Bourke Ulick J. Aryan Origin of the Gaelic Race and Language
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1GO
PERSONAL ENDINGS.
classical interest
to
which
it
is well to draw
the
attention
of
the
reader.
EIGHTH. Ttie
point
of
interest
is,
the
personal
inflections
of
verbs
in
Greek, Latin,
Irish,
and
Sanskrit.
Grimm
de-
clares
in
his
Grainrnrtik,
p.
1,052,
"that
the characteristic
terminations
of
the third
person
singular
and
plural,
viz.,
D,
and 1ST
D,
appear
to
him
quite
inexplicable
lij
means
of
the German
pronouns."
"
It is
fortunate,"
says
Dr.
Prichard
(Ke'tic
Nation*,
p.
265
Latham's edition
; London,
Quaritch
1857,)
"
that there
is one
language
in
which the
personal
pro-
nouns,
as well
as the verbal
suffixes,
have
been
preserved
in a form
much less
altered
from their
original
state
than
in
any
of
the more
celebrated of the
classical
dialects,
in
which
philologists
have,
before
his
time,
sought
the means
of
elucidating
the
structure
of
language.
I allude
to
the
Keltic
dialects
the Welsh and
Irish
(which
he
strangely
styles
Erse).
The
terminations of
words
are but
little
capable
of
change
in
the Keltic
idioms,
as,
indeed,
are
those
idioms
themselves,
of
which the
people
appear
ever
to have
been
remarkably
tenacious." That
has
always
been
the
character
of the Keltic
race.
So
says
Zeuss.
Dr.
Pritchard
adds
:
"
It
is certain
that
the
Keltic
idioms
preserve
in a more
perfect
state
than
any
other
languages
of
Europe
and Asia
the
original pronouns
of
which
abbreviated
forms
enter,
as
suffixes,
into
the in-
flections
of
verbs
through
the
numbers and
persons."
The
reader
is
refcred,
for the
proof,
to
his
work,
TJie
Eastern
Origin
of
the
Keltic
Nations,
c.
v.,
sections
v. &
vi.
Every
Irish
scholar
knows that
the
simple
prepositions
enter
in
Irish
into
composition
with
the
personal
pro-
nouns;
as
"
me,"
I,
me
;
"
tu,"
thou
;
"
se,"
he, him;
"si,"
she,
her;
"sum,"
we,
us;
"sib,"
you;
"
siacl,"
they,
IBISH
PERSONAL
PEOXOTJNS,
1
them,
compounded
with
"
aig,"
at,
form
the
compound
pronouns
Sing.
agam
agat aige
aici
Plur.
agamn
agaib
aca.
"
Agam,"
At
me,
is
compounded
of
"
aig"
at,
and the
pronoun
"
me,"
me
;
agat,
at
thee,
&c.
By
this
means,
the
verb
u
ta"
is,
art,
are,
entering
into
composition
with
the
personal
pronoun,
efformatcs the
synthetic
verb
"
taim,"
I am.
Sing.
taim,
I
am.
tair,
thou
art. ta
se,
he
is.
Plur.
tamuid,
we
are.
tatoi,
ye
are.
taid,
they
are
"
Taim" is
for
ta
and
me
;
"
tair,"
ta and
tu
;
"
tamuid,"
for
ta
and
muid,
us;
"taid,"
is
for
ta
and siad.
In
"
tair,"
thou
art,
"
t"
is
changed
indirectly
into
"
r."
In this
way
the
personal
inflections
of
the
verbs in
Irish-Gaelic
are
accounted
for
;
and
thus, too,
are
the
inflections
"mus,"
"
tis,"
"ant,
"unt,"
and
the
like
in other
languages
plainly
traceable
through
the
Keltic
to the broken
forms
of the
personal
pronoun.
What does
Professor Geddes
say
on
the
subject
of
the
inflections
of the
verbs
in the Greek
and
Latin
languages
:
*'
No
one,"
he
says,
in
p.
15
of
Lecture,
"
could fail
to
be
struck
with
the
preservation
in certain
tenses of
the
pri-
mitive
personal
endings,
e.g.,
"
m,"
as
indicating
the
first
person
imperative,
as
"
bnseam,"
let me
break,
the
exact
analogon
of
"frangam,"
and
in
Epic,
or
oldest
Greek,
"
rhegnumi."
