Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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180 ABRAHAM
LEAVES
TTR.
ham,
brought
his
son,
and
Lot
his son's
son,
and Sarai
his
daughter-in-law,
the
wife
of
Abram,
his
son,
out
of
TJr of the
Chaldees,
to
go
to the land
of
Chanaan.
They
came
only
as
far
as
Haran
"
in
Armenia,"
and
dwelt
there.
Westward
was
the
cry
before Abram
was desired
by
God
to
go
out
of his
country,
and
from
his
kindred,
and
from
his father's
house
to a
land
which he would
be
shewn,
the
land
of
promise
for him and
his
seed
;
nay,
before Mis-
raim
colonised
^Egypt,
before the
cities
of Thebes
and
Memphis
were
founded. The
inspired
author
of the
Pentateuch hints
at the
time when
the earth
was
of one
tongue
and of the
same
speech.
And
when
they
removed
from
the
East
they
found a
plane
in
the land of Sanaar.
The
tower
had
not
been
built. Even
then the Keltic
migration
commenced. The
question
regarding
the con-
fusion
of
tongues
is not one that
comes
within reach
of
the
science of
comparative philology.
The
field of
in-
vestigation respecting
it
remains
untouched,
for
there
are other
primitive
tongues
besides
the
Aryan.
A.
W.
Schlegel
and
Bopp point
to
languages
of
monosyllabic
roots
not
capable
of
entering
into
composition,
and others
capable
;
then,
there is
the Semitic
speech
with
roots of
two
syllables.
The
path pursued
in
this
work
is
that
pointed
out and illumined
by
the
light
that
flows from
the
lamp
which the science of
comparative
philology
holds before
the
student's
eyes.
The
Irish-Gaelic
language,
in con-
nexion
with
the
primitive
Aryan
speech,
is
the
special
subject
which,
in these
pages,
engages
the writer's
at-
tention.
TWELFTH
A
TWO-FOLD TONGUE.
[Regarding
the
Aryan
speech,
he
states
(1)
that before
the
people
who
spoke
that
primseval tongue
had com-
menced
to
emigrate,
a
difference of
dialect had arisen.
That
favoured
region
in
which the
Aryans
dwelt, along
A
TWO-FOLD
TONGUE.
181
the fertile
valleys,
through
which the
rising
waters of the
rivers
Euphrates
and
Tigris,
and the
ancient
Araxes and
Cyrus
flow,
was
encompassed
on the
north, east,
south,
and
west,
by
ranges
of
mountains,
with
Ararat in
the
centre,
standing up
like
a
giant figure
keeping
watch
over
the
surrounding
hills. As
soon
as the rich
lowlands
had been
peopled,
the
long ranges
of land on the
mountain
sides
offered
a home
and a healthful
abode
to
those
who
had
been
forced from
the
valleys
by
the
ever
-increasing
population.
It
soon
came
to
pass
that those
living
in the
highlands
of
Armenia,
and in the
mountain
ranges
to
the south
and
east,
as
far as
Herat
and
Hindoo-Koosh,
began
to
speak
the
language
of their fathers
with a new
tone
and
accent,
brought
about
by
the
change
of
location
and
Accident
of climate and new
domestic and
social
relations.
That
this dialectical
difference
arose,
scholars
distin-
guished
in the field of
comparative
philology
assert.
"The
mountaineers
spoke," says
Donaldson,
"
a
harder and
and
a
bolder
dialect." The
Aryan
tongue
was
split
into
two
dialects,
known
by
the name
Low-
Aryan
and
High-
Aryan.
The
Low-Aryan
was the
older
or
primitive
tongue;
the
High-Aryan,
the
younger,
or that
which
had
been
formed
by
accent
and
dialectic
mutation from
the
mother
tongue.
The fact
is
proved
plainly
from the
effects
to
this
day publicly
stamped
on
the
languages
of the
Aryan
races.
Irish-Gaelic,
Sanscrit,
Latin,
the
early
Sabine
speech,
or
Umbrian,
bear
the
impress
of the
un-
affected,
primitive,
original
language
of
their
Lowland
Aryan
progenitors
;
while
Welsh,
Zend,
Greek
and
Oscan
point
to
the
affected,
derivative,
dialectic character of the
language
spoken
by
the
Aryan
inhabitants
of
the moun-
tains,
who,
at a
far-off
period,
had,
in
all
probability,
been
their
common
primitive
progenitors.
182 PRIMARY
"
S"
VERSE'S
li
H"
SECONDARY.
How is
this
seen
?
Hear
Professor
Geddes
once
more
:
PROOF.
SANSCRIT,
LATIN,
GAELIC
VCTSUS
ZEND,
GREEK,
WELSH.
