Boucquey Thierry (General Editor). Encyclopedia Of World Writers. 3 volumes
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CONTENTS
Preface iv
Introduction v
Timeline of Authors and Works viii
Writers, Genres, and Works
Covered, by Geographical Area xiii
Entries A to Z 1
Selected Bibliography 315
Index 351
iv
Increasingly, both in the United States and abroad,
secondary and university curricula are becoming
more comprehensive. As a result, students of liter-
ature and culture are surveying the vast contribu-
tions of authors from around the world.
Encyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th
Centuries presents the most important writers and
anonymous works, predominantly outside of the
English-language realm and covering the half-mil-
lennium between 1300 and 1800. Entries include
discussions of poetry, fiction, religious writings,
drama, epic, history, oral tradition, political sci-
ence, maxims, biography, philosophy, nonfiction,
and literary terminology. For authors, entries
include a brief biography as well as a description or
analysis of one or more of their works. Each entry
is followed by the suggestion of a translation in
English of the original work, whenever available,
and recent scholarship on the subject.
We wish the readers a pleasant and exciting
voyage into the realm of the world’s masters and
their literature. It is our hope that this volume will
stimulate readers to further explore the work of
these writers for the essence and exquisiteness that
can only be suggested in this book.
Lastly, I wish to thank my daughters, Noëlle
and Veronique, and my dear friends Jin and
Joanne for all their love and support.
Thierry Boucquey
General Editor
pREFACE
v
Encyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th
Centuries offers a comprehensive yet accessible
overview of literature from around the world, cov-
ering the period from the beginning of the 14th
century to about the year 1800. The survey spans
the globe and, to guarantee the broadest possible
coverage for entry selection purposes, represents
11 geographic domains: Africa, the Americas,
Britain-Ireland, East Asia, Francophone Europe,
Germany-Netherlands-Scandinavia, the Middle
East, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Oceania-Pacific,
and Russia-Eastern Europe.
For practical purposes, authors whose works
span two periods (i.e., late 1200s to early 1300s, or
late 1700s to early 1800s) were placed in this vol-
ume because they are considered to be representa-
tive of the time periods covered. Early American
authors have been included here because they
belong to the literature of the “Americas,” which
also includes pre-Columbian and Latin American
literature.
This volume contains nearly 300 entries that
naturally include some giants of the global literary
canon, such as Molière, Shakespeare, Cervantes,
Wu Cheng-en, and Zeami. Additionally, a particu-
lar effort has been made to include a fair number
of entries representing language and literature
domains that traditionally are less studied in
Western institutions. The volume also includes a
significant number of lesser-known but nonethe-
less notable authors and works—from all
domains—that have influenced global literary tra-
ditions and generated renewed scholarly research.
Also incorporated into this volume are defini-
tions of important literary movements, genres,
and phenomena such as neoclassicism, farce, and
Kabuki, as well as literary terminology such as
haiku, sonnet, and typology.
Aimed at both high school and college-level
students, this encyclopedia endeavors to encour-
age and motivate the aspiring scholar to explore
the literary wealth of world writers and their mas-
terpieces. Tools at the students’ disposal include
biographical information, analyses of major
works, appropriate cross-references, and the
inclusion of titles of translated editions as well as
suitable critical texts.
World literature is as varied as it is extensive.
During the half-millennium spanning the years
1300 to 1800, many authors, movements, schools,
and literatures have shaped national and suprana-
tional literary landscapes on all continents. A suc-
cinct overview of some of these developments is
presented here to help orient the reader.
INTRODUCTION
vi Encyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries
AFRICA
In addition to the eventual recording of Africa’s
rich and ancient oral tradition, Olaudah Equiano’s
gripping autobiographical slave narrative, as well
as several Arabic poets such as Muyaka and Sayyid
Abdallah (Ali bin Nasir), highlight the continent’s
literary contribution before 1800.