So
"dh,"the
third
person
of
the
same
mood
"
bnseadh,"
with
"
se,"
let
him
break
j
the
analogon
of
Latin
"frangito";
Greek,"
rhegnuto."
The
most
remarkable
of
these
is
the
ending
"
muid"
of the
first
person
plural,
"brisammd,"
let
us
break.
This
"
bnsamuid"
is,
by
the
way,
derived
from the root
"
bris,"
(a
euphonic)
and
"muid,"
an
old
personal pronoun
employed,
to
this
day, by
the
peasants
of
Galway
in
162
A
GLEAM OF
LIGHT.
speaking
Irish, as,
for
instance,
they
say
"
Is
mmd-ne
a
Bi
ann
sin,"
it
is
we
who were there.
But,
to return
to
Geddes.
The
"
muid"
is,
according
to his
notion,
the
analogon
of
"
ometha,"
and
"oimetha,"
appearing
in
the
Greek
verb;
whence,
brisamuid
is
the
correlative
of
"
rhegnuometha."
Other Irish
tenses
compared
with their
Latin
or Greek
equivalents.
The
linguistic analogies
presented by
the Gaelic
verb,
are
very
nearly
divided
between
the
Greek and the
Latin.
The
"
inn"
of
the
imperfect
tense and
"
finn,"
of the
conditional,
(Irish)
remind
us of
"
n" in the first
person
of
the
Greek
past
tenses
"
etupton,"
I
did
strike
;
"
etiipon,"
I struck
;
and
"
erregnun,"
I
was
breaking.
An
important analogy
to the
Greek
infinitive
might
be
found in
the
cluster
of Irish-Gaelic infinitives
in
"inn
;"
as
"
feuiam,"
to
try,
to
see;
"tuigsm,"
to
understand
"clumntm,"
and
"cloistm,"
to hear.
The
"
muis
"
(pr.
mush,)
a
plural,
first
person
of
Irish-
Gaelic
verbs,
is
the
analogon
of
"
mus,"
Latin
;
as,
"
frangamus,"
"
briseamuis."
"
Another
gleam
of
light
from the Gaelic
is reflected
on
the
formation of the
Greek
future. From
the
verb
"
bns"
(pr.
brish)
future
"bnsfas"
I
shall
break,
is
formed.
"
Brisfas
"
is
certainly
formed
by
the addition
of
the
substantive
verb
"
as,"
"
is,"
or
"
am,"
to
root
'
bns,'
that
is,
I am
to
break,
means,
I
will break.
So
says
Geddes.
In
Irish Gaelic
the future relative is
fa.*,
and
not
as
simply.
The termination
fas
is
from
"Bus,"
an
old
future
form of
the assertive
verb
"
as,"
is,
exists.
This
*'
Bus"
is
made
up
of
as,
is,
and
la,
may
lie,
or
leccme.
The
future
"
brisfeas,"
then
in Irish-Gaelic
means
some
one
who
(fas)
is about
(bns)
to
break.
No
one.
continues
Geddes,
will
doubt
that
we have
one
GREEK
FUTURE.
163
form
of the
future tense
in
Gaelic
expressed
by
the
sub-
stantive
verb
as,
or
is
or
es,
or its future
form
"
Bus.
'
"
Could
a more
perfect analogy
be obtained to
illustrate
the formation
of
the Greek
future
by
means of
tha
sub-
stantive
verb
es
?
Greek
Future.
Tup
-
es
-
o,
equal
to
tupso,
I
shall strike.
to-strike-am-I.
reg
-
es
-
o,
I
shall
break.
to-break-am-I
Thus
in Irish
Gaelic,
"bns-f-as"
equals
break-about-to-
am-I. In
facso,
an
old future
of
f.icio,
the
Latin lan-
guage
still
retains
a remnant
of the
ancient formation
of
the
future
tense.
"It is
a
boulder,"
says
Geddes,
"of
immense
value
in the
eye
of
the
linguistic
geologist.
The Latin
"
bo
"
of
"
amabo
"
has been shewn to
come
from
"
ba,"
was.
or
"
beit,"
to
become.
"
NOT
is
there
any
doubt,"
says
Max MAller
(p.
268,
vol.
I.)
"
that in
the
Latin 60 of amabo
we have
the old
auxiliary
him,
to
become.