How
nearly
allied the
sounds
of
"
s"
and
"
h"
are is
noticeable
in
the
speech
of
certain
children. Some
of
them have
difficulty
in
enunciating
the
initial
"
s."
I
happen
to know
a
child
just
now
who
says
regularly
"
hault"
for
salt.
"
Give
me home
hault
;"
"
haumon"
for
salmon,"
and
the like. She
is
following
in
such words
the
example
of
the
early
Greeks,
Welsh,
and
Persians. A
few
instances
may
suffice
LATIN.
sal
senex
somnus
sedes
salix
sol
Or,
than
which
no better
example
could
be
found,
the
adjective
like,
"
saihail."
similis samail
havail
homoios.
,,
so,
or
su,
easy
eu
do,
difficulty
dus
sic
so,
sin
hyn
ho,
h(5h
From
the
College
Irish
Grammar,
p.
89,
the
following
table
of
the numerals
is
copied.
It
illustrates
the
close
early
relationship
between
Latin,
Irish-Gaelic,
and
San-
skrit,
and between
Greek
and
Welsh
:
What
a
very
close
affinity
exists
among
the
several
early
branches
of the
great
Aryan
family
of
languages
may
be
well
perceived
from
a
list
of
numerals in
the
several
languages
:
GAELIC.
THE NUMERALS
IN
SEVEN
PBIMITIVE
LANGUAGES.
183
Symbol
184 EFFECTS SAME
:
CAUSE
SAME,
And
why
from
the
Persians ?
Because
it is
only
,
in
Persian
(Zend)
that an
initial
"
s" is
changed
into
"
h,"
which
initial
"
h"
was
as usual
dropped
in Greek.
It
is
only
in Persia that the
country
of
Sindhu
(Sindhu
is the
Sanscrit
name for
river),
or of the seven Sindhus
could
have been called Hindia
or India
instead
of
Sindia.
Un-
l^ss
the
followers of Zoroaster had
pronounced
every
"
s"
like
"
h,"
we should never
have
heard of the
West
Indies."
Science
of
Language, p.
265,
vol. I.
The
foregoing
are
only
a
few
examples.
It
would
be
out of
place
to fill
those
pages
with
a fuller list.
The reader will
perceive
that the
natives of Hindostan
who
spoke
Sanscrit,
a
branch
of
the
Aryan speech
re-
tained
the
"
s"
and
its
sound
;
whilst
the ancient
natives
of
Persia
omitted
the
"s"
or
"
f,"
and retained its
affected
sound,
that of
"
h."
The
Latins,
and before
them,
the
Umbrians and
Sabines,
and those
who
dwelt
in
the north of
Italy,
retained
the
"
s"
and its
sound,
whilst the
Greeks and those
who,
like the
Oscans
dwelt in
the
south
of
Italy,
rejected
it.
To this
day
the
Gaels
of
Ireland and
of the
Highlands
of
Scotland,
retain
the
"
s"
and
its
sound;
the
Welsh
reject
it
in
words which
are,
amongst
the
two
peoples,
employed
to
convey
the
same
idea
and to
express
the
same
thought.
Can
this
uniformity
of
effect arise
from
chance,
or
from
a
cause ?
If
from
a
cause,
that cause must
have
existed
before
the
Greeks came
to the
Peloponessus
;
before Athens was
*"
Oscari
sides
with Greek
and
Welsh
;
Umbrian
with
Latin
and Gaelic.
The
Sahine
race
were
a branch
of the
Umbrians'"
Regal
Rome, by
Francis
W.
Newman,
p.
3.
London
:
Taylor.
Walton,
and
Maberly,
1852.
Again,
on
actually
comparing
the
Latin
vocabulary
with
that
of
the
Greeks,
Germans,
and
Kelts,
a far
closer
similarity
t
the Kelts
shows
itself.
Idem,
p.
4.
ONENESS
OF MOULD
:
SAMENESS
OF
IMPBESSION.
185
founded
by
Cecrops
;
before
the
foundation of
Argos,
or
Mycenae,
with
its broad
ways,
was
laid.
The
earliest
population
of
both
Italy
and
Greece
was
Irish-Gaelic.
The
Pelasgian emigrants
were Low-
Aryan
;
those
in
northern
Italy
were
Low-Aryan,
and,
therefore,
from the
same
stock
as
the
Irish-Gaelic. After the
Pelas-
gic,
the
next
shoal
of
emigrants
were
High-Aryan,
the
progenitors
of the
Hellenes,
or Greeks of
Homer's
time.
"
The
only point,"
says
Newman,
"
left
uncertain,
is
whether
the oldest
Latin
itself,
or
only
some of
its
affluents,
was the Keltic
influence. The Sabires used
a
vocabulary
which
was
akin
to
the
Gaelic.
"
Nor,
in
fact,
of
all the
Indo-European
tongues,"
says
he,
(p.
