Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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250
REMAINS
FOUND
IN THE
ROMANCE
LANGUAGES.
tho next
succeeding syllable
should
be broad
;
if the
vowel
be
slender,
the
following
one
must
likewise be slender."
4.
In
the,Finnish-Tartarian
language say
the
Russian,
the
vowels
are divided ioto
hard and
soft
"
a,
o,
u,"
are
hard
vowels.
Now,
if
the root
syllable
in
these
dialects
be hard
(a,
o,
u,)
the
vowel
of the
suffixes must be
hard.
This
principle
is
very
remarkable in Eussian.
A
distinct character is framed to
note the hard
or
soft
sound.
5. Is
there
any
trace
to
be found
in
the Romance
lan-
guages,
or in
English,
to
point
out
that,
in
former
times,
a
division of
the
vowels
like that
which exists
and flourishes
at
present
in
Irish-Gaelic,
had existed
?
To
this
question
an
answer
in
the
affirmitive must
needs
be
given.
Every body
who is
any
way
acquainted
with
the
French
language
is aware that the
consonant
"
c,"
before
the
vowel
"
e" and
"
i,"
is
invariably
pronounced
like
"
s
;"
and
before
"
a,
o,
u,"
the
same consonant is
articulated
(hard)
like
English
"
k."
What
else is
that but a
rem-
nant of
the slender-vowel
action of
"
e"
and
"
i
?"
The
influence which
these
slender
vowels
have
exercised
on
"
c,"
as
a
consonant,
has,
in
process
of
time,
resulted
in
the
pronunciation
which,
at
the
present
time,
the conso-
nant
"
c,"
before
"
e"
and
"
i,"
receives,
in
contradistinc-
tion
to that
which
it
receives before
"
a,
o,
u."
It has
hap-
pened,
owing
to
vocal
modifications,
and
owing
to
changes
and times
and
dialectic
renewal,
that
this
difference
is not
so
fully
or
so
strongly
marked in other
consonants as
it
is
in
"c." "L" is an
exception.
The action of
the
slender
vocal
force of
"
e,
i,"
on the
liquid
consonant
"
1"
is such
that in
some
words
the
"
1"
sound is
nigh
lost.
Let
us
take
the
Italian
language
next. What
says
Italian
?
what
says
Wallachian ? That with
regard
to
the
articulated
changes
in
the
consonant
"
c"
before
"
e,"
AND
IX
ENGLISH.
251
it cannot be
denied
that
this letter
coming
before
the
slender
vowels
"
e,"
"
i,"
has
an
articulate value
which
it has
not before
"
a,"
"o"
"
u,"
and
hence,
that
the
ac-
tion of
the slender vowels
has told on
this
consonant in
Italian.
And
thus these
vowels,
"
e,"
"
i,"
have,
in
the
other
mutes,
to a
less
perceptible
and
to a
less
dis-
tinguishable
degree,
however,
shown
the
influence that
they
have
exercised
on
the
consonants,
with
which in
sound
they
unite.
Kext,
what
says Spanish
? Before
"
e,"
"
i,"
"
c"
has
the
sound
not of the Italian
and
Wallachian
"tsh,"
but
of
"
th"
sharp
;
before
"
a, o, u,"
it
has the
common
articulate value
of
"
k."
Hence,
in
the
language
of
Castile
and
Arragon
is to
be seen
the
same
phonetic
fea-
iure
that
presents
itself
in
Italian,
Wallachian,
and
French.
Does
this
affection or
change
of sound before
the
vowels
"
e,
i"
exist
in
English
too
?
Yes,
it
is found
in
English.
