Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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230
PRINCIPLES SAME.
according
to
Grimm's
simile,
one
three-spoked
wheel
;
but three
concentric
wheels fixed
each from the
beginning
1
in its own
position."
Max Mnller
-Tlie
Science
of
Language,
vol.
ii,
p
231,
232.
London,
Longmans,
Green,
&
Co.,
1873.
Grimm's
Lzw,
and the Hides
for Aspiration
an$
Eclipsis
in Irish are founded on the
same
principles.
The
thought
has, doubtless,
arisen
in
the
mind
of
the
learned reader
to
ask
what
has all
this
to
do
with Irish
Gaelic
?
Grimm's
discovery
has
been,
to
be
sure,
a
great
triumph
in the field
of
comparative
philology,
but what
connexion is
there between
this
splendid
success
achieved
by
the votaries
of
linguistic
science,
on
the
one
side,
and
the
study
of Irish
Gaelic on the other
?
The
answer
is,
much
in
every respect.
It
is
now
admitted
beyond
cavil
;
the fact
is
certain,
for
Grimm's'disco
very
is
styled
a
law,
that
is,
as
shall be
shown,
a
directive
influence
which
invariably produces,
in the
same
circumstances,
uniformity
of results that
this
interchange
of
the
con-
sonants
proceeds
from
a
principle
of
harmony
and
in
ac-
cordance
with
a scientific
directive
agency.
The inter-
change
of
consonants
in
Irish caused
by
aspiration
and
eclipsis
is
identical
with that
which
has led
to the
discovery
of
Grimm's
law,
and
therefore,
is
the
scientific
result
proceeding
from a
principle
of
harmony
and
an
intelligent
directive influence.
The effects
are
identical
the
cause
must
be
the
same. So
the
discovery
made
by
Grimm
has
been
practically
known,
under
another
form and
name,
for the
past
thousand
years
and
longer,
in
Irish-Gaelic
j
nay,
the
modifying
phonetic principle,
and,
perhaps,
the
practice
of
it
came from
the
plains
of
Persia
ages
before
the
supposed
historic
Cadmus had set foot on
the Hel-
lenic shore.
EFFECTS SIMILAR. 231
The
first
phonetic
modification which
the hard
checks,
"
c,
or
k, t,
p,"
undergo
in
the
interchange, according
to
Grimm's
law
is,
that
"
k" becomes
"
kh
;
"
t,"
"
th,"
and
"
p,"
"
ph"
(that
is
"
">
What does
Irish-Gaelic
say
?
This is
just
what
is
produced
in
Irish-Gaelic
by
aspiration,
"
k" becomes
"
kh,
"
c, ch,"
"
t,"
"
th,"
"
p,"
"
ph."
The
second
modified
phonetic
effect results
in
"
kh"
becoming
"
g
;"
"
th,"
"
d
;"
"
ph,"
"
b."
By
the
laws
o
eclipsis
in
Irish,
"
p"
assumes
a
new
sound,
"
b
;"
"c,"
that
of
"
g
;"
"
t,"
that of
"
b
;"
"
f,"
that
of
"
v,"
("
b.")
The
aspirates
"
ch, th,
ph,"
are a middle
element
between
the
hard
checks,
"
k, t,
p,"
and the
soft
ones,
"
g,
d,
b."
Exceedingly
singular,
indeed,
is
the
agreement
between
this
system
of
changes
and that which is
carried out
in
the
Irish
language
of the
present
hour,
both
in
its
spoken
and
written
forms.
ASPIEATION.
When
two
words are to be
joined,
in order to form
a
compound,
as
"
sean," old,
and
"
bean,"
woman
old
woman,
the
compound
term in
Irish
is not
"
sean-bcan,"
(shan-ban)
but
it
is
"
sean-bean,"
"
t>"
aspirated,
(pro.
shan-van)
.
And in
this
way
the
first
letter of
every
word,
as
a
rule,
forming
the
second
part
of
a
compound
term,
becomes
aspirated.
Why
?
Because
words
cannot,
according
to the
spirit
of
the
language,
coalesce
or
harmonize without the
intro-
duction of a
middle sound.
The need
on the
part
of the
Gaelic
language
is
supplied by
this
process
called
"
aspi-
ration."
It
arises
(1)
in
composition;
(2)
in
the voca-
tive,
or
nominative case of
address
;
(3)
in
past
tenses,
in
the
conditional
tense,
in
the
infinitive
mood of
verbs
;
(4)
after
prepositions.