THE AMERICAS
The literature of the Americas as defined here falls
into three categories: pre-Columbian writing,
Latin American colonial texts, and early North
American literature. The first includes the famous
Popol Vuh, an epic that records the history of the
ancient Quiche Maya from the creation to the
16th century. It miraculously survived and was
copied from a Mayan hieroglyphic manuscript
hidden from the iconoclast colonizers’ view. Latin
American colonial writing consists not only of
eyewitness accounts of discovery and adventure
by colonists such as Columbus or clergy such as
De Motolinia but also of anticonqueror sentiment
such as that of Gama or Cacamatzín. The literature
of America comprises early accounts of the strug-
gles and challenges of colony life, a series of power-
ful theological writings, and the prose writers of the
18th century. Among these, Benjamin Franklin’s
pragmatic yet philosophical prose, Thomas Jeffer-
son’s political writings, and Thomas Paine’s politi-
cal pamphlets occupy a prominent place.
BRITAIN AND IRELAND
As American readers are presumably more famil-
iar with this literature, it will suffice to say here
that only the most prominent or influential
authors and works have been retained in this vol-
ume for the sake of reference and completeness.
EAST ASIA
Whereas in China the best poetry is to be found in
the drama during this period (with notable excep-
tions such as Cao Xuequin or Wu Chengen’s nov-
els), Japan witnessed the beginning of new types of
dramatic literature, such as Noh, Kabuki, and Bun-
raku. Authors such as Zeami inspired these genres,
while Bash¯o was the leading force for bringing
haiku to new heights. The highlight in Korean
writing was King Se-jong’s creation in 1438 of a
new alphabet, considered by linguists to be the
most efficient phonetic transcription to date, save
the modern International Phonetic Alphabet.
FRANCOPHONE EUROPE
The late Middle Ages in France produced the out-
standing lyric poet Villon, as well as growth of the
drama, which includes cycle (mystery and morali-
ty) plays and the genre known as popular farce.
The founders of the Pléiade movement, Ronsard
and du Bellay, personify the spirit of the Renais-
sance that slowly permeates French culture after
1500, while the vigorous and ingenious work of
contemporaries Rabelais and Montaigne laid the
foundations of the classical age. Descartes’s
rationalism imbues the 17th century or grand siè-
cle, which becomes the golden age of theater. In
Racine’s tragedies French verse reaches its height,
while Molière’s brilliant, satirical, social commen-
tary sets the standard for much of subsequent
comedy through the ages. The large volumes of
the Encyclopédie dominate the Enlightenment or
age of the philosophers, among whom Diderot,
Rousseau, and especially Voltaire occupy promi-
nent positions.
GERMANY-NETHERLANDS-
SCANDINAVIA
Erasmus of Rotterdam personifies the pan-Euro-
pean humanist ideal but has no clear answer to the
ideas of the Reformation. Emanating from Ger-
many in the 16th century is Luther, whose transla-
tion of the Bible is probably the era’s greatest
literary achievement. One century apart, two
influential philosophers, Leibniz and Kant, set the
stage for the age of Aufklärung or Enlightenment
and herald the coming of Germany’s classical lit-
erary giants Schiller and Goethe. In the Nether-
lands, the mystic religious writing of Ruusbroec is
especially noteworthy.
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
The fame and scope of Cervantes’s Don Quixote
with its wonderful interpretation of the peasant
mentality and satire of chivalry needs little com-
ment. Creating some 2,000 plays, Lope de Vega
founds the national Spanish drama, while Tirso de
Molina invents the figure of Don Juan. In Portu-
gal, de Camões achieves with Os Lusiadas the
supreme Renaissance epic.