This
division
of
vowels
into
broad and
slender,
"
leatan
le
leatan,
agus
caol
le
caol,"
has
never,
though
resting
on the first
principles
of
melody
and
euphony,
been
philosophically
treated,
nay,
even
noticed
by Eng-
lish
philologists,
yet
its
use
is
not
foreign
to
the
Saxon
tongue
;
for
"
c" and
"
g"
before
the
broad vowels
"a,
o,
u,"
are
pronounced,
"
c" like
"
k,"
and
"
g"
like
"g"hard;
a
o
u
as,
c,
czt
;
cow
;
cud
;
g>
^garden
;
gone;
c,un
;
while
before
the
vowels
"e,
i"
called
slender,
the same
consonants
are
pronounced
soft
e
i
cent
;
ct'der
;
252 CONCLUSIONS.
From
the
statements and the
proofs
just
presented,
the
following
conclusions
are
certain :
(])
The vowels
can,
naturally
and
in
strict
propriety,
owing
to their
character as
musical
sounds,
be
divided
into two
classes,
broad
(a,
o,
u,)
and
slender
(e, i).
(2)
In
Irish-Gaelic this
division
into
hard and
slender
has
been
known and
put
into
practice
by
the
bards
and
gram-
marians,
from
the earliest
period
of
Ireland's
history.
(3)
In other
languages
this division is
not
unknown
;
nay,
it
holds
an
important
place,
at
this
very
hour,
in
Russian,
in which
a
special
character is
employed
to
point
out
the
presence
of
the
broad or
slender
vowel sound.
(4)
As
the broken
pillars
of
Pompeii
tell
of the archi-
tectural
columns
that
stood
perfect
two thousand
years
ago,
so
the
shattered
remnants of
the slender sounds of
"
e"
and
"
i,"
scattered
among
the
six Romance
languages,
point
to
the
perfect
use
of
the slender or
sharp
vowel
sounds
of
"e" and
"
i,"
in
days
of
early
Roman
pro-
nunciation.
It
cannot, however,
be inferred
that
"
c,"
before
"
i"
in
Latin,
had
at
any period
the
sound
of
"
s"
or
"
ts."
For
it
is
certain,
as has been shown
in
chapter
VI.
of
this
work,
that the
sound
of
"
c,"
even before
"
e"
or
"i,"
t
had,
in
Latin,
always
been the same
as
that of
"k."
(See
c.
vi.,
pp.
127, 128,
129).
OBJECTION.
How,
then,
has
"
c"
in
the Romance
languages,
daugh-
ters
of
Latin,
the
soft and hard sound ?
The
answer
is:
"
c"
in
Latin was
always
hard
before
"
e" and
"
i,"
as
:
well as before
"
a, o,
u."
Every
conso-
nant
partakes
of
the nature
of the
vojvel
in
union with
which
it is
sounded.
Now,
the
vowels
"
e" and
"
i" are
the
highest
in the
scale.
They
are slender
;
they
are
palatal.
They
give
a
pitch
upwards
to
the
articulate
vocal
value of
the
consonants
to
"
c,"
to
"
d,
1, in,
n,"
"
Y" PALATAL
GIVES
THE SLENDER TITCH.
253
to
"
s."
Hence
consonants
sounded with
"
e, i,"
must
have
a
higher
palatal
potency
than when
sounded
in
union
with
"a, o,
u."
The
remnant
of
this
high palatal power
of the
slender
vowels,
"
e, i,"
is
perceptible
at
this hour in
the sounds
which
some
consonants
("notably
"c,
1,")
receive
in
the
Romance
dialects,
and
in
English.
In Irish-Gaelic
the
original
sound of
"
c" before
"e,
i''
is
preserved
in
all
its
integrity
and
fulness. Its
sound is
the sound
of
"
k,"
but
"
k,"
as
in
Kyrie.
Xote,
The
high
palatal
sound
consonants
receive
from
the
presence
of
the slender vowel
sounds,
is
well
repre-
sented
by
"
y"
in
English.
Hence,
as
a
rule,
an Irish consonant
followed
by
"
e,"
is
represented
in
English by
the
same
consonant,
with
"
y"
annexed.
"
The
sound
of
a
slender consonant in
Irish-Gaelic
becomes,
to
an
English
student,
distinct
and
perceptible
by blending
the
sound
of
'y'
with
the
common
conso-
nantal
articulation."
-College
Grammar,
p.
20.
The
consonant
"
s"
in
Irish,
is
a
strong
instance of
the
effect
produced
by
the slender vowels :
Before or
after
"
a,
o,
u,"
its sound
is
"
s"
(like
"
ss"
English)
;
before
or after
"
e,
i,"
it is
"
sh,"
without an
exception,
as,
"
se"
(sheh)
he
;
"
sion,"
(sheeon)
a storm.
