Black J. From Louis XIV to Napoleon The Fate of a Great Power
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
274
1.2.7 Huntingdon: County Record Office
Manchester Papers
1.2.8 Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Library
Maurepas Papers
1.2.9 London: British Library
Department of Western Manuscripts, Additional Manuscripts, vol. 61573, D’Huxelles-Iberville
intercepts
Auckland, Gualterio, Hardwicke, Newcastle, Townsend Papers
1.2.10 London: Public Record Office
State Papers France, United Provinces
State Papers Confidential (Intercepts)
Pitt Papers
1.2.11 Maidstone: Kent Archives Office
Dorset Papers
1.2.12 Marburg: Staatsarchiv
Series 4f France 1586, 1602, 1604, 1611–14
1.2.13 Munich: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
1.2.13.1
Kasten Schwarz: 17070, 17072, 17074, 17076–7, 17079–80, 17083, 17085, 17087, 17090–
91, 17100, 17104–6, 17111–2, 17122–3, 17132–3, 17142–3, 17189–91, 17194, 17221–4,
17313, 17726, 17728
1.2.13.2
Bayr. Gesandtschaft Paris: 13, 18, 25, 67, 72, 79–88, 216–27, 243–52
1.2.13.3
Kasten Blau 9/11, 9/20
1.2.14 Münster: Staatsarchiv
Deposit Nordkirchen, papers of the Plettenberg family
NB 33, 104
1.2.15 New Haven, Connecticut: Beinecke Library
Blathwayt, Manchester Papers
1.2.16 New York: Public Library
Hardwicke Papers: Schaub and Stair correspondence
1.2.17 Turin: Archivio di Stato
Lettere Ministri Francia 163–78, 180
275
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.2.18 Vienna: Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv
1.2.18.1
Staatenabteilung, Frankreich, Varia 10–13
Interiora Intercepte 1
1.2.18.2
Grosse Korrespondenz 85a, 102a, 150a
1.2.18.3
Nachlass Fonseca 3, 6, 11–13, 21
1.2.19 Vienna: Palais Kinsky
Papers of Counts Philip and Stephen Kinsky
1.2.20 Windsor, Berks: Royal Archives
Stuart, Cumberland Papers
1.2.21 Wolfenbüttel: Staatsarchiv
Seckendorf–Ferdinand Albrecht correspondence
2. Selected secondary works
There is no space to repeat the listing in the notes. The following recent works are of value, not
least because they also list earlier works.
G.J. Ames, Colbert, Mercantilism and the French Quest for Asian Trade (Dekalb, Illinois, 1996).
J. Baillou (ed.), Les Affaires Étrangères et le Corps Diplomatique Français. I: De L’Ancien
Régime au Second Empire (Paris, 1984).
J. Bély, Les rélations internationales en Europe, XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1992).
J. Bérenger and J. Meyer, La France dans le monde au xviiie siècle (Paris, 1993).
T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996).
J. Cornette, Le Roi de guerre: Essai sur la souveraineté dans la France du grand siècle (Paris,
1993).
H. Duchhardt, Balance of Power und Pentarchie, 1700–85 (Paderborn, 1997).
J. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–
1787 (Princeton, 1975).
E. Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme français 1750–1770 (Oxford, 1998).
J. Hardman and M. Price (eds), Louis XVI and the Comte de Vergennes: Correspondence, 1774–
1787 (Oxford, 1998).
A. Lossky, Louis XIV and the French Monarchy (New Brunswick, 1994).
J.A. Lynn, The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (London, 1999).
J.R. McNeill, Atlantic Empires of France and Spain: Havana and Louisbourg, 1700–1763
(Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1985).
K. Malettke, Frankreich, Deutschland und Europa im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert (Marburg,
1994).
O.T. Murphy, Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution,
1719–1787 (Albany, New York, 1982).
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
276
J.C. Riley, The Seven Years’ War and the Old Regime in France: The Economic and Financial
Toll (Princeton, 1986).
P.W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994).
B. Stone, The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global-Historical Interpretation (Cambridge,
1994).
277
Louis XIV
Born 5 Sept. 1638.
Succeeded father 14 May 1643.
Assumed personal control with death of Mazarin 9 Mar. 1661.
Died 1 Sept. 1715.
Louis XV
Born 15 Feb. 1710.
Succeeded great-grandfather 1 Sept. 1715.
Declared of age 15 Feb. 1723.
Died 10 May 1774.
Louis XVI
Born 23 Aug. 1754.
Succeeded grandfather 10 May 1774.
Executed 21 Jan. 1793.