ITALY
The poet Petrarch is the first one to reconcile the
Latin tradition and the new writing in the vernac-
ular with an original style earmarked by refine-
ment and simplicity. His friend and fellow
humanist Boccaccio vividly portrays the rich
drama of everyday human life in compelling
comic tales that continue the medieval story-
telling tradition. Machiavelli’s famous Prince puts
forward the idea that in politics one’s goal justifies
any means. Among nonprofessional writers, the
elegant, crystal-clear prose of Galileo, the original
poems and vivid letters of Michelangelo, and
Leonardo da Vinci’s incredible scientific specula-
tions penned in priceless notebooks, stand out.
MIDDLE EAST
Muhammad Háfiz, who expresses a penetrating
vision of life in a subtle satirical vein, is probably
the finest lyrical poet Persia has ever produced,
while in the 14th Century the historian and
philosopher Ibn Khaldu¯n develops a methodology
and ontology of history that rivals modern histo-
riography.
OCEANIA AND PACIFIC
Australia, New Zealand, and the island nations of
the South Pacific produced only sparse literature
before the 19th century, although a few authors
such as Banks or Wentworth merit mention.
RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE
In Russia, Cantemir and Lomonosov are the first
to write exclusively in “spoken” Russian. The poet-
ry of Derzhavin paves the way to the golden age of
Russian literature. In 1542, Polish astronomer
Copernicus establishes the heliocentric theory of
the universe.
In conclusion, this volume is a work of refer-
ence. As such, it provides a wealth of organized
information on authors, works, and literary terms
and periods, and responds to the demand for
quick and readily accessible information. It is our
sincere hope that this volume, in presenting the
lives and work of some 300 creative individuals
who have contributed to the rich patrimony of
humankind’s accomplishments, will persuade
readers to undertake a journey of their own. We
encourage them to discover the inexhaustible
treasure of the world’s literary legacy and to find
solace in the beauty, recreation, and inspiration of
a story told.
Thierry Boucquey
Huntington Beach, California
Introduction vii
viii
TIMELINE OF
AUTHORS
AND
WORKS
n.d.–1558 Quetzalcoatl, myth of
n.d.–1700s Chilam Balam, The
Books of
n.d.–1782 Book of Chilam Balam of
Chumayel, The
n.d.–present Mesoamerican mythology
n.d.–present Komam Q’Anil, Epic of
n.d.–present Maya epics and fables
n.d.–present epics
200s B.C.–A.D. 1800s pastoral
700s Rabinal Achi
800s?–1400s? Book of Dede Korkut, The
1293–1381 Ruusbroec, Jan van
1300s? Cloud of Unknowing, The
1300s Pearl poet
1300s fabliaux
late 1300s Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight
late 1300s De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and
Hiawatha
1300s–1500s Renaissance
1300s–1600 humanism
1300s–present Kyogen
1300s–present Noh
1304–1374 Petrarch
1313–1375 Boccaccio, Giovanni
1313–1375 Ibn al-Khat¯ıb
