Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language

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210

"AN"

PREFIX.

"AN.'*

This

prefix expresses

two-fold

view of

the

term

with

which

enters

into

composition

;

the]

exact

meaning

regulated by

usage.

intensive,

or increas-

ing

the

natural

force of

the

word

;

negative,

denying

reversing

what

conveyed by

the

root-word.

Now,

Greek,

a is

intensive,

and

negative.

This

coincidence

is,

say

the

very

least,

singular

;

and

effects

in their sameness

are to be

ascribed

to a

common

cause,

primary

secondary,

there

must_have

existed

nience;

amgar," hardship

;

aih"

found

^an

adjective

as,

am,"

(pr.

oov

av)

raw

egg.

Ais,"

side,

and

eis,"

foot-print,

are

nouns";

air

ais,"

back

again;

tar

air

ais,"

come

back;

eis" is

foot-print,

track,

as,

ann

eis,"

the

track

of,

after

;

eis-emge,"

rising

again,

resurrection

;

eis-einge

marb,"

the

resurrection

the

dead

;" at,

re," again,

as,

"dean,"

make; "at-dean,"

re-

make; "at,"

as a

root,

means

next,

second,

as, "la,"

dayf;

at-la,"

day

;

at-bliadain,"

year

;

co,

con,

com,"

mean

with, together,

go,"

Irish,

con,"

Latin

;

sun" Greek

;

di,

dit,"

(pr.

dyee)

means

want.

say

to-

day,

dit

oramn,"

there

want

on us

;

we are

in want. It

opposed

sit"

(pr.

shee),

happy, having peace

and

abun-

dance.

So"

means

positive

worth,

readiness

doing"Tanything,

derived

from

the

substantive

verb

as,"

is,

being,

exists

;

do"

means

difficulty,

and

formed

from

di,"

and

so,"

"di-so,"

"di-ho," "dio,"

and

"do

"su,"

same as

so;"

e, ea,

eag,"

away,

deprivation;

foir,"

front;

frit,"

frequent,

repeating;

plained

above

;

lon-deanta,"

fit

done,

meaning

that

there

is within

inherent

power,

and

everything

ready

for

its

completion.

say

Irish,

annam,"

me,

meaning

am able

that.

"Rig,"

noun,

means

king;

ro,"

rapidity

;

sec,"

turn,

side,

modern

spelling

seac

sar,"

superiority

(from

so,"

good,

and

ar,"

growth)

iar,"

means

back,

rear

;

hence

west,

siar,"

westwards

;

oir,"

front,

east

;

oir,"

eastward

(see

Easy

Lessons

Irish)

;

"uas,"

;

and

suas,"

upwards ;

ios,"

down

;

sios,"

downwards

;

ear,"

end;

eas,"

same

"as,"

out

of,

deprivation;

as,

onoir,''

honor;

eas-onoir,"

dishonor,

drudgery;

mi" and

mis"

l^ss;

as,

ad,"

fortune

;

mi-M,"

misfortune.

DEVELOPEMENTS

"AN."

211

the

primaeval

tongue

from which both

claim

direct

indirect

descent,

principle

which

has

left

its

impress

this

striking

orthographic

sameness.

An,"

Irish-Gaelic,

very

common,

as an

intensive

prefix.

this

day

is,

Irish

speakers,

with

whom

the writer

daily

and

hourly

converses,

made

use

of before

nouns,

adjectives,

verbs,

adverbs

;

as,

"An la mait

se,"

good

day

seal

an la

se,"

yes,

tip-top day.

An" before

la,"

day,

expresses

the

idea of

excellent

in its kind.

Again,

"capal,"

horse,

an-capal,"

an ex-

cellent

horse

;

"cur,"

sowing,

crop,

an-cur,"

first-

class

crop,

very

excellent

crop.

It is before

adjectives,

however,

that

an,"

as an inten-

sive

prefix,

chiefly

employed

; as,

uar,"

cold,

an-

fuar,"

very

cold

;

"bre.ig," splendid,

excellent

;

"an-Breag"

very splendid, very

excellent.