What
is
aspiration
?
It
is a
change
of
the
natural or
primitive
sounds
of
the
consonants,
("
1,
n, r,"
excepted)
232
CHANGES INTO COGXATE3.
into
others
of
homorganic
articulation." Sic
Colleje
IrisJt>
Grammar,
p.
27,
Fifth
Edition.
The
change
in
the
sound
is
in
Irish- Gaelic noted
by
a
()
over the
affected conso-
nant
;
in
Scotch-Gaelic
by
the
use of
"
h
;"
in
Welsh,
by
a
change
of
letter
;
in
Manx,
by
a
change
of letter. It
is
found to
exist,
in a modified
way,
in Latin
and
Greek
;
the
principle,
at
least,
is not
wholly
overlooked.
PROCESS
OF
ECLIPSING
Whdt
is
eclipsis
in Irinh-
Gaelic
?
It is
the
suppression
of the sound of
the
initial
mute consonant
for
that of
a
cognate
letter
which,
in
the
written
language,
is
prefixed
to that
consonant of which
the sound is
silenced,
as
"
go d-t;gid
do
rigaet,"
that
may
come
thy
kingdom (thy
kingdom
come)
;
"t" of
"
tigrl"
is
eclipsed by
the sound
of
"d,"
and to
express
that
change,
"
d" is
inserted before
"
t
;"
"
d"
tells
the
change
of
sound
;
"
t"
(though
not
sounded)
points
out the
radi-
cal
word
"tig,"
come.
Again
"
Ar
b-posa'l,"
our
marriage
;
"
posal" signifies
marriage,
from
"
pos,"
root,
"
bo,"
a cow
;
"
bosaS,"
giv-
ing
cows
;
or from
"bos,"
the
palm
of the
hand,
by
which
mutual
troth
is
plighted
;
"
p"
points
to the
radical
word,
"
b" to
the
new
sound
;
"
p,"
for the
time,
is silenced
or
eclipsed.
Hence
the
name
eclipsis.
Observe Both in the
process
of
aspirating
and cc
7
ips-
ing,
the
change
of
sound,
like sliandi
in
Sanscrit,
can
never be
into
any
other
than that of a
cognate
consonant
;
"
p"
cannot
be affected
by
any
other consonant
than
by
*'
b"
(in
eclipsing)
or
"ph"
in
aspirating;
"
c" can never
be
affected
by
any
other
than
by
"
g"
soft,
or
"
ch,"
when
undergoing
aspiration.
In Welsh
the
eclipsed
consonant
is omitted.
The
radical
consonant
in
Kymric
sometimes
undergoes
fully
four
changes.
Gaelic
retains the
radical
letter while
it
points
out
the
phonetic
change.
In
this
respect
it
is
right.
GRIMM'S
LAW,
LAW OF
GAELIC.
233
By
aspiration
in
Irish-Gaelic,
and
in obedience
to
Grimm's
law
:
Harl.
Aspirate,
f
c becomes
ch,
or
c
(aspirated)
|
t
,,
th,
t
I
P
ph,
f
>
or
P
I.
-j
soft.
|
g
becomes
gh,
or
g
|
d
dh,
or
.d
gh,
y,
[
b
bh,
or
B,
v,
w
BY
ECLIPS1S.
Hard.
Soft.
f c is
eclipsed
by
g,
ar
g-cara,
ourfriend.
t
d,
ar
d-teanga,
our
tongue.
|p
b,
ar
b-pian,
our
pain.
II.
-{
Soft.
1g
by
n,
ar
ngort,
our enclosed
field,
our
garden.
d
ii,
ar
n-dan,
our
poem.
b
m,
ar
m-boid,
our table.
The
consonant
"
f,"
which is
equal
to
"
ph,"
a hard
aspirate,
loses its sound when
under the influence
of
a
process
of
aspiration
: The
new
aspirating
action
destroys
its value
as
a consonant : Ex.
"
Sean-fear,"
old
man,
is
pronounced
"
shan-ar
.
"
F"
is
eclipsed
by
"
v,"
that
is
"
b"
(in Irish)
;
in
Scotch-Gaelic,
"
bh
;"
"
s"
aspirated,
becomes,
in
its
secondary
form,
"
h
;"
ifc is
eclipsed
by
"t,"
as
"
teac an
t-sagairt,"
house
of the
priest;
here
"t"
precedes
"
s,"
and is
sounded,
while
the
phonetic
value
of
"
s,"
f or
the
time,
is lost.