The
"
y"
sound
with the vowels
"
e,
i,"
is
plainly
per-
ceived
in the second
column of the
following
terms
when
contrasted with
those
of the
first:
bo,
(pr.
bow)
cow
; beo,
(tyoiv)
alive.
cj,
(7co7t,)
as
;
ceo,
(kyea)
or
(keogh)
fog.
do,
(d/io/t,)
to
; deo,
(dyoli)
life,
ever.
c.t,
kaw,
what
; cia,
(kyali)
what.
"
C"
and
"d" and
"
b,"
before
"
e"
or
"
i,"
are
pala-
talised,
like
"
t" in twne
;
or like
"
ky"
in
kyrie
254 SOUND AND SPELLING
SURE.
in
kind,
"
a,"
in card
;
so
the Irish
word,
"
ciun,"
calm,
is
pronounced
kyooin.
It is
evident, therefore,
when this vocal value of
the
slender
vowels has been
through
ages
retained in the
Irish
language
;
and
when
to this
day
the
phonetic
and
the
orthographic
influence of the slender sounds
permeates
every syllable
of
Gaelic
speech,
and
when,
as has been
shown,
the
sounds
of the vowels is identical with the
phonetic
values
of
the same vocables
in the
Latin
tongue,
that
a law like
that
now known
in
Irish as vowel
assimila-
tion must have
existed at one
time in
Latin. The
shadowy
outline of
the full
figure
of that
law is
to this
day
seen
in the Romance descendants of the
parent
Latin
tongue.
To sum
up,
then,
it
is certain that at an
early period
in the Latin
as well as
in
the Irish
language,
a radical
diffeience existed
between
the
influence
exercised
by
the
two
classes
of vowels
the
bread and the
slender.
This
radical difference
is found not to have
floated down
the
stream
of
time,
presenting,
all
through
its varied
course,
the
impress
of
a
distinct
phonetic
feature,
in
any language
so
well as
in
Irish-Gaelic. In Latin
it
is
lost
except
in
its
broken
transmitted
forms.
In Ireland
it is
perfect
still.
This is
important.
THE VOWEL
LAW ITS
RESULTS UNCHANGEABLE : SOUND
AND
SPELLING
ALWAYS SURE.
The
effects
of
this
principle
of vowel assimilation in
Irish
permeates
the
whole
of
the
language spoken
and
written.
One
cannot breathe
without
air,
nor
see without
re-
flected
light,
so
one cannot
speak
Irish-Gaelic,
or write
it
without
a
knowledge
of this
principle.
Like
rhythm
in
poetry,
or
melody
in
song,
it
is
entwined
with,
and
it
gives
life
to
the
living breathing
language
of the
Gael.
I'or
all
this,
the Irish
speaking
natives
of
Ireland do
not
EFFECTS
OF THE
RULE.
255
advert
to the
presence
of
the
principle
;
just
much
in
the
same
way
as
we
do
not
advert
to the
presence
of
the
air
by
which
we
are surrounded.
All
the
phonetic
and
orthographic
properties
of
Irish-
Gaelic
take
their
rise
from
this
principle
of vowel
assimi-
lation,
just
as
branches
sprout
from
a
stem,
and
the
leaves
and
flowers
spring
forth
and bloom.
Some
of
these
properties
are
(1)
fullness
of
articulate
sound
;
(2)
correct-
ness
of
pronunciation,
(3)
an
unchangeable
spelling,
quite
in
keeping
with
the
settled
pronunciation
of
the
lan-
guage.
This
principle
may
be
regarded
as
a law
of
Gaelic
speech
: for
its effects
bear
the
impress
of
order,
of
harmony,
of
continued
and
lasting
uniformity
;
of a
directive
influence
on
the
language
even
in
points
the most
minute.
What is
the
leading
effect
of this
rule?
