

l^ejón),

use,

4th dec. 5A1)

Tréjóti)

(gan

feme),

useless.

Séjíie,

compar.

and super,

degree

5euti,

sharp.

3U'ini

1st dec

knee.

iVjij'c,

the gen.

sing,

and nom. plur.

bcAi),

woman,

^)ut)lAC,

m 1st

dec.

gen. njunlAia,

mire;

derived

from

loc,

pond,

«ic.

Yi]tr)t)-\le, super,

i^iiijijeAc;

from

i))rij

(niv), poison.

RAóATtc {rhyark),

sight, vision,

the

ken,

power of seeing.

Uaóa|xc,

sight, is applied

to the

power

seeing;

An^\tic, sight, to

the

thing

seen

;

civ

iiAóAtic

\x).\]t

A5Ain,

I have good

sight;

btieA5 Ai) c-Aii)Ati>i

it is

fine

sight

(thing seen).

5uil,/. 2nd dec,

eye.

reA05A,/,

tongue,

5th

dec,

Ujle,

elbow, arm

;

gen.

ujleAp, 5tli

dec

(Ir)

Fe'A|ttt, better,

best.

SELF-INSTUUCTION IN IRISH.

293

EXERCISE LXXIX.

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.

Mjl

r)]Ó

uíof

5é|fte"

'i;a

ceAi)5A

wvt\.

cut

ue]ce

i|*

r)in)i)15e"

At;i)

buirie;

rail;

slur);

A5ur

ujle.

l^vV

cii]

jtAOAiitc

[rhy-irk)

||*

5é]|ie

aju

bjc

SeAbv\c

Ai|i

cftAt);

ai)i) 5lev\T;;

CA|lir)

U\|i

cjiujijuo.

Nv\

cjii

r)eice

"5^,0

|:é]6ii)

Ajft

bic

CAicevAÓ

doc

Ai|i

cuAt); coií)AjiIu5aó

rnuAO]

boifib;

CAi^c

le ceAt;i)

5AT)

cé)l.

z]\]

Deice

"n*

5énte

aiji

b]c

í)eAl5

n)úf;lAi3,

t:|AcaI

(tooth)

cut;,

A'f

pcAl (word)

ArrjAbi^jT) (of

fool).

-peaitfi

TDÍue

't?A

bo||tbe r\^ó]x,

)(*

feí^iiit

cofji

'í)A bill

cun; blí5ó

;

fe<v]t[t

ccAc beA5

a'|*

csauu

lói;,

'Na

ceAC

njóft

A'f

beA5ÍM;

bjoc.

FORTY-SEVENTH LESSON.

ADJECTIVES

IRREGULAR IN THE MODE

COMPARISON.

The adjectives

irregular

in their

mode

comparison in

English

are

Positive.

Comparative.

Superlative.

Good,

better,

best.

Bad,

ill,

worse,

worst.

Little,

less,

least.

Much,

or many,

more, most,

and some few

others.

The

adverbs

also derived from

these

adjectives

are ir-

regular :

Well,

better,

best.

John sings well

{adv.)

;

James,

better (adv. comparative)

;

Jane,

best

[adv.

superlative).

Badly,

worse,

worst.

Little,

less,

least.

294

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

Gaelic

those irregularly

compared are

Positive, Comparative. Superlative.

BeA3,

little,

small,

vioy

1115

v\ (pr. Ihoo),

luJA.

pAbA,

long

; from

SELF-INSTRUCTION IN

IRISH.

295

Obs.

—

"Ciilfce

means sooner,

in regard to

time

; luAice,

sooner, in

respect

speed.

<t)oi;v\, means

unfortunate, unlucky,

opposed to

foi}<\,

lucky.

The learner

knows that

adjectives in

Irish become

ad-

verbs by

the

particle

preceding

them ;

as,

ttjaic,

good

;

rr)c^]t,

well

;

oi:)a, prosperous

;

foi)A,

prosperously

—

(See

Easy

Lessons," Part

I.,

49,

Eleventh

Lesson.)

It is

only adjectives in the

positive

degree

that become

adverbs

the

influence of the

preposition

50.

For,

the

comparative and superlative

form of adverbs

—like

the

words

better, best, worse, worst, in

English—is the

same

that of

the

adjectives fi-om which they

are

derived.

That

such

comparatives or superlatives are

adverbs

can

known

only

from

the context

; as,

"Civ

SeojifA

i)io|*

^•eivftfi

'i)a

Seipjie,

George

.is better

than

GcoflVy.

f^jof

):ei\]\]%"

—here is an

adjective.