In olden
times,
whenever
eclipse
took
place,
the radical
consonant
was
doubled,
as
"
ar
ccara,"
our
friend;
now
*'
ar
g-sara
;"
"
ar
tteanga,"
our
tongue,
now,
"
ar
c-teauga,"
our
tongue.
In
one
word, tnen,
the
hard consonants
are
eclipsed by
their
soft
cognates
;
the
hard
and
soft
are alike
modified
by
aspiration
into
a
sound
aspirate,
but
invariably
of
cognate
value.
234
TONING
DOWN.
Eclipsis,
like
aspiration,
is a
toning
down of
the
hard
consonants
into
thin,
soft
cognates
;
and of the
soft
con-
sonants
into others
softer
still,
(as
"
b"
by
"
m,"
"
g"
by
"ng,"
"f"
by
"
v,")
to
accord with the
spirit
and
requirements
of the Gaelic
tongue.
The
principle
that
directs
eclipsis
is
the
same
as
that
which directs
aspira-
tion,
but
proceeds
one
step
further,
for
variety
as well
as
harmony.
It calls
upon
the soft.
consonants and
not the
aspirates.
Grimm's
law,
therefore,
from
what
has
been
just
seen
and
stated,
is
to the
European
languages,
what
the
laws
of
aspiration
and
eclipsing
are in
Irish-Gaelic*
(1)
There
is
an
interchange
throughout
all
the
languages
of
Europe
in the
initial
of
certain
consonants
;
there is an inter-
change
like it in
Gaelic.
(2)
That
interchange
is
found to arise
in
certain consonants
;
the
interchange
in
Irish
is
confined to
the
same
class
and
to the same conso-
nants.
(3)
The
change
from
one letter to
another is
always
between
cognate
consonants
never
otherwise.
(4)
The
first infected alteration
is
from
a
hard consonant
to its
aspirate
; next,
to its
soft
cognate.
So,
in
Irish-Gaelic,
by aspiration
the
consonant receives
its first bend
from
the natural form
;
by eclipsis,
the
soft
cognate
is
installed
in
the
phonetic
chair of the hard
primitive.
This
phonetic
system,
which is so
full of
beauty
of
perfection
and
harmony,
has
been
known
to flourish
in
Irish-Gaelic
since
the
days
of the Abbot
of
Boyle
six
centuries
ago
and
under
a
more archaic
form,
long
before
that
period.
It
must
have
come
from the cradle
of
the Keltic
race east
of the
Caspian.
Like the sound of
Van
or the
Digamma,
in the
time
of
Homer,
it
must,
from
the
earliest
period,
have had an influence
on the
spoken
tongue,
although,
in
the
early
monuments
of
the writ-
ten
speech,
its
specific
effects
have not
been
stamped
with
FAVORABLE
TESTIMONY.
235
sufficient
distinctness. Such
is
the
high origin
of these
phonetic processes.
It is
seen
how
beautifully
they
accord with
the
grand
discovery
made
by
Grimm : his law
has been
much lauded.
Aspiration
and
eclipsis
in
Irish-Gaelic can
no
longer
be
condemned
on
phonetic principles.
Within
the
past
decade of
years
Grimm's
law
has
received
from
scholars
that
attention
to which it
is
enti-
tled.
The lectures
of the learned
professor
of
philology
at
Oxford
has
helped
to render
Grimm's
name,
and
his
discovery,
valued
amongst
scholars of the
present
and
coming
time.
FAVOBABLE TESTIMONY.
"
The
laws
of
glossology
are fixed
by
the
same
mind
that fixed the laws
for the
formation of a
crystal
or
the
growth
of
a tree. Grimm's
law
threw as much
light
on
the
science
of
tongues
as
Newton's law threw
on the
phy-
sical
world.
All that we read about
phonetic
decay
and
dialectic
renewal,
is
interesting
in
the
highest degree
;
for
in
them we trace the
working
of the Hand
that
covers
the orchards with
fruit or
melts the
icebergs
as
they
float
from
the
polar
seas." God in
Creation,
p.
17
7
%
Rev.
Fr.
Rawes,
O.S.C.
It
is well
that
young
students
not skilled
in
philosophy
or
theology
should
form,
at
the
start,
a
correct notion
of
law as understood
by
men of
science.