19,
Regal
Borne,')
"
has one
so near
a
likeness
to
the Latin
as
the Gaelic has.
"
The
argument
appears
to
be
unassailable,
except
by
admitting
a
relation
so close between the
oldest Latin
and
the
Keltic
as
to
imply
a
recent
divergency
from a
com-
mon stock."
Latin
and Gaelic
and
Sanscrit are
certainly
from
the
older
stock
of
the
Aryan
tongue,
because
they
retain
in the
initial forms
of
the
words of
those
languages
the
primitive,
radical
consonants
("s"
or "t"
or "f
")
and
their
sounds
;
whilst
Greek,
and
Welsh,
and
Zend
must have
sprung
from the
Aryan
tongue spoken
in
the
mountain
regions
;
because all
these
languages
have
not
the
natural
or
primitive
sound,
but
only
the
affected
and
secondary
form,
and
its
symbol
"
h
"
in the
com-
mencement of
terms
apparently primitive.
From the
foregoing
statements
and
proof
the
following
conclusions can
fairly
be
drawn :
(1)
That all
the
European tongues
came from
the
Aryan
is
certain,
just
as the six
Romance
languages
of
Europe
have
sprung
from the
Latin.
186
OBJECTIONS
ANSWERED.
(2)
That
Irish-Gaelic,
Latin and
Sanscrit
have
come
direct from
Low-
Aryan
is
equally
certain.
(3)
It is not
certain, however,
but
it
is
probable
in
the
highest
degree,
from the
reasons
just
given,
that Welsh
and
Greek
and
Zend came direct
from
the
High Aryan,
or
the dialect
spoken
in
the
mountains of
Armenia and
Persia.
The
writer
says,
"
probable
in
the
highest degree,
but
not
certain
;"
because some scholars in the
field of
com-
parative
philology
are
of
opinion
that
Greek and
Welsh
had had
the
initial
"
s
"
at
one time in
those
words from
which,
at
a
later
period
this letter
was
omitted.
Geddes
writes,
"
There is
reason to
believe that
the
use
of
'
h,'
for
the
initial
'
s,'
is,
at
any
rate,
in
Welsh,
of
later
develop-
ment. In the Greek
tongue
we
can
trace a
kind of
con-
flict
going
on,
which
sometimes resulted
in
the retention
of two
forms,
one
with
'
s,'
the other
with
the
aspirate
'
h,'
as
hus
[a boar]
in
Greek,
and also
sus,
like the Latin
sus. So in Welsh
it
seems
probable
that
'
s
'
had once
occupied
a similar
position
where
now
'
h
'
appears.
The
great
river
encircling
their
country
on
the
east,
which
they
now call
Hefrcn,
would
appear
to
have been
pro-
nounced
by
the
ancient Britons
with
an
'
s,'
when
the
Romans took their
Sabrina,
and
we our 'Severn."
Lec-
ture,
p.
13.
But this
particular
instance would
prove
nothing
against
the
truth of
the
main
proposition respecting
the
Welsh
language,
for
the
inter-communication between the Irish
Gaels
and Cambro-Britons
was so
frequent
that
the latter
may
have
borrowed
some
primitive
terms
from the
Gael,
(
or
may
have
adopted
for some
special
reason
the
Gaelic
sound
and name. Charles
Mackay,
LL.D.,
in
his new
work,
TJie
Gaelic
Etymology
London,
Trulner,
1875,
writes :
"
Three
branches
of
the
Keltic
language
were
187
spoken
by
the British
people prior
to the
Eoman,
Saxon
and Danish
invasions
the
Kymric
or
Welsh
;
and
the
Gaelic
spoken,
to this
day,
in
the
Highlands
of
Scotland,
in
the Isle
of
Man,
and
Ireland,
and
formerly spoken
in
the
greater
part
of
England.
Gaelic was the
language
of
the
Britons at
an
early
period."
Dr.
Prichard
in
his Eastern
Origin
aof
the Keltic
Nations,
2nd
edition,
p.
187,
tells us that
Edward
Lhuyd,
too,
held this
opinion
;
and
he
tacitly
in-
sinuates
that
it
is
his own. He remarks :
"
It
was
ob-
served
by
Edward
Lhuyd,
that
'
h' is never the
first,
or
proper
initial
of
any
word in the Irish
language,
but
that
words
beginning
with
'
f
'
or
with
'
s
'
change,
according
to
the laws of
permutation peculiar
to
this
dialect,
that
initial
into
*
h.'
Hence
he
(Lhuyd)
infers
that
these words
in their
primitive
form
began
with
'
f,'
or
'
s,'
or
'
t'
;
and that
cognate
words which
begin
with
*
h
'
in other
languages
have
lost
their
proper
initial.