LAbAjtAi)!)

Sco|ii*A ]f]o\'-

]:ci\]\\i

'i;a

Self

fie,

George

speaks

better than

GeoiFry

(adv.).

feAiifi

lAbA|iv\i)i;

Sii)&]fc»

^i)A

ceACCA|i aca,

Jane

speaks

better

than any of

them

(if

feA]iit,

better, adv.).

EXERCISE

LXXX.

In which an example of each

irregular

adjective is given»

beA5

ep]]i ai?

c-olc a'^

ai)

rv<s]t.

There

is little between that

(which) is good

and

bad

beA5"

AT)

T)i6

^6bA|i

t)A

b-nj^'^^l'^^*

It is a

little

thing (which

is) the cause

of mishap.

Iuja" (smaller)

'17

fitjbe

ívÓbAji

i;a lo-iqicope.

(Smaller than

flesh-worm is the cause

of calamity.

3)^5

AbA"

U\,

c]5

oi6ce.

Though long

the day,

night

comes.

C&16

T^iof

A]be"

'i;a bo

ACTbu|i)ue.

Do not

go beyond your means.

foiiiif"

fuiueAÓ

Am) A^ce

rjA

n)]r)e.

easy" to bake with meal

hand.

"fUfA^'

]tix6

^t)A

ÓéATJAÓ.

"easier'

say

than to

act.

296

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

pi3r<^"

"^ir^

^^'^'^

^^i"?*

I am

nearest to myself.

Ego

proxhnus

milii.

"|:oi5|'e''

Ai)

bivf

'rjA

f<vo]lceA]t.

Death

nearer"

than

supposed.

5eATin."

e]b]]i At) coocivp

Ajuf

At) aijac.

Short"

is the distance

between

the

hill and the swamp.

There is

little" between

the

sublime and the

ridiculous.

Se^^T^li"

ejbiji

M)\)

iu6 A'f

t)Ae.

5ev\^iii"

bjóeAr atj

c-eu5

ce<\cc.

Short"

is the

time between

this

day

and

yesterday.

Short"

does death be

approaching.

SOII^lie"

CAbAi|i

4)6 't)A

At)

bo]auf.

The assistance

of God is

"nigher"

than (even) the

door.

2t)vvY

iot)tT)uir)"

leAC At)

c]ti\]i),

][*

ioi)rt)U]t)"

leAC

At)

c-ixl.

AT)f

leo

coii)5'|oll

a'i*

CA]6e

rí)ó|x.

They

love

honour and virtue

more.

luAc" beACA Ai)

bii|i)e.

Fleet"

the

lii'e

of man.

"tt)Aic"

rseul

b-c|5 At)

bAtiA

rS^ul.

One

story is

good"

till another

is told.

peA^tjl" At)t) Art) 't)A Al)t) At)C|li^C.

Better'^ in season than out

season.

^eA]t|t"

bAjl

'!)A ]OfDAb.

Good luck

better"

than abundance.

|:a5AI)

At)

n)]\)]C

ODOift.

Often"

d,oes

not receive honour.

"rr>6|i"

biAÍ

bjioc

Tt)t)A-ci5e

cuib bitocbl^éAi5

pejij.

Large"

is the clotty

housewiie's portion

of her own sour

milk.

jt*

rt)0" At)

COjXAt) ^l)A AI) ollAf).

The

noise

greater"

than

the

wool.

T1)0'' A

COjtC

'l)A

CAjflbe.

Its

size is

greater"

than its crop.

fine

show

and asmall crop.

olc At)

5AOC

i)AC

féjbeArx)

idaic

cifi.

It is

a bad

wind

that does not blow some

good

to shore.

<t)A

bOt)A

SeAJlluf

"if

rT)eAfv\"

éA5ft)A|f.

Bad as (was

King)

Charles, it is

worse without

him.

SELF-INSTRUCTIOS IK

IRISH.

^97

Rói|t

Ai|ibe iiAiUe

"if

]r\e"

31)10117.

Greatest talkers least

doers

—literally,

according

to tie

height

vaunting acts get

low.

Bcifi

b|tcc-^*ocAl,

^ocaI

vioy

&oi)a"

'iji)

^1^15«

A bad word

draws

worse

one after

it.

Qui malum

dixit pejus

audiet.

'Co]i, hot

—

comp.

ceojce and ceo. 2it)

cciifce

ai);;

p]U]ij

b'A

5iUéAr}

ceo]ce.

He who

sits first in the saddle

has the

warmest

seat;

the

man

who

gets

possession first has

comfortable

quarters.

Note.