NINTH. INFLECTIONS
OF NOUNS.
DATIVE
PLURAL.
The
remarkable
termination
of
the
dative
plural,
in
the
great body
of Gaelic
nouns,
holds out a
striking proof
that
the
Gaelic
plural
"ib
"
is
the
root
of
the
Latin
and
Greek
analogous
case-endings.
The
"
ib"
is
the
correla-
tive of
the
"bus"
the
dative
plural
in
Latin,
the
"byas"
of the
Sanscrit,
and
the
vanishing
"
plun"
of
such
forms
as
"
nauphin
"
and
"
cichesphm."
In
Greek it
is
ready
to die
as
early
as
the
time
of
.ZEschylus.
In
Latin
the
"
bus
"
shows
symptoms
of
decay,
as it
is
found in
full
force
only
in the third or
consonant
declension
;
but
to
this
day
the
"ibh" survives
in
the
Gaelic.
Dr.
Prichard writes
(p.
344,
Eastern
Origin,)
"
It
is
worth while to
notice
particularly
the
dative
plural
which
164
THE LATIN
DATIVE
PLUEAL.
generally
terminates
in
"
aibh." This
termination
is
plainly
related to the old Latin
dative
in
^ubus"
and
"
abus,"
which
was
probably
the
genuine
and
original
form of the case
in
Latin. The Sanscrit
dative
plural
ends
in
"
abhyas,"
or,
at
least,
in
"
bhyas,"
after a
vowel,
as
"rajabhyas,"
Latin
"
regibus,"
Irish
"riogaib,"
to
kings.
In these
respects
there
is
a
remarkable
cognation
between
the Keltic and the Sanscrit."
The
ending
"
bus"
of the
dative
plural
of
Latin
nouns
is found
in the
third declension
only
;
in the
fourth
and
fifth,
too,
but these are mere
developements
of
the
third.
This
omission is
a
falling
away,
and
a
sign
of
weak-
ness
in the
early days
of
Latin
linguistic
developement.
The
termination
"
iB"
(ft,
aspirated,
has the
sound of
"
v"
when
articulated
in
the same
syllable
with
"
i")
or
"
aibh"
is
found
in
Irish not
in
one
declension,
but
in
all. Ex-
amples,
from
the
College
Irish
Grammar,
fifth
Edition,
pp.
58,
59,
60
:
FIRST
DECLENSION.
To
it
belong
all
nouns
masculine
that
end
with
a
con-
sonant,
preceded
by
a
broad
vowel
fa,
o,
u).
The
gen.
case
singular
and the
nominative
plural
take
"
i"
before
the
closing
consonant.
Eac,
m.,
a
steed.
Singular.
Plural.
.
om
'
j
eac,
a
steed.
eic,
steeds.
Gen.
eic,
of
a steed
eac,
of
steeds.
Dat.
eac,
to
a steed
eacaiB,
to
steeds.
Voc.
eic,
oh !
steed.
eaca,
steeds.
Eic,
is
pi.
of
eac
j
eacraicl,
cavalry,
is
a
noun
of
mul-
titude.
In
this
manner
is declined
every
noun
masculine
of one
syllable
or
more
ending
in
"c"
(unaspirated).
And in
THE
IRISH
DATIVE
PLURAL.
165
the same
manner
are
declined
all nouns
of
one
syllable
ending
in
"c"
(aspirated).
But if
more
than
one
sylla-
ble,
and
that
"6"
final
is
aspirated,
then
it is
changed,
in the
genitive
case,
into
the
soft
guttural
"
g"
j as,
Marcac,
a rider.
From
"
marc,"
an old Keltic
term
for horse.
Singular
Plural.
^
a
'l
marcao
marcaig
Gen.
marcaig
marcac
Dat.
marcac
marcaigiB
Voc.
riiarcaig
marcaca
"
In
all
printed
books,
and
in
most
manuscripts
of
the
four
last
centuries,
final
"
c" becomes
"
g"
when
attenu-
ation
takes
place;
as,
"
bealac,"
a
way,
a
road;
gen.
"
bealaig."
But in
very
ancient
Irish
manuscripts,
and
in all
printed
Irish
books
in
the Irish
or
Scotch
Gaelic
the
"
c"
(asp.)
is retained."
O'Donovan.