By placing

the

participle

go"

before

the

adjective,

adverb

is formed

;

as,

an-breag

(pr.

fjuli han-vryali)

very

excellently.

An,"

in its

negative power,

rarely

employed,

ex-

cept

in the

following,

and a

few

other

words

"eolas,"

knowledge;

an-eolas,"

ignorance (and

all

its

compounds

an-eolgac."

ignorant)

;

fios,"

knowledge

;

eagna,"

wisdom;

an-eagna,"

folly;

dlige,"

law,

"an-dlige,"

want

law

;

deise,"

comfortableness,

suitableness

;

an-deise,"

affliction.

See

College

Irish

Grammar,

182-

This

particle

"an"

and

"am,"

radical

word,

-and

signifies

beauty, perfection,

excellence,

surpassing

greatness.

It is

found in

ame,"

beauty,

the

Irish

name

for

Venus

;

also

in the

term

"amfir,"

a maiden

full

grown,

from

"am,"

beauty,

and

fir,"

man,

the

embodiment,

as it

were,

human

beauty,

for

woman,

type,

styled

tliefair

sex

contradistinction

to the

sons of

Adam,

who

class

are not

fair.

This

derivation

amfir,"

meaning

maiden full

grown,

accordance

with

truth

and

its

212

"so"

AND

"DO."

correct

acceptation,

rather than

that

usually given

the

Most Eev. Dr.

O'Brien,

Bishop

Cloyne,

and

others

namely,

from

am,"

fit,

suitable

for,

and

fir,"

man

;

for

"am,"

as a

prefix,

has

not that

meaning.

"Am" is

not an

adjective,

and,

therefore,

should

not,

strictly

speaking,

translated

term

which

presents

the

acceptation

which

adjectives

are

usually

taken

;

am"

is either

full-blown

radical

noun,

or a

broken form of

ame,"

beauty.

Again

the

fact

that the

second

part

the term

in the

genitive

case

fir,"

and

not

"fear,"

the

nominative,

proof

positive

that

am,"

is a

noun,

and a radical

primitive

term,

and

hence it

must be trans-

lated if

correctly

the

English

equivalent,

beauty

surpassing

excellence,

perfection,

"amfir."

That

an"

expresses

the

idea of

greatness,

even to

excess,

proved by

the term

an-tigearna,''

tyrant,

that

is,

lord

acting

the

part

a master

excess.

The

original meaning

an,"

as a

prefix,

was

inten-

sive

;

process

time

assumed

the

negative

con-

veying

the idea

over-leaping

the

bounds of

propriety

;

dlige,"

law

;

an-dhge,"

want-of-law that

is,

where

the

law was

all on one

side,

and in

excess,

creating,

neces-

sarily,

a want

all

law for the

party

oppressed.

The

pair

particles

which are full

of interest

every

classical

connoisseur are

"so" and

do."

They

are

correlative

sense

and

sound

;

and

their

primitive office,

with

the

Greek

particles

cii,

and

dus.

Their use

and

application

Irish-Gaelic

is,

the

present

moment,

as common as the

language

itself in

all

its

forms,

for the

peasant

Irishman who

still

clings

the

speech

his Melesian

progenitors.

"so,"

signifies

easy,

gentle,

affable.

do,"

difficult,

harsh,

repulsive.

INSTANCES, 213

Prom

a list

about

eighty

examples,

tlie

following

few

are

selected

Nouns.

so.

DO.

socair,

gain,

advantage.

doiair,

loss,

disadvantage, from

so-duine,

good

man,

from

do,"

and

car,'

friendly,

so"

and

dume,"

a aid,

person,

the sense

the

do-duine,

a harsh

man.

French

bonhomme."

soinion,

fair

weather,

from

domion,/owZ

weatlier,

a storm.

"so"and"sion,'ablast.

solas,

solace*

dulas,

sorrow.

saoi,

sage,

gentleman,

sir.

daoi,

dunce,

sot.

Adjectives.

saor,

free, cheap.

daor,

slavish,

dear.

soldir,

clear, lucid,

from

so," dolcir, dark,

obscure.

and

"leur,'

light,

leur

dam

se,

is"

not

(in) sight

to me.