Let them for
a
moment
ascend
in
thought
to
the first
fountain
of
all
law,
and
trace
its descent downwards
from
the
great
central
source of
knowledge
and wisdom
to the
mental
light
that
guides
the
simplest
peasant,
or the
principle
that
controls the
motions
of the summer
breeze.
(1)
The
knowledge
and
wisdom which
first
planned
creation,
and
the
governing
action
of
the Creator is
the
230
SOURCE OF LAW.
great
eternal law.
Lex
dema creztrix
et
gulernatrix
esl
universitatis. St.
Bernard.
(2)
The visible
expression
of
that
divine
wisdom,
as
seen
in
creation
the wonderful
order
which,
like
beauty,
shines
forth in
Nature's
works
is termed
a law
by
St.
Augustine,
Bishop
of
Hippo
;
and
by Paley
;
and
by
the
author
of
Etsay
on Man.
Order
is
Heaven's
first
law.
(3)
We
come
down from the
hights
of
the
moun-
tain of
the Creator's
intelligence
and
wisdom,
and from
that
universal
order,
which,
like
light,
is
shed
over all his
works,
to the
world
on
which
man
dwells;
the
same Divine
mind
rules
the
natural
order,
pointing
out what is to be
done,
and what
to
be
avoided. This
special
view
of the
Divine
will
made known to
man,
directing
the order
of
things
to
be
preserved
and not to
be
broken,
is
called
the
Divine Law. Lex divina
est
ratio vel
volunlas
D^i wi'u-
ralcm
conservari
jubens
perturbari
vetans. St.
Augustin,
Lib.
22,
conira
Faust,
c.
27.
(4)
And a
knowledge
of the
Divine
will
implanted
in
the breasts
of
mankind,
showing
them
by
the
light
of
reason
what is
right
to
be
done
in
accord with
equity
and
truth is called
the Law of
Nature.
(5.)
In
general
that
is termed
amongst
men,
a law
which
is
in the first
place
according
to
reason
;
and
which,
secondly,
directs
the
movements
and the
operations
of
things
to
their
proper
end. This view
of law
is
given
by
the
learned Gerson
:
Lzx esb recta ratio
practice,
se-
cundum
quam
motus
ct
operationes
rcrum
in suos
fines
regulate
ordinantur.
From
the views
here
presented,
it
appears
that
intel-
lectual
guidance
receives
the
name
of
law;
secondly,
that the
repeated
action itself
in the
objects,
or
the
directive
principle,
whatever
it
is,
residing
in
the
objects
NATURAL;
WRITTEX.
237
and
producing
uniform
results,
is
known as
a
"law."
Hence the term
conveys
the
idea of
mental directive
in-
fluence,
or
subjective
guidance,
as well
as
objective
uniformity
of results.
Law,
then,
conveys
the idea of
intellectual or sub-
jective
direction
;
and
of
objective
action combined
how-
ever
with order.
(6.)
The
knowledge
of
what is
right,
and
what is
wrong
is called the Natural
Law.
It
is
a
gleam
of the Divine
mind infused
into
the in-
telligent
nature
of
man anterior
to the time when the
'law" was
given
to
Moses.
That
law received
by
Moses
is
known as the Written Law.
The
Apostle
of the
Gentiles
contrasts the
two
laws,
the
Natural
and the
Mosaic,
in
his
epistle
to the Eomans c.
14,
15.
For when the
Geniiles
ivho hare
not the law
do
Inj
nature,
those
things
that
are
of
the
laiv,
these
liaviny
not
the
law,
are a law to
themselves
;
ivho show the works
of
the
law written
in their
breasts,
their
consciences
hearing
witness to them
and their
thoughts
between
themselves,
accusing,
or also
defending
one
another,
(7)
As
mankind,
in
their
natural
state
are,
as
St.
Paul
shows,
a
law
to
themselves,
even
without
any
written
code,
knowing
what is
right
and what
is
not,
by
the
light
of that
knowledge
which
the
Creator
has
given
them,
so
the
non-intelligent
creatures of
God,
and
the
world
of matter in
its
substance,
in
its
qualities,
in
its
relations,
is
guided
in all
its motions
by
fixed
principles.
These
principles,
whatever
they
are,
like the
centre
of
gravity,
or
like the
electrical or
magnetic
forces,
when
viewed in
relation to
uniform
action,
are
termed
laws.