Bord, m.,
a table
(declined
with
the
article
"
an")
Articulated
Form.
A
m'
]
an
bord,
the table
na
boird,
the tables
Gen.
an
Boird,
of
the
table
na
m-bord,
of
the
tables
Dat.
do'n
m-bord,
to the do
na
bordaiB to
the
table
tables.
SECOND DECLENSION.
The second
declension
comprises (1)
all
nouns
feminine,
of which
the
characteristic
is
slender
the
vowel
"
i
;"
(2)
nouns
feminine
of
one
syllable
or more
of
which
the
characteristic is
broad.
The second declension
is
distin-
guished
from
the first
by
taking,
in the
genitive
case
singular,
an additional
syllable,
"e,"
called
by
gramma-
rians
because
"
e" is a
slender
vowel
the
slender
in-
crease.
166
DECLENSION AT
PRESENT
IN IRISH.
Suil,
eye
(pr.
soo-il,
in
one
syllable).
Singular.
Plural.
)m
'
suil
smle
(pr.
sooil-le
Ace.
J
vr
Gen.
suile
sul
Dat. suil suiliD*
Voc.
suil
suile
All
nouns of this
class
ending
in
a
consonant,
preceded
by
the slender vowel
"
i,"
are
declined
chiefly
like
the
foregoing
:
A noun
feminine,
of
which the
characteristic
(or
final
vowel),
is
broad,
and in
this
respect,
is
in
the
nom. and
ace.
cases,
like to a noun
masculine,
"cos,"/.,
a
foot.
Singular.
Plural.
cos,
tcos
cosa,
kossa
Ace.
J
Gen.
coise,
koshe
cos
Dat.
cois,
Icosh
cosaiB
THIRD
DECLENSION.
(1J
Personal nouns
in
"uir;"
(2)
abstract
nouns in
"
act
;"
(3)
verbal nouns
in
"
ugad,
ad,
ead,
act,
ail
5"
(4)
certain
primitive
nouns
of
one
syllable
or
more. The
genitive
singular
takes
a
broad
increase
(a).
Slanuigteoir,
a
Saviour
(with
the
article).
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.^i
an
Slanmgteoir,
the
na
Slanuigieoind,
the
Ace.
J
Saiiour. Saviours.
Gen.
an
t-SUinuigteora
na
Slanuigteoir
Dat.
6 'n
t-Slanuigieoir
6
na
SlanuigteoiriB
Voc.
a
Slanuigteoir
a
Slanuigieoind
FOURTH
DECLENSION.
Example
Tigearna,
Lord.
DECLENSION
FIVE HUNDRED
YEARS
AGO.
167
Singular.
Plural
tigearnaid,
the lords
Ace.
|
Gen.
)>tigearna
tigearnad
Dat.
tigearnaidiB
Voc.
J
tigearnaid
FIFTH~'DECLENSION.
This
declension,
like
the
fourth,
comprises
nouns
that
end
in
a
vowel
(a,
e)
with
a
few in
'
am."
They
are,
with a
few
exceptions,
of
the feminine
gender.
This de-
clension
is
distinguished
from
the
former
by
a
peculiar
inflection
(n
or
nn)
in
the
genitive
singular.
Pearsa,
/.,
a
person
(with
the
article).
Singular.
Plural
.
c
an
pearsa
na
pearsana.
Gen.
na
pearsan
na
b-pearsan
Dat
do '11
b-pearsam
do na
pearsanaiB
Voc.
a
pearsa
a
pearsana
The affected
consonant is
marked .with a
()
dot :
"
111,"
or
"
13"
(affected
or
aspirated)
has
the
sound of
"
v" or
"
w,"
"
p,"
of
pit,
c,"
of
cA,
d,
g,"
of
y, &, t,"
of 7,"
"
i"
silent.
IBISH
DECLENSIONS 500
YEAB3
AGO.
In the
mediaeval tract on Latin
declension,
edited
by
Whitley,
Stokes, from
a
MS.
in
Trinity
College,
Dublin,
and
written
in
the
Irish
language
over
five
hundred
years
ago,
the
datives
plural
of
the
old
form
are :
Nominative.
Dative
plural.