Verbs,

saoruig,

free,

cheapen.

daormg,

condemn,

maJce

&c.,

&c.

dear.

Past

participles passive,

too,

take the

prefix

"so" or

do,"

which

not

only changes

the

meaning

of the

radical

term,

but

imparts

the

participle

the

force

adjectives,

ending

in able

iule,

feicsm,

to see.

feicsmte,

seen.

so-i'eicsmte,

seeable,

visible.

do-feicsmte,

invisible.

cmmsig,

get

about,

(root,

cum or

cuim,

the

waist,')

comprehend

;

cuimsigte, comprehended,

understood.

so-cmmsigte,

easy

comprehended,

or to be

got

into ones

head.

do-6uimsigte,

inwmpreken&ible,

hard to le

comprehended,

&c.

214 GREEK AND IRISH COMPARED.

In this

way,

nigh every

terrain the

Irish-Gaelic

admits,

as far

may

required,

the

use

so"

do,"

affect

qualify

its

meaning.

Is there

anything

this

process

Greek

Cer-

tainly

eu,

good, easy

;

and

dus,

bad,

difficult,

are

found

prefixes

many

derivative

and

compound

terms,

Greek,

dus-arithmos,

difficult

count.

Irish-Gaelic, so-aiream,

easy

count

;

do-aireaih,

dif-

ficult

count.

Greek, dus-emeria,

lad iveatlier.

Irish-Gaelic, do-aimsir,

lad

iveather.

Greek,

eu-meria,

good

weather.

Irish-Gaelic,

so-aimsir,

good

weailier.

Greek,

eu-aggellion,

Latin

evangclium,

good

news.

Irish-Gaelic,

so-sgeul,

good

news,

gospel.

Greek,

dus-angellion,

lad

news.

Irish-Gaelic,

do-sgeul,

lad news.

Greek,

duspistos,

hard to

lelieve.

Irish-Gaelic,

do-creidsm,

hard

to believe.

Greek,

eupistos,

easy

lelieve.

Irish-Gaelic, so-creidsm,

easy

to lelieve.

surveying," says

Geddes,

relics of

the oldest

form

speech,

such

these,

seem as

walking

amongst

the

fragments

of a forest

primseval,

and

their

presence

the

philologist

feels as

Quintilian

did

towards

Ennius

Sicui

sacros

vetustate

lucos

adoramus."

Above

Latin in

antiquity,

these

particles

ascend far

beyond

Cicero,

beyond

Quintus,

Ennius,

Plautus,

(200

A.C.)

The

speech

Varro

has lost

them in

all the

periods

of its

history.

Even

Greek shows

symptoms

weakness,

has

modified

one

them,

metamorphosing

su" or

so" into

eu."

For

eu"

the

affected form of

su."

That which is

natural

precedes

that which is

affected

;

so" and

su"

are

natural

eu"

affected.

SUMMING-

UP.

215

So"'

springs

from

the

substantive verb

as" or

is"

and

denotes

real

worth,

excellence;

"eu" has no

part

of that

verb

;

the

shadow of

so."

The

only tongue,"

he con-

tinues,

that

can

compete

with

Gaelic

this

respect

the

Sanscrit,

where

they

appear

similar

form,

as su

and

dus

and

dur;

Ex.

Sanscrit

su-manas

gentle-minded

eumcnes

(Gr.)

"dur"

means

foedusmanas,

(Gr.)

dusmenes

Irish-Gaelic "mem"

means mind-

"so-memeau,"

gentle-

minded;

and

do-memeac,

bad-mindzd

(See

Irish

song,

"the

Cuilm.")

Geddes

says,

with

the heart and head of a

real lover

learning,

that

the

recognition

these

linguistic

truths,

reference to

and

dus, Greek,

and

su,

and

do,"

Irish,

has

given

him

personal pleasure

than

any

other

single

fact in

Keltic and

Greek

analogies.