1324–1387 Wycliffe, John
ca. 1325–1408 Gower, John
1326–1390 H¯afiz
1330–1386? Langland, William
ca. 1330–1400 Luo Guanzhong (Luo
Kuan-chung)
1332–1406 Ibn Khald¯un
1337–1392 Jung Mong Joo
1337?–1404? Froissart, Jean
ca. 1342–1400 Chaucer, Geoffrey
1342–ca. 1416 Julian of Norwich
1363–1443 Zeami
ca. 1364–ca. 1431 Pisan, Christine de
1370–1415 Hus, Jan
ca. 1370–1450 Lydgate, John
1373–1438 Kempe, Margery
1380–1442 Nguyen Trai
1380–1471 Kempis, Thomas á
1394–1465 Orléans, Charles d’
ca.1397–1450 Se-jong
ca.1397–1459 March, Ausiàs
1400s Scottish poets of the
15th century
fl.? 1400s Shi Naian (Shih Nai-an)
1400s–1600s cycle, miracle, mystery, and
morality plays
1400s–1800s Ashanti tales
1400s–present farce
early 1400s–1472 Nikitin, Afanasij
Dates Author Dates Author
ca. 1402–ca. 1473 Nezahualcoyotl
1404–1472 Alberti, Leon Battista
1410?–1471 Malory, Thomas
1424?–1506? Henryson, Robert
1431–after 1463 Villon, François
1432–1484 Pulci, Luigi
ca. 1435–unknown Moquihuitzín
1435–1493 Kim Shi-sup
1449?–1481 Axayacatl of Tenochtitlán
1449–1492 Medici, Lorenzo de’
1450–1524 Marulic
´
,Marko
1450–1600 classicism
1451–1506 Columbus, Christopher
ca. 1451–1512 Vespucci, Amerigo
1452–1519 Leonardo da Vinci
1454–1494 Poliziano, Angelo
Ambrogini
1457?–1521 Brandt, Sebastian
ca. 1460–1529 Skelton, John
1463–1494 Pico della Mirandola,
Count Giovanni
1464–1515 Nezahualpilli
1469–1527 Machiavelli, Niccolò
ca. 1469–1536 Erasmus, Desiderius
1470–ca. 1521 Waldseemüller, Martin
1470–1547 Bembo, Pietro
1473–1543 Copernicus, Nicolaus
1474–1533 Ariosto, Ludovico
1474–1566 Las Casas, Bartolomé de
1475–1564 Michelangelo Buonarroti
1478–1529 Castiglione, Baldessare
1478–1535 More, Sir Thomas
1483–1540 Guicciardini, Francesco
1483–1546 Luther, Martin
1485–1547 Cortés, Hernán
1490?–1559? Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar
Núñez
1491–1556 Ignatius of Loyola
1492–1549 Marguerite de Navarre
1492–1556 Aretino, Pietro
1494–1520 Cacamatzín of Texcoco
ca. 1494–1553 Rabelais, François
1494–1576 Sachs, Hans
ca. 1495–ca. 1569 Motolinía, Toribio de
ca. 1495–1579 Jiménez de Quesada,
Gonzalo
ca. 1496–1544 Marot, Clément
1496–1584 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
1497–1540 Melanchthon, Philip
1500s La Llorona
1500s Popul Vuh
ca. 1500 Everyman
ca. 1500 Marieke van Nimwegen
late 1500s Jin Ping Mei
ca. 1500–ca. 1582 Wu Chengen
(Wu Ch’eng-en)
1503–1556 Della Casa, Giovanni
1505–1569 Rej, Mikkolaj
1509–1564 Calvin, John
ca. 1512–ca. 1572 López de Gómara, Francisco
1514–1564 Vesalius, Andreas
1515–1582 Teresa of Avila, St.
1519 Till Eulenspiegel
1520–ca. 1565 Staden, Hans
ca. 1520–1566 Labé, Louise
ca. 1522–1560 Bellay, Joachim du
1522–1607 Castellanos, Juan de
1524?–1580 Camões, Luíz Vaz de
1524–1585 Ronsard, Pierre de
ca. 1528–1569 Ferreira, António
1530–1584 Kochanowski, Jan
1533–1592 Montaigne, Michel de
1534–1597 Anchieta, José de
1534–1613 Léry, Jean de
1536–1584 Lee Yul Kok
1539–1600 Acosta, José de
1539–1616 Garcilaso de la Vega
1542–1591 John of the Cross, St.
