Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language

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260

CEOLEAID

BINNIS.

fag

muran laocra

treun,'

luat

air

lar :

RaiB

n-aBlaig

fuilteac'

sracta air an

B-feur

Aig

madraib

seanga,

fangaiB

gortac' geur.

Bud

'n-dan r&r

tola

loiB,

d-tiocfad

t-eug

cuaid

cum

imris Acml

a's flait

n-Greug.

'Ceolraid

Bmnis,

craoB-sgaoil,

de na

Dea

Cia

neac do

tionsgnmg

gleo

siolrmg

an crad

sgaoil

mac lonrac loiB a

gaete

teo,

'Gus

seoil

rigeact

Mis

sluaigte

beo

;

Mar

geall

air

dimeas

diblig

tug

rig

D'a

sagart

naomta,

dearc an

leun

gan

scit,

Aig

teai't

tmg

a's

tuban

air

lorg,

Mar dioltas ceart

air

Ceanfart

uailleae,

borb.

Cum

longa

n-Greug,

triall

sagart

sauii,

tabartas

trom

'gus

seoide

ann

gac

lairii

Mar

fleasg

craoB,

'Bi

fillte

air a

ceann,

'Gus bacul

oir,

gnat-Brata

Peuba

teann,

guid

sluag

leir act

fos

buan,

Guid

dfs clam

Aitr/d

taosaig

ard' na

luan.

raiB an

troig

faoi

sgrios

n-Deata,

ban.

gaisgidte Greug,'

a's

raiB

Bur

seolta

Ian,

gaot

Bdarfas

siB

air

ais cum

cuain

Eur d-tir a's Bur

mumtir

sealBugad

m^ran

suam

Act

dcanaid

truaig

air

seanoir

crom faoi

leun

'Gus

taBraid air

ais

ar/s a leanB

fern,

Glacaid

duais,

a's

sgaoilid

cuid

croide,

Gus

taBraid mud

Dia

n-gaete

bmde !

Aig

freagairt impifle,

gair

Grug' go

mor,

'Gus

tug

comairle eisteact

n-a

glor.

gum

an coriiairle

ceart

an-cliant'

rig

'Gus

foillsig

freagrad

geur garB-ihem

croide.

Leig

leat,

seanuir,

na dean

moill,

sgit,

Measg

lung

n-Greug,

act fill air

ais

t-slige,

Air

eagla

gad

nac

d-tarutaid ort aon

sgiat,

EXPLANATION.

261

No do iail

caorii,

bacul 's

do Dia.

leigfad

uaim

6ig

go d-tig

trat,

crionfas

aois,

sg^irii,

crut,

's a

blat

;

Act beid si

gaBta

leis an t-seol

buan,

gleusad

leaba ann

ngeiBfead

suan,

O'n m-baile

'g-cian

: teit

uamn : na

brostuig

Ceann.

geit

fear le

eagla

rig

'Bi

teann,

'Gus

euluig

leis

sostae, trom,

faoi

fearg,

Le ais

na d-tonta

glurac, g&mneac

garg

;

Aig

ineaBriigad

cmtuigad

aig

agairt

coimirc

De.

Mic

nma na

n-deas-dlaoig'

sgeiteas

dealraid

lae.

rig

gaete geal.

a's na

b(5ga

ban,

B-f

uil

na mse le

solus Ian

THE ILIAD NOTES.

"Brut,"

anger, brooding anger;

fearg'

passing

anger;

seinn,"

sing;

oig,"

(pr.

o-ee)

virgin

;

neam-

ila,"

heavenly

;

'gus"

agus,"

and

;

buan-fiearg"

lasting

anger;

"fin

"fearg"

aspirated,

account

of the

com-

pound

word

change

to an

aspirate

form is

composition

required

in Gaelic.

"Mic,"

gen.

case

mac,"

son

;

gais-

gideac

(pr

gawisligeeach),a,}iero,

chivalrous

fellow;

"teiateac"

fiery,

from

teine,"

fire

;

garg," rough

;

do"

sign

the

perfect

tense;

"a," who,

omitted before

"do,"

for

"ado

scap,"

who

did

scatter

;

"trid,"

through;

sluag"

(pr. slooa},

as in

Ballinasloe,

that

is the town

(baile)

the

hosts

(na

sluag)

trom-leun,"

heavy

woe

;

a's"

and,

ar"

destruction

;

fag,"

left;

aspirated

perfect

tense

active;