Linguistic

lore,

this,

is to the student of

compara-

tive

philology

what a

rich

vein in

gold-field

is to a Cali-

fornian

money-seeker.

sum

up,

then :

Irish-Gaelic,

therefore,

primi-

tive

tongue,

valuable

Sanscrit,

for

philological

enquiry

and

research,

and

supplying,

withal,

rich

veins

linguistic

lore,

deserves

and

demands

the

earnest

study

every

true

student of

languages

and

antiquity.

(216)

CHAPTER IX.

GRIMM'S LAW

EIGHTEENTH REASON.

Resemblance between words

the same

meaning

dif-

ferent dialects.

Examples.

Discoveries.

Grimm's

discovery

linguistic

law.

Praised

some,

others

ignored.

Pedantry

and

ignorance.

Principles

phonetics.

The

law"

explained.

paradigm.

Examples

of the

law.

Objections.

into

and

The

principle

of the

law

derived from

the

Aryan

mother

tongue.

Connection

between

Grimm's Law

and

aspiration

and

eclipse

Irish-Gaelic.

The law of

aspirating

and

eclipsing

has come

down the

stream of

time from

the

earliest

period.

Laws

glossology.

Law,

its

origin.

The Eternal

Law

;

St.

Bernard's

notion

of it

;

St.

Augustin's

;

Milton's.

Divine Law.

Natural

Law. Written

Law.

Law,

understood in

the

schools

of science.

Law

subjective

and

objective.

Laws of

nature

are

principles put

into

practice.

Grimm's

Law.

The

expression

of a

principle.

Laws within

laws.

Examples.

Dialectic

renewal,

law within

law.

Any

student

possessed

ordinary

talent

devoting

his

attention

for a few

years

the

study

the ancient

languages

of Greece

and

Rome,

and

the

tongues spoken

home,

English,

German,

French,

Gaelic

cannot

fail

notice,

comparing

the

ancient

classic

speech

with

the

modern

European

dialects,

or with

the

dialects

German

Keltic,

that there exists

striking

re-

semblance

often

amounting

to sameness

between

many

primitive

words

common

Latin,

Greek,

German,

English,

Irish,

Gaelic,

and the

Romanic

dialects

Europe.

CHILD OF SCIENCE

217

illustrate

what has been

just

stated,

let us take

a term of

frequent

occurrence

fer,

Latin,

which

student,

matter how heedless

in the

study

languages,

can have

failed

notice. Bear

(English)

in Irish

beir,"

Gothic, laira,

Sanscrit

lliri;

Old

High

German,

piru,

Greek

pJier,

in Latin

fer.

The

word

represents

each

language

the same

idea,

and

identical

sound,

"b"

English,

Irish,

Gothic.

The

Sanscrit

radical

sound

assumes the

aspirate

force,

and in

Old

High

German

the word

found to

commence

with a hard

labial

p,"

which

in Greek is

again

aspirated

ph,"

and this

aspirate

form is

pre-

served

Latin,

and

expressed

f," for,

there is

no modified

form of

"p,"

represent

the

aspirate

sound,

such as

ph," English,

ph,"

Greek.

Such is

the

fact as far as

regards

the

soft

labial

letter

b,"

with

its

aspirate

affected form

"bh;"

and

its

hard,

cognate

equivalent "p,"

with the

aspirate "ph"

f."

Scholars for the

past

two hundred

years

could

not

have

failed to note

this

interchange

the

cognate

con-

sonants,

"b,"

bh,"

"p," "ph,"

words

presenting,

in different

tongues,

the

same

meaning,

yet

no one

publicly propounded

the

principle up

the time

of Jacob Grimm.

Many

scholars

from

the

time

Ptolemy,

the second

century

before

the

Christian

era,

to the time

of the

indo-

mitable Polish

Priost,

Copernicus,

knew that the

earth was

not

really

the

centre

of our

astronomical

system,

yet

it was

reserved

for

Copernicus

put

forth

the

light

of this

scientific truth to the

world. The

glory

being

the

father

of modern

Astronomy

was

reserved

for

the

humble

and

laborious

Father

Copernic.