It
is
simply
that
vowels
of
a certain
class,
for instance
"
e,
i,"
affect
the consonants
(in
union with which
they
enter,
in
pro-
ducing
Gaelic
sounds,
either of
syllables
and
words,)
to
that
degree,
that
not
only
the consonants
are
stamped
with
the vowel value
which
they
derive
from the
connec-
tion,
but
the
syllable coming directly
next
in
order re-
ceives,
so
to
speak,
a
starting
note from
the
closing
vowel
of the
preceding syllable.
The
effects
produced
are
two-fold
first,
on the consonant
;
secondly,
in
direct-
ing
the character of
the next vowel
in
the
coming syllable.
EXAMPLES.
"
Slanuigteoir,"
a
faviour,
from
"
slan,"
safe,
and
"
slanuig,"
to
save
;
the slender
vowel
"
i"
precedes
"
g,"
and,
therefore,
a
slender
vowel
"
e"
is the
first in
the
annexed
syllable,
"
teoir,"
and
not
"
toir."
Again,
"
fuasgaltoir"
ends
in
"
toir,"
and
not
"teoir,"
for in
the
primitive
root,
"
fuasgal
(with
"
a"
before
"1")
closes
with
? broad
vowel
("
a").
In
verbs
this
luw is
strikingly
256
THE
LAW
KEPT
SAFE
IN
IRISH-GAELIC.
remarkable,
as
"
cuir,"
put,
"
cuir-tear,"
(and
not
"
cuir-
tar,")
is
put;
"
buad,"
strike,
"buail-tear,"
is
struck.
Irish-Gaelic,
therefore,
adheres
fully
to
the
law
of
vowel
assimilation^
which,
generally
speaking,
has
been
lost
throughout
Europe.
"
Thus
we see
that
the
classification
of
vowels
made
by
Irish
grammarians
accords
exactly
with
that
which
tho
investigations
of
philosophy
point
out
as
correct.
There
are in
Gaelic,
therefore,
two
classes of
vowels
clearly
and
philosophically
distinguishable.
Do
they
differ
in
their
influence and in
their
effects
?
"
Vowels
and
consonants
constitute the
one
grand,
uni-
versal
family
of
letters.
Consonants
derive
their
name
from the fact
that
they
are
sounded
along
uith,
or
by
the
aid
of
the
vowels. When
articulated,
they
partake,
of
the
sound of that
vowel
by
the aid
of
which
they
are
enunci-
ated.
Irish
vowel
sounds
are,
as
we
have
seen,
of a
twofold
character,
broad or slender
;
each
consonant
must,
accord-
ingly, partake
of a twofold
articulation,
Iroad
or
slender,
according
to
the
broad
or
slender
intonation
of
the
vowel
by
the
aid of which
it
is sounded.
This
twofold
articu-
lation
can,
in some
measure,
be
applied
with
truth
to
con-
sonants
in
any language
; but,
with the
exception
of
the
Keltic
dialects,
and
particularly
Irish,
we
know
of
none
in
which,
this
phonetic
distinction in
the
articulation
of
consonants
has retained its
radically
distinctive
philoso-
phic
character.
"
The
influence
of
a
twofold
sou^id
of
the
vowels
thus
acting
on
the
consonants,
and
causing
them
to
participate
in
it,
is
so fused
into our national
language
that it
has
stamped
its
pronunciation
and
orthography
with
a
com-
plexion
and
individuality
quite
different
from
everything
English.
To
Irish-speaking
natives
this
individuality
appears
quite
easy
and
natural,
and,
like
accent,
with
GRAND
RESULTS.
Uo7
which
it
is
essentially
blended,
is
naturally
acquired
and
practised
by
them
without
knowing
or
adverting
to the
existence
of
the
principle
from
which
it
springs
;
yet,
to
those
who
do
not
speak
the
language,
it
appears
at
once
strange
and
difficult.
"
As
the
language
is
spoken
and
written,
the
effects of.
the
influence
exercised
by
the
twofold
division of
vowel
sounds
extend
to both
departments
the written
and
spoken
Gaelic.
These effects
may
well,
therefore,
be
called
articulate,
or
phonetic,
and
orthographic.