1544–1595 Tasso, Torquato
1546–1615 Huh Joon
1547–1616 Cervantes, Saavedra
Miguel de
1548–1600 Bruno, Giordano
1549–1589 Pléiade
1550–1616 Tang Xianzu (T’ang
Hsíen-tsu)
Timeline of Authors and Works ix
Dates Author Dates Author
1552–1630 Aubigné, Agrippa d’
1554–1586 Sidney, Sir Philip
1559–1613 Argensola, Lupercio
Leonardo de
1560–1621 Hariot, Thomas
1561–1626 Bacon, Francis
1561–1627 Góngora y Argote, Luis de
1562–1631 Argensola, Bartolomé
Leonardo de
1562–1635 Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix
1564–1593 Marlowe, Christopher
1564–1616 Shakespeare, William
1564–1642 Galilei, Galileo
1568–1610 Yuan Hungdao (Yüan
Hung-tao)
1568–1627 Balbuena, Bernardo de
1568–1639 Campanella, Tommaso
ca. 1570–after 1615 Prado, Diego de
1572–1631 Donne, John
1572–1637 Jonson, Ben
1580–1631 Smith, John
1580–1639 Ruiz de Alarcón, Juan
1580–1645 Quevedo, Francisco de
ca. 1580–1648 Tirso de Molina
1585–1618 Bredero, Gerbrand
1587–1679 Vondel, Joost van den
1588–1649 Winthrop, John
1590–1657 Bradford, William
1592–1670 Comenius, Johann Amos
1596–1650 Descartes, René
1600s–1700s comedy of manners
ca. 1600s–present haiku
1600s–present Kabuki
1600–1681 Calderón de la Barca,
Pedro
1601–1677 Rosales, Diego de
1603–1683 Williams, Roger
1604–1690 Eliot, John
1607–1701 Scudéry, Madeleine de
1608–1674 Milton, John
1608–1684 Corneille, Pierre
1611–ca. 1680 Li Yu
1611–1682 Çelebi, Evliya
1612?–1672 Bradstreet, Anne Dudley
1613–1680 La Rochefoucauld,
François, duc de
1618–1677 Riebeeck, Jan van
1619–1655 Bergerac, Cyrano de
ca. 1621–1682 Avvakum
1621–1695 La Fontaine, Jean de
1622–1673 Molière
1623–1662 Pascal, Blaise
1626–1696 Sévigné, Madame de
(Marie de Rabutin-
Chantel, marquise de
Sévigné)
1627–1704 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne
1628–1703 Perrault, Charles
1631–1705 Wigglesworth, Michael
1632–1677 Spinoza, Benedictus de
1632–1791 Jesuit Relations
1633–1703 Pepys, Samuel
1634–1693 Lafayette, Madame de
(Marie-Madeleine-Pioche
de la Vergne, comtesse de
Lafayette)
ca. 1635–ca. 1711 Rowlandson, Mary
1635–present Académie française
1636–1711 Boileau-Despréaux,
Nicolas
1639–1699 Racine, Jean
1639–1723 Mather, Increase
1642–1729 Taylor, Edward
1644–1694 Bash¯o
1645–1696 La Bruyère, Jean de
1646–1716 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
1648–1695 Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la
1648–1718 Kong Shangren (Kung
Shung-jen)
after 1650 Sonsan of Kaarta, Epic of
1651–1715 Fénelon, François de
1653–1725 Chikamatsu Monzaemon
1660–1731 Defoe, Daniel
1663–1728 Mather, Cotton
1664–1743 Peralta Barnuevo, Pedro de
1666–1727 Knight, Sarah Kemble
x Encyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries
Dates Author Dates Author
1667–1745 Swift, Jonathan
1668–1744 Vico, Giambattista
ca. 1672–1732 Cook, Ebenezer
1672–1750 Muratori, Ludovico
Antonio
1673–1722 Beverly, Robert
1673–1723 Cantemir, Dimitrie
1675–1768 Olivares, Miguel de
1681–1736 Prokopovitch, Feofan
1688–1744 Pope, Alexander
1688–1763 Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de