Before

Columbus

had

set

sail

from

Spain,

and

ere he

had

the

morning

of the

12th

October,

1492,

beheld

the

218 VERGIL.

coveted coast

San

Salvador,

the earth

was an

orb. In

those

days

there were

clever

men,

and

yet

how

few

except

Vergilius

had come to the conclusion that the

globe

which

they

dwelt was round. Columbus alone was

certain

of the

earth's

rotundity

;

his

genius,

his

enterprise,

and

energy,

showed to an

admiring

world

the

truth of

the

theory

of which

had

himself

been convinced

;

and he

opened up

the

vast

hemisphere

beyond

the

Atlantic

the world at

large,

and to science.*

Before

Kepler

had

spent

nigh

twenty years

calculating

the

orbits,

the

motions

and the

bulk of

the

heavenly

bodies,

those

famous

astronomical laws

which have

rendered

his name

imperishable,

had

been

for

ages

pro-

ducing

their

stupendous

results,

always

order and har-

mony. Why

were not all those

simple,

yet

sublime

laws,

discovered

some other

philosopher

well as

Kepler

Such a

discovery

demanded

genius,

patience,

knowledge,

love

learning,

labour. It was not

chance

these

laws in the

heavens were

read

the author of The New

Astronomy

and of Harmonies

the

World.

Kepler

spent

seventeen

years

pursuing

those

investigations

which

led

to the

discovery

of his third

great

law.

Bodies

had fallen

time

after time to

the

earth. The

principle

which

produced

gravitation

had

lain hid.

Newton saw

apple

fall,

and

in the fall

beheld with

Vergil,

rather

Vergeal,

Irish-Gaelic

"Feargeal,"

was

a native of

Ireland. His

name

is derived

from

fear,"

man,

and

geal,"

fair. He went

to France

during

the

time of

King

Pepin, by

whom he

was

recommended

the Duke

Bavaria.

For

holding views,

then considered

strange, regarding

the

earth and

the

antipodes,

he was

reported by

St.

Boniface,

apostle

Germany

Pope

Zachary.

The

Pope

summoned

the

Irish

priest

Rome,

and on

account

of his

advanced

knowledge

science,

and for

his virtues

raised

him

the

see

Saltzbourg.

St.

Basil,

the

two

saints

Gregory

and

Athanasius,

knew

that

the earth was

round.

GALVAN!.

219

the

ken

philosopher's

eye

the law o

gravitation.

Hally

also came

the

same

time to

similar conclusion.

The

electric

fire,

with

its twofold

developement posi-

tive and

negative

had

permeated

earth and air and

sky,

and

all material

space

;

had flashed from

pole

pole,

from

planet

planet,

from

star

star,

had con-

tributed

cement

and sever earth

and

sea

;

had,

a universal

soul,

kept

all nature

motion,

producing

its

myriad

effects

long

before

the

Professor

of Science at

Bologna

Galvani,

his

lady

witnessed the sudden

tremulous

quiverings

frog suspended

from

copper

hook on an

iron frame. Galvani saw

in the

spasmodic

twitching

the action

that

fluid which

keeps

the uni-

verse

motion.

That was a

great discovery,

yet

it was

little

thing.

The

eye

genius

beheld,

in the

beatings

of the headless

frog,

the

pulsations

that vital

flow which

alone

quickens

the

material

world.

The

genius

Galvani

turned the incident

account.

The effect

to-

day

seen

the

almost

supernatural

results

of electrical

science.

too,

to the

present century,

to the

time of

Jacob

Ludwig

Grimm,

Professor

German

literature,

and

Librarian

the

University

of Gotten

gen,

scholar

put

the

question

: Does this

interchange

of sound and of

letter

spring

from

principle,

or is

mere accident

;

it the effect of

a cause

continually

acting

that

is,

a law

language

or,

it the

result

of mere chance

Again,

is this

interchange

peculiar

to the

labials,

"b,"'

"p,"

"bh,"

"ph,"

"f,"

"v,"

w,"

it common

the

other two classes

called

gutturals,

c,"

k,"

g,"

;

and

dentals,

t,"

"d,"

"th,"

dh,"

"z,"l."

From

the

year

1818,

to the

year

1838,

the

learned,

hard-

working

German

philologist,

author

of Gescliicliie

der

Deutschen

Sp-ache

the

history

the

'^German

language,

in-