"
The
articulate
regards
the
sound
of each
consonant
when
it
is
intonated with a broad or slender
vowel. The
orthographic
regards
the laws
of
spelling." Easy
Lessons,
or
Self-Instruction
in
Irish,
Part II
L,
pp.
200,
201
;
Dublin,
Midlany,
pullisher.
It
appears
to arise
from a
principle
of
euphony,
ac-
cording
to Latham :
"
The
Irish-Gaelic,
above most other
languages,
illus-
trates
a
euphonic
principle
that
modifies
the
vowels of a
word.
The
vowels
'
a, o, u,'
are
full,
whilst
'i,
e'
are
sharp.
Now,
if
to a
syllable
containing
a
small
vowel,
as, 'buail,'
there be
added
a
syllable
containing
a
broad
one,
as
'
am,'
a
change
takes
place.
Either the
first
syllable
is accommodated
to
the
second,
or
the second
to
the
first,
so
that
the
vowels
respectively
contained in
them
ar"e
either both
full or
both small.
Hence
arises,
in re-
spect
to the word
quoted,
either the
form
'
bualam,'
or else
the form
'
buailim." Latham
on the
English
L:in
r
juaye,
3rd
ed.,
228,
p.
158.
And from
a
principle
of har-
mony, according
to Professor
W.
K.
Sullivan.
GRAND RESULTS
: CERTAINTY OF
SOUND
;
SURETY
OF
SPELLING.
Two
grand
results
spring
immediately
and
directly
from this
principle
:
258
AN
PADAIB.
First
A
perfect
system
of
phonetics,
and a
correct
common
standard
of
pronunciation.
The
vowel
sounds
of
"
e,
i"
are
high,
and
lend
to the
consonants a
palatal
character.
The
tongue,
in
pronouncing
the
consonant
with
"
e,"
must
touch the
palate.
The
sound once
uttered
does not rest with the
consonant.
It
does
not
stop
there,
but
passes
on to the
first
part
of the
next
syllable.
The
action
of this sound
may
well
be
compared
to a
man
going
up
a
hill.
He
attains
the
height
he
sought.
He
cannot,
in
descending,
come
down
all
at once.
He holds
for a
time to the
high position
he
has
attained.
So
it
is
with
the vowel sounds. When
the
articulate
value of
"
e" or
"i"
has
been heard in
any
syllable,
that
pitch
or
palatal
power
it has attained
is
kept
up
;
and
hence the
next
syllable coming directly
after
it
must,
in
part,
re-
echo
the
vowel
pitch.
In
this
way
each
syllable
ending
with
"i" must have
"
e"
or
"i"
first in
the
succeeding
syllable.
Such
is
the law
of
phonetics
in
Irish.
It
is
the
precursor
of
the law of
spelling;
and
spelling
is
moulded
on its rules.
Second
A
correct
system
of
spelling.
Let a student
only
learn the roots
of
words
;
the
prefixes
and suffixes
;
and
then,
by
the
application
of
the
rule,
"
Gaol
le
caol,
agus
leatan
le
leaf
an,"
he can
spell
any
word in
the Irish
language.
Let us
take,
for
example,
in
Irish :
THE
LORD'S PRAYER
AN
PADAIB.
Ar
n-atair
a ta air
nearii
go
naoriitar d'
amm,
go d-tigid
do
rigeai-t, go
ii-deantar
do
toil
air
an
talaiii
mar
gnidtear
air
neaiii.
TalJair
diimn ann
n-iiid
ar
n-aran
laetaiiiail,
agus
niait
dumn ar
13-fiaca mar
maiteamuid-ne
da
'r
iJ-fia'aonaiB
fern,
na
Idig
smn
a
g-catugad,
act
saor
smn
o
olc.
Arn'n.
*'J
BUMS,
OR WOKIJS
EXPLAINED.
"
Paduir,"
a
prayer,
derivod
from
.the
Latin
pater,
lather
;.
it
means the our
father,
;md
THE
ILIAD
IN
IRISH.
259
The
Iliad.
By
his Grace
the Most Eev. Dr.
MacHale,
Archbishop
of
Tuam.