Ceann,
a
head
ceannaib
Rann,
a
s:anz^
a divi&ion
rannaib
Atair,
afatker
athraib
Cathir,
a
ci':y
cathrachaiB
File,
a
pod
f
didiB
168
"TAB" PASSIVE
AND
"
TA,"
Rannaire,
a
poetaster,
arliymster
rannamB
Cara,
a
friend
caraitiB
Talam,
earth
talmanaiB
Dia,
God
IMiB.
Thus,
in
the
past,
as
in
the
present,
the
dative
plural
of
Irish
nouns
of
all
classes
terminated
in
"
iB,"
or
"
aiB."
TENTH.
THE
PASSIVE TERMINATION
"
TAB."
The
termination
of the
passive
verb,
as
"
duntar,"
is
shut,
is like the
"
tur"
in
Latin
of
"
amatur,"
"
diligi-
tur
;"
"
bristear,"
is the
analogon
of
"
frangitur."
ELEVENTH. THE
PAST
PARTICIPLE
IN IRISH
AND
LATIN.
The
past
participle
"
te,"
"
ta,"
in
Irish-Gaelic is
the
analogon
of
"
tus,"
"
turn
"
in Latin
;
the
participial
adjective
"
tos-"
inGreek
;
as
"
bris-te,
"
"
fractus,"
"rhektos."
WHAT WERE THEY
ORIGINALLY.
A
question
naturally presents
itself here-
regarding
these
grammatical
forms
ofthe noun and
verb.
What
were
they
originally
?
Are
they
mere
arbitrary
marks
attached to the
vocal or written
root,
as elements
unmeaning
in
themselves,
but
employed
arbitrarily
or
conventionally
to
modify
the
meaning
of
words
;
or
are
they
produced
like the
flowers,
and
leaves
and
branches
springing
from
a
stem
?
Or,
again,
aie
they
the
worn forms
of
primitive
independent
words,
that in
ages past
had
a
meaning
and a
purpose
?
Is it
possible
to trace
them
back
to their
original
source,
aod find out their
purpose
and
meaning.
FIRST
Are
these
grammatical
forms mere
arbitrary
marks annexed to
the
root
?
Some
grammarians, amongst
whom
is Frederick
Schlegel
r
are
advocates
of this
opinion
:
"
Languages
with
inflections,"
says
he,
"are
organic
languages,
because
they
include a
living
principle
of
deve-
lopement
and
increase,
and
alone
possess
a fruitful
and
WHAT
WEES THEY
?
169
abundant
vegetation.
The
wonderful
mechanism of
these
languages
consists
in
forming
an
immense
variety
of
words,
and
in
making
the
connection of
ideas
expressed
by
these
words,
by
the
help
of an
inconsiderable number
of
syllables,
which,
viewed
separately,
have no
signification,
but which determine with
precision
the sense
of
the
words
to
which
they
are
attached.
By
modifying
radical
letters
and
by
adding
derivative
syllables
to
the
roots,
derivative
words of
various
sorts are formed
Substantives,
adjectives,
pronouns,
are
added,
and
verbs
conjugated
by
employing
terminations and
augments,
which,
ly
tliemselves,
signify nothing."
Transactions
of
the
Philological
Society,
vol.
ii.,
p.
29.
The advocates of this
opinion regard
inflections or
syllables
to be
words without
meaning
when taken
apart
from
any
connection
with
the
root
;
and
that
they
have that
special
form which
they
present,
because,
at a
very
early
date certain clans
agreed upon
it.
SECONDLY Are
they produced
like the
flowers
and
the
leaves
of
plants
?
Many
writers
give
to this
question
an
affirmative
answer,
and
say,
that
undoubtedly
languages
are formed
by
a
process,
not of
crystaline
accretion but
of
germinal
developement.
This is
the
common
opinion,
or
it
had been so
up
to a
late
period.
Farrar,
and Frederick
Schlegel,
too,
propound
it.
u
It
is
held
by many
with
whom
poetical phraseology
takes the
place
of sound and
severe
reasoning."
These
are
sage
words from Max Muller.
What numbers
are
deceived
daily
by poetical
phraseology,
how
many
are
taken
by
the
gilding
and
not
by
the
gold
of
thought
!
"
The science
of
language adopts
neither of
these views.
As to
imagining
language,
that is
nouns
and
verbs,
endowed
with an
inward
principle
of
growth,
all
we
can
say
is,
that
such
a
conception
is
really
inconceivable.