"moran,"

many;

laocra,"

heroes;

treun," brave;

the name

Tray

nor,"

derived

from

treun

brave,

and

fear,"

man

;

luat,"

too

soon;

"air

lar,"

on the

centre,

stretched,

lying

adver-

bial

phrase,

meaning

laid

o, stretched,

lying

low;

rails,"

was;

n-aBlaig,"

p^a.

ablae,"

carcase;

fuilteac,"

from

fuil,"

blood;

sracta," torn,

mangled;

feur,"

grass;

"aig," at,

by;

"madraib,"

dogs;

seanga,"

thin,

wasted;

fangaib,"

vultures

;

gortac,"

hungi-y

;

geur,"

sharp, biting

;

"bud,"

was;

n-dan,"

destiny;

reir," according

to;

tola,"

gen.

case

toil,"

will

;

Joib

gen.

case

Job,"

Jove

;

go," that,

tiocfad,"

would

come

;

eug,"

death,

takes

for

sound

between

n" of the art

;

and

e,"

the

vowel,

"ant-eug;"

the

death

;

"an

t-atair,"

the

father;

this occurs

only

the

nom.

and

the accusative

cases

singular

;

6,"

from,

referring

time,

since; "cuaid," went;

"cum,"

to,

to-

wards;

"imris,"

gen.

case

imreas,"

contention;

ris"

262

ENGLISH VERSION.

Translation

John

Stuart

Blackie,

F.E.S.E. Vol.

Edinburgh

Edmonston and

Douglas.

1866.

The baneful

wrath,

goddess,

sing,

of Peleus'

son,

the source

sorrow

dire,

and countless

woes to all the Grecian

force;

That

wrath which

many

a stout

heroic soul

from

joyful day

gloomy

Hades

hurled,

and

left

their

mangled

limbs a

prey

dogs

and

vultures,-

thus

the

will of

mightiest

Jove was

done;

Since

first contention

keen

arose,

and

sundering

strife

begun

Between

Atrides,

king

-men,

and Peleus'

godlike

son.

Which

the

gods

between them twain the

rancorous

feud

inspired

Latona's

son

;

for

against

the

king,

with

anger fired,

Shot

through

the

camp

a sore disease

;

the

people drooped

and

died;

For that Atrides

his

priest

the

righteous

suit

denied.

When to the

swift

sea-ploughing

ships

came

Chryses

with a

prayer,

And

for

his

daughter's

freedom

brought

the

precious

ransom

rare.

He on

golden

sacred

staff,

with outstretched

arm,

displayed

The wreath

the

far-darting god,

and thus

to all

prayed,

But

chiefly

to the

kingly pair,

whose

word the

host

obeyed

Ye sons of

Atreus,

and

Greeks

with burnished

greaves,

givo

ear

;

You

may

the

gods

with

conquest

crown,

and

grant

with

mas-

tering spear

To sack old

Troy,

and sail

with

joy

ta friends and

country

dear :

But me

my daughter

dear

restore,

and let

rich

ransome

follow,

"imns,"

in the

gen.

prononnced

risk

;

"s"

after "i"

has the

sound

s~h,

every

instance;

imreas" is

same

im-

reideas

read" means

ready;

reideas,"

evenness:,

smooth-

ness,

quietness;

-reideas,"

non-

quietness,

hence

conten-

tion;

flait,"

prince;

flaitamail,"

princely;

"ceol,"

music;

ceolraid,"

songster

;

binn,"

harmonious

;

binneas

craob",'*

a branch

;

sgaol,"

loose;

craob-sgaol,"

reveal,

show

out

branch

pulled

tree,

what

is hidden beneath

the surface

tionsgnuig,"

commenced

;

"siol"

seed;

siolruig,"

-was

gen-

erated

;

tos,"

and

taos,"

and

tiis,"

commencement,

begin-

ning

;

tosac"

and

tusac,"

beginner,

leader;

"taosac,"

leader,

&o.

WHAT

IS BEATJTY

263

Fearing

the

dread, far-darting god,

the son

Jove, Apollo,

Whereto

the

Achaean

host

replied

with

loud-consenting

cheer,

And

bade

him

grant

the

old man's

prayer,

and

his

wreathed

staff

revere

;

But

ill was

Agamemnon

pleased,

and

forth

his

anger

brake;

Away

sent the

priest,

and thus with fell

reproof

spake

Old

man,

if near the hollow

ships

I find thee here

again,

lingering

now

with

laggard

foot if thou

shalt dare

remain,

Thy

hand shall

show

the

sacred

wreath,

and

bear

the staff

vain.