In
like
manner
some Greek
words now
beginning
with an
aspirate
have lost an
originae digamma (f),
while
others,
hepta
and
hex,
corresponding
with
septem
and
sex in
Latin,
and
with
sapta
and shash in
Sanscrit,
have
lost
an initial
"s."'
Herodotus,
styled,
justly,
"
The Father
of
History,"
^writes
that the
ancient inhabitants
of
Greece,
the
Pelasgi,
spoke
a
language
which
appeared foreign
to the
Hellenic
races
of later
times.
He
says
they spoke
a
barbarous
tongue,
"barbaron
t&iglossanhientes,"
that
is,
a
tongue
which the
Hellenists
did
not
speak.
We
know,
too,
from
Homer,
that the Helli
who dwelt
about
Dodona,
were
called
Selli,
or
Helli
;
so
were
the Helli of
Thessaly styled
Belli,
This
primary
sound
of
"
s,"
instead
of its secon-
dary
or
aspirate
"
h,"
employed by
the
Greeks
at a
later
period,
had
been retained
from the
early
Pelasgic
settlers,
the
Greeks
before
Homer's
time.
188 WELSH VERSUS
IBISH.
In this
way,
the
use
of
"
s,"
in
its
primitive
state,
can
be
accounted
for
as
existing
in
some
few,
very
few,
words
in Greek and the
language
of the
Cambro-Britons.
"
Thus,
the
Welsh,"
continues Dr.
Prichard,
"
as well
as the
Greek
language, drops
the "s"
or
the
"f
"
entirely
and
substitutes the
aspirate
in
words which
originally
had
either
"
s"
or
"
f
"
for
their
initial;
while
in the Irish
the
aspirate
is
still
used
as
a
regular
inflection
of
words
properly beginning,
and
retaining,
(with aspirate
mark,
when
required,)
the
"
s,
or
f,
or
t."
p.
191.
'
EXAMPLES.
The writer takes
up SpurrelVs
Welsh
Dictionary,
and
looking
over
the columns of
words
beginning
with initial
"h,"
he
sees,
at a
glance,
that most of
them are affected
Gaelic
terms
;
the
only
difference
apparent
is that
the
initial
letter has the
secondary
sound,
and
not the
pri-
mary.
Tlie
following,
with their
derivative
and
com-
pound
forms,
make
up
at
least two
hundred words.
Pri-
mitive
terms,
for the
most
part,
have
been selected
for
insertion here :
Welsh
Irish-Gaelic
halen,
salt
salan
hallt,
salted
sailte
haliu,
saliva,
spittle
seile
haliwio,
to
salivate
seilugad
Halog,
v.,
defile
saluig
halogi,
v.,
to
defile
salugad
halogwr,
one who soils or
spoils
satacdir
hanes,
old
stories seanacas
hanesai,
a
story-teller
seanacaid
hanesel,
/uZZ of
stories
seanacamail
hanesgan,
an
epic
poem
seanacais
dan
haneswr,
a
recorder
of
stories
seanasoir
haf,
summer
sarii
havail,
like naihail
IRISH-GAELIC
LIKE.
ITS PARENT
TOXGUB. 189
haid,
a swarm
scaot
hawddfod,
a
state
of
ease
sostad
hedd,
peace
sit
helyg,
willoiu
saileog
hem,
old
sean
(pr.
slian)
elistir,
flag
iceed
selistir
heul, sun,
light
sol,
sun
;
solus
hil,
seed
siol
holht,
cleft
scoilt
hir,
of
long
duration
si'or
bin,
that
(pronoun)
sin
(pr. shin)
hinon,
fair
weather
somean
hun,
sleep
suan
he,
ho
(per. pronouns)
so,
he
;
so,
this
hebog,
a
hawk
sealJas
hela,
hunting
sealga
helliwr,
a hunter
sealgaire
helva,
herd
seal
5
helw,
possession
seilB
hesg,
dry,
larren
seasg
hwth,
thrust
sait
hwyl,
sail
seol
Irish
Gaelic
presents
the
f
vilest
and clearest
impress
of
its
parent
prototype
the
Aryan language.
In its
plastic
power
and
phonetic
fecundity,
Irish-
Gaelic
possesses,
like
its
primitive Aryan parent
tongue,
not
only
the virtual
but
the formal
germinal developments
of dialectic
variety.
This
proposition
will sound
strange
to the ears of
many.
They
will
be
inclined
to
say
such
speech
is
pretty
much
like what
poets
and Irish
patriotic
adventurers
spout
regarding
the
"
Green
Isle." The
natives
are
ever
boast-
ing
of
the
antiquity
of their
family
genealogy.
Every
"0" and
"
Mac" traces
his
parentage
not
only
up
to
Noah,
but to
Adam.
They
were before
every
other
people
;
and
they
speak
a
language,
as some of their
writers
say,
that