—

The particle jorjA

or 'oa,

than,

follows the

comparative

degree of

the adjective,

and hence makes it

clearly distinguishable

from

the

superlative.

Nfor

precedes

the comparative except

whenever

the

assertive

ir»

»'«.

or asser-

tive

negative

(ir)

is employed. Therefore

whenever

nj,

not

(njon,

not,

for past

tense),

expressed,

nfof

cannot, of

course, be

used,

but

'tjA

(than)

follows.

*^*

These idioms

and

proverbs should be

committed to

memory,

or fre-

quently

repeated aloud. Every word which the

memory

receives

the

intellect

understands is so

much gained.

EXERCISE

LXXXI.

IDIOMS FROM ADJECTIVES.

Translate by

(1)

more)

tjior njó

^ '

, >

than J

. >

less

) v}ox

li»5A

much,

many "I

At)

oifteAb

)

]

not as

much,

many

)

\)]..,m)

ojiteAb

-^5'M-

much,

leo|t;

much money,

leo|t

A]I15i&;

much

wine,

leofi

fjOOA.

(•2)

many

^*^

^"^^^^

"""^"^ people,

leo|i

ftAOjue;

•'

\ioiT)bA (pr. umee),

iot)biiAl.

Many a

man,

iotdSa

^eA]t

—

literally,

it is many a man.

jorT)6v\ is

followed

by a noun

singular.

iorT)ÓA

lev

'fAt)

3-C1U

oitAiui;.

Many a

day shall

be in

the

tomb

—literally, it is many

day

in the

church-yard

us.

CfteACAtj,

a skin.

Ó|5^>/'

youth,

the time of

youth.

298

SELF-INSTRUCTION

IN IRISH.

Oi5e

Ji.

fern,

the

fourth

declension.

It is

formed,

like all abstract nouns of this class,

from

the

gen.

fern,

the

adj., from which it springs;

05,

for instance,

makes

ó|5

the

gen. sing, mas.,

0136

in the gen. sing.

fem.

The noun

thus formed retains the

gender

its last

parent

stock. In

this manner are formed :

Adjective positive.

Genitive feminine. Comparative.

Noun.

Alt»,

high.

Ain&e,

of a

high.

Ajtt&e,

higher.

Ajiibe, height.

bo5,

soft. boi5e,

„

soft.

boi5e, softer.

boi5e,

softness.

CAtij,

crooked,

CA|itje,

„

crooked.Cv\)nje,more

crookedcAjn^^jCrookedness

SeAl,

white, bright 3ile,

„

bright,

sjle,

brighter.

sjle,

brightness.

TAOfx, free.

r^o]yie,

„

free.

r^voifte,

freer.

r-\oitie,

freeness.

reAij,

old.

rifje,

old.

rinne,

older,

rinne,

oldness.

cnon),

heavy.

zr\o]n)e

„

heavy, cnojnje,

heavier.

ctxoin^e,

heaviness.

Ton76v\

c|tev\CAi)

cu]\xei^y

ai)

oije

b].

iMany

coating

does youth cast

(shed)

off it.

Another form

—

pn^OA bU\é

cui|teAf*

Atj

0150

b).

Many a

blossoming

does youth

blow off"

it.

]on)6A co]i Ai)i)

blije Sac|*ai)ai5.

Many

twist in English law.

This is a

proverb

amongst

our humble

people,

who

have but

too

often

experienced

the devious

windings

of British law,

whenever

justice

redressing

their wrongs has been sought.

(3)

Many a time,

ioi^&uaI (frequently),

n^jOjc

;

as,

TOi)buAl

5u|i b

AT) bo

A||tbe

^é\n)

'yA\)

bo^iuy

ji'

b|tA&<xi5e

At)

5-co^ll.

Many

time it is

that

the

cow of the loudest

bellow

the door

is the

greatest

pest

the

wood.

2l)|i)]C

le|5eA|*

beul

i;<v

b-uAi5e

itub

a|5

beul

i;a\J

cituAi5e.

The

mouth of the

grave, often

leaves something

the

mouth

of pity.

rr)|i)jc

bjOcAf

Ai)

vilM'^^

r^Aitb.

Truth is often bitter.

Again

—

ye^]ih

ai)

y\]x]f)e,

w]\]y

biteii3

Aif

uAiitib.

Truth is bitter,

a lie is

agreeable (sweet)

times.

(4.)

(

2I111

AT)

lA5Ab

(pronounced

/Ay-arf/i,

noun

;

from

At least

i«5<^j smaller,

sjuallest).

(,2li)

jiub

1]*

luJA

be.