The

maid

I'll

not restore

; no,

not

till

hoary

age

shall come

her

Argos,

house,

far

from

her father's

home :

There

shall she

tend

the

loom,

and share

royal

bed

;

but

thou,

Begone

fret

me no more !

thy

speed

shall be

thy

safety

now !

spake

the

old

man feared

;

word

sharp

gave

he,

But silent

went

to the

billowy

beach

of the vast

and

voiceful

sea.

There

from the

ships

apart

stood,

and

poured

the

pleading

prayer

the son

Jove

whom Leto bore

of the

lovely-flowing

hair:

Hear

me,

god

the

silver

bow,

who

rightly

claim'st

for thine

Tenedos'

isle,

and

Chryse's

walls,

and Cilia's

towers

divine !

English gentleman,

a man of

considerable

learning,

heard this

system

at one

time

explained

the

present

writer,

and

he cried out

suddenly

How beautiful

He was

right.

The

system

vowel

assimilation

in Irish,

really

beautiful.

What

beauty

It is

harmony

parts

producing

uniform

single

developement.

is the

expression

to the

eye,

or to

the

perceptive

faculty,

truth,

wisdom,

and

outward

grace.

physical things,

fulness

of deve-

lopement

produced

by symmetry

and

harmony.

In all

that

said

the beautiful

there

are two

leading

ideas,

without

which,

conception

beauty

cannot

formed

;

these

are

oneness,

combined

with

multiplicity

and

truth,

which,

according

some,

ought

to be

added

extrinsic

grace,

the reflex

light.

264

THING

OP BEAUTY.

say,

the

beauty

creation,"

that

is,

the

grace

and

external show

of that order and

harmony

which

shines

forth in all that

the

eye

beholds,

the

astronomer's

glass

reaches,

the

microscope

presents.

say,

the

beau-

ties of nature a

beautiful

poem

;

thing

beauty

joy

for

ever,"

express

the

delight

of the mind at

the

variety

and

singleness

with

fulness

development,

that

are

presented

the

objects,

and

which,

that

account,

are

called

beautiful.

Beauty

must

natural,

must be founded

in truth

;

like the color of

gold,

must be the

gleam

of real

worth,

or like

nature's

budding

rose that

opens

its

petals

the morn.

Nothing

artificial,

nothing

made

up, nothing

however

pleasing

to the

eye,

yet

deceitful or

deceptive,

can

justly

styled

beautiful.

Imitations,

no matter how-

well

painted,

passing

for what

they

are not

reality,

can

never

pronounced

beautiful.

Again

show,

and rich-

ness,

and

power,

without

harmony

parts

and

oneness

combination,

cannot

constitute

beauty.

The

English

language

very

rich

wealth

words,

strength

and

power

;

yet,

its

system

orthography

or of

phonetics

cannot,

any

means,

pronounced

thing

beauty."

Not

Irish

Gaelic.

All the rules

for

orthography,

all

the

minor

principles

phonetics,

are the

develope-

ments

the one

great

law of

vowel

assimilation.

The

principle

which

produces

this

law

like the

prin-

ciple

polarity.

The

slender vowels

"e,

always

tend

one

pole

;

u,"

the other.

a student learns

this

Gaelic

law as

has

been

explained

in this

chapter,

and

makes

his aim to

put

into

practice

both

writing

the

language,

and

speaking

to some one who knows

it,

each

day

for one

month,

there

is no

doubt,

but

even

at -the

end of

that short

BOTH

LAWS

FROM

ONE PRINCIPLE.

265

period,

he will be

able

speak

Irish-Gaelic

fairly. Eng-

lish

scholars,

whose

natural accent and

tone

from child-

hood

are

opposed

almost

naturally

to the

guttural

sounds

Irish-Gaelic,

have

learned

in two

months

speak

many

sentences

and to

write

the

speech

of the sons

of the

sister

isle of

Britain.

Learners

and those

not

practised

the

language

com-

monly

err in

reading

and

spelling

by giving

Irish

letters

the sounds

which,

in the

English

speech

they

are

accustomed

bestow

the same

letters,

and combin-

ations

of letters.

This

is,

course,

great

mistake.

Apply English

sounds

and

English

accent

French,

and

what

phonetic

jumble

the

language

of Fenelon

the

rhyme

Eacine

becomes.

PROM ONE PRINCIPLE

BOTH LAWS

PROCEED

PERHAPS.