Brut
Acuil,
semn,
oig
neanida,
'gus
buan-fearg,
Aeml
Mic
Peil,
an
gaisgideac,
temteac
garg
;
Do
soap
trfd
sluag
na
n-Greug,
trom leun a's
ar,
hence
a
prayer
;
"
aiair,"
father;
after
"
ar,"
our,
one of
the
plural
possessive
pronouns,
"n"
is
prefixed
to avoid
any
want of
smoothness
of sound
;
"
atair"
either lost initial
"
p,"
or
came
as
it
stands
without
"p,"
from
the
primitive
Aryan
speech
;
"a,"
who;
"
ta,"
is,
art,
are
;
"
air,"
on
;
"
air,"
preposition,
is
distinguished
from
"
ar,"
our,
by
taking
the vowel
"
i"
before
<r :"
"
air," pronounced
arh;
"
ar,"
is
pronounced
r
;
"
ar,"
de-
struction,
is awr
;
"a"
in
"
ar"
is accented
in
"
ar,"
our,
it is
not;
"neam,"
pr.
nyav, heaven;
"flaitsas" means the
prin-
cipality (of God),
indirectly
heaven;
"
go,"
that
;
"naom,"a
saint
;
"
naomtar,"
may
be
blessed,
may
be sanctified
;
"d"
for
"
do,"
thy,
formed from
"
tu," thou,
as
thy
is
from
thou,
tuus
(Latin)
from
tu
;
"ton" and
<(
ta,"
(French)
from
tu;
"tig,"
come;
"tigid"
(thigee),
may
come;
"rig"
(pr.
ree),
a
king;
ce
ngeact,"
kingdom;
the
correct
spelling
is
Cc
ng"
(root
of
word
a
king),
and not
"
nog,"
and
its suffix is
"act,"
a
state.
By
vowel
assimilation
"
act"
becomes
"
eact,"
because the vowel
in
"rig"
is slender.
"
D6an,"
do,
act,
make;
'
deantar"
(and
not
"
dean-tear")
may
be
done;
"
a"
in
"dean"
is
broad and
final
;
hence the
suffix
is
broad,
"
tar" and
not
"
tear"
;
on the
other
hand
the
passive
ending
after
"
gnid,"
to
do,
is
"
tear,"
because
"i" in
"gnid"
is
the
closii&g
consonant.
"
Talam,"
earth;
Latin
tellus,
terra;
"tabair,"
give;
"duirin,"
to
us,
com-
posed
of
"
do,"
to
;
"sinn,"
us;
"dm,"
to-day, spelled
also
"
uid,"
as
in
French
Jiuy
;
"aran,"
bread,
takes
"n,"
like
"
atair,"
above,
after
"
ar,"
our
;
"
Id,"
a
day
;
"
lae,"
of
a
day
;
"
lae-t-amail,"
day-like, daily;
"t" is
inserted
between "lae"
and
"
aihail,"
like,
for
eupliony;
"mait"
(pr. may-eeli) forgive;
"fiaca," debts,
after
"ar," our,
"
f"
is
eclipsed by
a
medial
aspirate
"
b,"
that is
by
"
v;"
"
mar,"
as
;
"
maiteamuid,"
we
forgive;
"muid" is the
plnral ending
to
"
mait,"
forgive,
"ea"
is inserted
for
fulness
of
sound
"
ne"
is
suffixed to
"
muid,"
to
make
the term
emphatic.
We
say,
"sinn,'' we,
"
sinn-ne,"
we-
ourselves
;
so also
"
ne/'
an
old
form
like
nos,
Latin,
is suffixed
to
verbs
to
express
emphasis
and
contradistinction
;
"
na,"
not;
"
leig,"
lead;
"sinu," us;
"a,"
into
;
"
cat," (pr.
caioh),&
fight;
'
catuig,"
to
fight
in
battle
;
"
catugad," temptation,
a
fight
with
the
adversary
of our
souls;
'
c" is
ecbpsed by "g,"a
softer
sound
;
"
c" is
retained
in
the
spelling,
but
not sounded
;
"
saor,"
v.,
free
;
"
sinn,"
ias
j
"6,"
i'roin
;
"
olc,"
evil.