Fire,
therefore,
and
water,
and their
effects,
heat
and
cold,
fluids and
solids,
in
the
aggregation
or
elimination
of their
constituent
elements,
in
their
substance,
proper-
ties,
results
;
the
sun
and
the
moon,
the
planets,
the
238
LAWS
OF NATURE.
earth,
tides,
the
lands
and its animals
;
the
sea and
its
living
freight,
have
all their fixed
laws,
according
to
which
they
always
act,
and
by
which
they
are
governed,
unless when
an
inner law the
result
of
another
principle,
or
when
the
intelligent
Legislator
who first
established
that
law,
demands,
in
some
special
instance
its
suspension.
It is
worth
knowing
some
of
these
principles
which
govern
God's
creation. A
few of the
laws
from
different
sciences
should
not,
in
this
age.
be
kept
hidden
from the
eye
of
young
students.
There
are, first,
the
three
great
laws
discovered
by
Kepler,
after
a
life of labor
and
study,
the
most
wonder-
ful in
their
way
that ever have
been
conceived
by
the
intellect
of
man,
and arrived
at
by
the
principle
of in-
duction.
The
first
of the
three laws he
discovered
is,
that
each
planet
revolves
round
the
sun in
an
ellipse,
and
the
centre
of
the sun
is
in one
of the
foci. The
second,
that
the
radius-vectores
of the
planets
sweep
out
equal
areas
in
equal
times.
The
third,
which
is the
most
astounding
of
all,
and
which cost
him
the
largest
amount
of
study
and
thought,
that,
if the
squares
of
the
times
of
the
revolu-
tions
of
the
planets
around the
sun be
divided
by
the
cubes
of
their main
distances,
the
quotient
will
be tho
same
for
all the
planets
;
or
in
the
usual
form,
the
squares
of
the
periodic
times
of the
planets
are
as
the
cubes
of
their
distances.
Newton's
law of
gravity
has been
alluded
to
already.
It
is
this
That
the force of the
attraction
of
gravity
varies
inversely
as
the
square
of the
distance.
This same
law
is
equally
true of
heat
and of
light
;
and
of
electrical
and
magnetic
attraction.
If
two sit at
a
fire,
and
one is
twice
as
far removed
from
it as the
other,
the
degree
of
GLIMPSES
OF THE
MIND
OF
GOD.
239
heat
the former
receives
from
the fire
is
four
times less
than
that which
the
latter
enjoys.
Dalton's
law
in chemisti
y
shows that
chemical com-
bination
is
always
in
multiple
proportion.
And
the
writer
will here
quote
from Rev.
Father
Rawes,
who
is
exceedingly
accurate
in
all the
scientific
proportions
which
he
introduces
into his discourses. There
are
five
distinct
chemical
compounds
of
nitrogen
with
oxygen.
The
weight
of
nitrogen
is the
same in
each,
but
the
weight
of
oxygen
is
16,
32,
48,
64, 80,
that
is,
in
arith-
metical
proportion,
1,
2, 4,
5,
6."
Another
law,
regarding
light
:
"
The
signs
of
the
angles
of
incidence
and
refraction
of
light
have a
con-
stant
ratio
to one
another."
And in
gases,
Boyle's
law
shows
that
the
volume
occupied by
any
gas
is
inversely
proportional
to the
pressure
to which
it
is
subjected.
And
this
law
the
densities
of all the
elements
known in
the
gaseous
state
are
identical
with their
combining
weights.
And
again
"
the
velocity
of diffusion
of
different
gasses
is
inversely
proportional
to
the
square
roots of
their
den-
sities."
Then
there
are
laws
of
medical
science,
of
phy-
siology
;
laws
regarding
vegetable
and
animal
life,
which
are
quite
astounding,
yet simple.
All
these
laws
and others
of a
kindred
character,
which
govern
and
direct
matter,
are
to
the
eye
of
the
man
of real
science
glimpses
of the
mind
of
God.
They
are,
as
has been
said,
a
part
of that
eternal
wisdom
which
at
first
planned
and directed
not
only
the
creation
of
matter
and
life,
and mind and
spirit,
and
grace
and
sanctification,
but
established
principles,
and
infused
them
for
guidance
into
their
subjects
at
the
moment
of
creation,
enabling
all,
in their
respective
orders,
to
attain
that
special
end
for
which,
in the
general order,
he
has destined
each creature.
"
God
beholds
the
ends
of
the