This

chapter

brought

putting

before

the

notice of

the learned

reader

and

every philologist

who

may peruse

these

pages,

a view

respecting

the law

vowel

assimilation

such

it exists

in full

in Irish

Gaelic,

and

fragmentary

form

in the Romance

dialec's,

on the

one

hand

;

and

Grimm's

law,

or that

which

Irish

regulates

the

processes

aspiration

and

eclipse,

the other.

They appear

to be distinct

laws

;

and

doubt

they

are

in their results.

But

every physicist

knows

that

though

all the

colors

formed

from

light

are

distinct

green

is not

orange,

nor

orange green

;

yet,

all blend

harmoniously,

that

person

cannot

well

per-

ceive

where,

in the

diversity

of the rainbow

tints,

the one

comes to a

close,

and the

other takes

its rise.

is so

the

aggregate

virtues,

they

form

the

circle

perfec-

tion

;

one is

omitted,

the rest

are

imperfect,

or,

the

stones that

compose

arch,

they

affect

yet

support

each other.

Thus

appears

to the

writer

that

a common

266

MOST

REV.

DR.

JOHN

O'BRIEN.

phonetic principle,

the

magnetic

fluid,

acting

the

vowels,

produces

the

law of

vowel assimilation

;

and on

the

consonants,

is the

origin

aspirating

and

eclipsing.

Thus the

Welsh term

tref,

habitation,

(in

Irish

treib"

tribe,

a class

people)

is tlirev

"th" when

"a"

precedes

;

marw

(dead),

Irish

marB,"

becomes,

when

compounded

with

"di"

(want, defect)

di-varu,

immortal

("m"

into

v.")

Irish

marB,"

dead

;

di-marB,"

immortal

;

aspirated by

the

influence of

"i,"

"di:"

and

diBfeirge,"

wrath,

eclipsed.

The harmonic action

the vowel

sounds leads

aspiration

and

eclipsis.

This

view,

just

now

presented,

has

occurred

to the

writer

for the first time while

penning

this

page.

suggests

but

does

not

hold

opinion.

doubt,

colors,

or some notes in distinct

octaves,

the two laws

have

at least

remote and an

indirect

relationship.

Re-

garding

the

law

vowel

assimilation,

however,

his

opinions

are settled. He has devoted

attention to

from

time to

time,

since he was

eighteen years

old. He has

read all

the

views

all

those

who

have

written

the

subject.

Some writers

they

are

few have

declared

the

division

of the

vowels

into broad

and

slender,

is the

vention of

bards

rhymers.

This

was

the

opinion

Dr.

John

O'Brien,

Bishop

Cloyne

;

of Colonel

Vallancey,

Halliday,

of P.

MacEllegott

but

these writers

never

gave

the

subject

the

slightest

thought,

at least

they,

their

writings, give

reason

for their

strange

opinions.

The science

comparative

philology

had not

been

known when

they

lived.

Some

of them

were

very

inac-

curate

thought,

and

very illogical

reasoning.

Few

scholars

now-a-days

care

to notice Colonel

Vallancey,

and

poor

Halliday

died

when

only

young

man. Had

lived he would doubtless have

become

distinguished

Keltic

scholar.

CHARLES

MACKEY,

LL.D.

267

There

is at

present

work

being

published

the

languages

of western

Europe, by

distinguished

Scotch

Gaelic

Scholar,

Charles

Mackey,

LL.D.

When

will

have

been

published,

then,

many

words,

now

com-

monly

deemed

German

Gothic

origin,

will

seen

to derive

their

parentage,

as Matthew

Arnold

has

shewn,

from a

primitive

Keltic

ancestry.

GENERAL

RULE

GUIDE ONE

IN DISTINGUISHING

WHETHER

A WORD

IS OF GAELIC

OR GOTHIC

PARENTAGE.

There

one

general

characteristic

worth

noticing,

that,

rule,

Keltic

primitives

side

with Latin

and

Sanscrit,

while

English

shows,

in the

initial

letter of

words

that

are

regularly changed,

a decided

relationship

with

the

Gothic,

or low German.

Every

word

English,

therefore,

which

has

not,

gene-

rally

speaking,

the

same

initial

letter

that

which

distinguishes

its German

cognate

equivalent

conveying

the same

idea,

has come

to us

from

Keltic

parentage.

For,

the Latin

race is more

than

half Keltic.