Chamblain de
1688–1772 Swedenborg, Emanual
1689–1755 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis
de Secondat, baron de
1689–1761 Richardson, Samuel
1691–1756 Takeda Izumo
1694–1778 Voltaire
1695–1758 Graffigny, Madame
Françoise de
1697–1763 Prévost, Antoine-François
1698–1782 Metastasio, Pietro
1700s Bunraku
1700s Enlightenment, Age of
1700s novel, epistiolary
1700s Choon Hyang Jun
1700s–1800s Bamana Segu, Epic of
1701–1754 Wu Jingzi (Wu Ching-tzu)
1703–1758 Edwards, Jonathan
1706–1790 Franklin, Benjamin
1707–1793 Goldoni, Carlo
1710–1780 Carver, Jonathan
1711–1765 Lomonosov, Mikhail
1711–ca. 1806 Hammon, Jupiter
1712–1778 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
1713–1784 Diderot, Denis
1715–1764 Cao Xuequin (Ts’ao
Hsüeh-ch’in)
ca. 1715–after 1778 Carrío de la Vandera,
Alonso
1717–1783 Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’
1718–1777 Sumarokov, Alexander
Petrovich
1720–1772 Woolman, John
ca. 1720–1820 Abdallah, Sayyid
1723–1792 Occom, Samson
1724–1803 Klopstock, Friedrich
Gottlieb
1724–1804 Kant, Immanuel
1728–1814 Warren, Mercy Otis
1729–1781 Lessing, Gotthold
1729–1796 Catherine the Great
1729–1799 Parini, Giuseppe
1732–1799 Beaumarchais,
Pierre-Augustin-Caron de
1732–1808 Dickinson, John
1735–1813 Crèvecoeur, J. Hector
St. John de
ca. 1737–1783 Munford, Robert
1737–1809 Paine, Thomas
1739–1823 Bartram, William
1740–1795 Boswell, James
1740–1795 Gama, José Basílio da
1740–1814 Sade, marquis de
(Donatien-Alphonse-
François)
1740–1829 Moore, Milcah Martha
1741–1803 Laclos, Pierre
Choderlos de
1743–1816 Derzhavin, Gavriil
Romanovich
1743–1820 Banks, Joseph
1743–1826 Jefferson, Thomas
1744–1803 Herder, Johann Gottfried
1745–1797 Equiano, Olaudah
ca. 1747–1795 Santa Cruz y Espejo,
Francisco Javier
Eugenio de
1749–1802 Radishchev, Alexander
Nikolayevich
1749–1803 Alfieri, Vittorio
1749–1832 Goethe, Johann
Wolfgang von
1751–1772 Encyclopedia
1751–1820 Murray, Judith Sargent
1752–1817 Dwight, Timothy
Timeline of Authors and Works xi
Dates Author Dates Author
xii Encyclopedia of World Writers, 14th through 18th Centuries
1752–1832 Freneau, Philip Morin
ca. 1753–1784 Wheatley, Phillis
1758–1815 Nikolev, Nikolai Petrovich
1758–1831 Ryokan
ca. 1758–1833 Tench, Watkin
1759–1805 Schiller, Friedrich von
1760–1837 Dmitriev, Ivan Ivanovich
1762–ca. 1815 Watling, Thomas
1762–1824 Rowson, Susanna
1762–1836 Jung Yak Yong
1763–after 1809 Shen Fu
1763–1827 Kobayashi Issa
1763–1838 Andrada e Silva, José
Bonifácio de
1765–1831 Jippensha Ikku
1766–1830 Pushkin, Vasilii L’vovich
1767–1829 Golenishchev-Kutuzov,
Pavel Ivanovich
1768–1844 Krylov, Ivan
1769–1816 Ozerov, Vladislav
Aleksandrovich
1771–1810 Brown, Charles Brockden
1772–1801 Novalis
1772–1829 Schlegel, Friedrich
1774–1829 Bunina, Anna
1776–1827 Fernández de Lizardi, José
1777–1811 Kleist, Heinrich von
1779–1831 Izmailov, Aleksandr
1780–1847 Olmedo, José Joaquin
1786–1856 Kim Jung Hee
d. 1786 Olivares, Míguel de, Padre
1788–1860 Schopenhauer, Arthur
Dates Author Dates Author