The

Greeks,

too,

received

much

of their

viiida

vis

animi

from

the

primaeval

Pelasgic

plantation

who

founded

Thebes,

built

Argos,

laid out

the

broad-ways,

and

erected

the

magnifi-

cient

mansions

Mycena3,

left monuments

their

knowledge

of architecture

on the

Acropopolis,

Athens.

The term

clay,

for

instance,

which

is a

very

simple

common

word,

shows

that it

has

sprung

from a

Keltic

stock.

The

High

German

tac

;

Low

German,

tag

;

Old

Gaelic,

dia

;

dia-luam,"

Monday

;

dia-mairt,"

Tuesday,

&c.;

and

in the

word

n-de,"

for

la-an-dt>"

yesterday, day-of-day;

".dm,"

to-day

;

and

spelled

ann-

dm,".

and

contractedly

n-diu

Latin

die,

and

ho-die,

to-day.

Now,

which of

the two

languages

is the

term

day,"

judging

from

sound

and

sign,

a-kin

Certainly

268

DISCOVERY.

Gaelic. All the late

students of

comparative

philology

admit

that

Irish

Keltic

the

oldest of the Indo-

European

tongues

;

that

the

Keltic branch of the

Aryan

tree was

the

first

off-shoot

Europe,

and

that the

speech

of the Gael had taken

fixed

set" before

any

the

other branches had

attained their

natural

developement.

It is

the

oldest

language,

therefore

;

and

the term

day

must

have

been

retained

English

from

the British or

Irish.

A RICH

VEIN DISCOVERED

IN THE

MINES OF PHILOLOGY.

Reverting

once more to

the law of

vowel

assimilation,

exists in

Irish-Gaelic,

and

as it

is known

in the

languages

Europe,

the

writer

must observe that

if a

distinguished

German

scholar,

after

twenty

years

study,

Jacob

Grimm,

should discover

such

law,

tracing

it,

now

French,

again

Italian,

and

Spanish

;

finding

half-revealed

Latin monumental

analogies,

and

inscrip-

tions

prior

to the Punic

period

;

collating

terms of

cognate

sound

in Latin and

.^Eolic,

comparing

Oscan

with

the

Greek of Dorians or

lonians

;

and

perhaps higher

still,

seeing

what relation had existed between Old Keltic

pro-

nunciation,

far as

can be

known,

and

the Phenician

speech

of the

primeval period.

Such

discovery,

which

might conveniently

call

Aryan

vowel

assimilation,

would

be hailed with

delight

every

intelligent

philo-

logist

Europe.

The

language

of Ireland

lays

before

the savants

Europe

the beautiful

discovery

in the science of

compara-

tive

philology,

which,

a law

her

life,

lay

hidden

for

ages past.

For this she seeks

no reward.

(269;

CHAPTER XT.

TWENTIETH

Subjects

arising

out of

the

foregoing.

Had

the

Irish

Gaels

before

the Christian Era

any

knowledge

of letters

2. Had

they

knowledge

the

Art

"Writing?

3. What

alphabet

did

they

use

literary fight

waged

for

centuries on

this

battleground.

The

combatants

either

side,

the

past

and

in the

present.

Tho

two classes

opposition.

Those

one side wrote

without

any

knowledge

of the

subject,

from

prejudice,

pay

;

the

other,

native

born,

with

knowledge,

matured

study,

and

great

re-

;

without

pay

hope

of reward.

The views

and reasons

of each

side stated. The

science of

Com-

parative

Philology

rises

high

above

all

party

views,

and

looks

at the

question

priori.

proves

that

the

early

Pagan

Irish were

highly literary

people.

How

far

late historic research is

accord with

the

teaching

Comparative Philology.

Gist

of all

the

Manuscript

History

presented by

Curry

accord

with the

proofs

from

Philology.

The

early

emigrants

from the

Aryan region literary.

The Kelts as the

first emi-

grants

had,

therefore,

before

others,

knowledge

letters

and of the arts.

They

had,

therefore,

alphabet.

They

did

not

borrow

letters

from

any

nation,

Greece or

Phenicia.

Two kinds

Alphabets,

public

common form of

writing,

and

secret

writing

the

Ogham

Advanced

knowledge

of the

Pagan

Irish

Arts. The

Book of Kells. The

Round

Towers.

The Number of

letters

the

Irish

Alphabet

The letters called Irish

character are Roman of the

seventh

century.

Why

not use

modern

Roman

with

diacritical

dots

now

instead of

the

old

dotted

character.

Wisdom

this

course.

The

aspirate

and the

()

dot. Which is

the

better

mark the

phonetic

muta-

tion.

Summaiy.