Appendix 1: The later Bourbons
278
Brienne 23 June 1643–3 Apr. 1663
Lionne 3 Apr. 1663–1 Sept. 1671
Pomponne 1 Sept. 1671–18 Nov. 1679
Croissy 12 Feb. 1680–26 July 1696
Torcy 28 July 1696–23 Sept. 1715
Huxelles 23 Sept. 1715–1 Sept. 1718
Dubois 1 Sept. 1718–10 Aug. 1723
Morville 16 Aug. 1723–19 Aug. 1727
Chauvelin 19 Aug. 1727–22 Feb. 1737
Amelot 22 Feb. 1737–26 Apr. 1744
Argenson 18 Nov. 1744–3 Jan. 1747
Puysieulx 18 Jan. 1747–11 Sept. 1751
Saint-Contest 11 Sept. 1751–24 July 1754
Rouillé 25 July 1754–25 June 1757
Bernis 29 June 1757–1 Nov. 1758
Choiseul 3 Dec. 1758–13 Oct. 1761, 8 Apr. 1766–24 Dec.
1770
Praslin 13 Oct. 1761–8 Apr. 1766
La Vrillière 24 Dec. 1770–6 June 1771
Aiguillon 6 June 1771–3 June 1774
Vergennes 21 July 1774–13 Feb. 1787
Montmorin 15 Feb. 1787–20 Nov. 1791
Lessart 20 Nov. 1791–10 Mar. 1792
Dumouriez 15 Mar. 1792–13 June 1792
Chambonas 14 June 1792–23 July 1792
Bigot de Sainte-Croix 1 Aug. 1792–10 Aug. 1792
Lebrun-Tondu 10 Aug. 1792–21 June 1793
Deforgues 21 June 1793–2 Apr. 1794
Appendix 2: Secretaries of State
279
APPENDICES
Committee of National Convention 2 Apr. 1794–4 Nov. 1795
Delacroix 4 Nov. 1795–18 July 1797
Talleyrand 18 July 1797–13 July 1799, 21 Nov. 1799–17 June
1807, 13 May 1814–10 Sept. 1814, 8 July 1815–
23 Sept. 1815
Reinhard 20 July 1799–21 Nov. 1799
Champagny 8 Aug. 1807–16 Apr. 1811
Maret 17 Apr. 1811–19 Nov. 1813
Caulaincourt 20 Nov. 1813–2 Apr. 1814, 21 Mar. 1815–22 June
1815
Jaucourt 11 Sept. 1814–20 Mar. 1815
Bignon
23 June 1815–7 July 1815
280
absolutism 34
Adolf Frederic, King of Sweden 122
Africa 6, 92, 109, 113, 116, 126, 133,
199, 201, 227
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia 8, 184–5,
189, 214
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 10
Algiers 19, 48, 183, 199
alliances
Anglo-French alliances 8, 12, 70–7
with Austria 8, 13, 26–7
Quadruple Alliance 28
of Seville 17
with Spain 8
ancien regime (1661–1789) 2–4, 58, 97,
115, 118, 158, 162–5, 169–70, 178,
217, 221
Anjou, Duke of (see Philip V of Spain)
Anne, Queen of Britain 67
Asia 6, 32, 49, 91, 142–3, 149, 198
Assine 6
Astrakhan, khanate of 5
Augustus II of Saxony 15, 78
Augustus III of Saxony 78–81, 86–8, 97,
103, 107, 121
Austria ix–x, 2, 15–23, 26–7, 38–43, 46,
48, 51–5, 60–8, 71–8, 80–90, 96–7,
100–7, 110, 114, 118, 124–5, 129–
37, 145–51, 159–67, 170–4, 179–84,
187–9, 193–6, 207, 221–2, 226–7
Austrian Netherlands 72–4, 80, 88–9,
96–9, 101, 124–5, 135–7, 153–4,
159, 161, 165–7, 194
Austro-French rapprochement (1735–40)
81–4
Austro-Russian Convention (1760) 112
Austro-Spanish alliance (1725) 3, 76
Balasore 48
Bangkok 49
Barbary States 48, 92
Barry, Madame du 16
Bavaria 18–19, 42, 50–1, 54, 59–64, 75–
82, 86–90, 100, 108, 111, 119, 147,
179, 185, 215, 224
Bavarian Exchange Scheme 10, 136,
150
Beauharnais, Eugene de 11
Benedict XIII, Pope 20
Bengal 56–7, 105, 109, 143, 209, 219
Bessarabia 22
Bigodet des Varennes, Pierre 31
Bohemia 4, 87
Bombay 144, 200
Bonnac, Marquis 20, 30
Bonnie Prince Charles 20, 99
Bourbon, House of 11, 19, 53, 58–68,
71, 97, 116, 119, 123–4, 133, 155,
175, 180–4, 208–12, 219, 227
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre 160
Index
INDEX
281
Britain ix, 7–9, 15, 19–24, 27–32, 52–7,
62–80, 83–116, 120–7, 130–50,
154–8, 163–9, 175, 180–90, 194–
203, 208–18, 224, 228–9
Broglie, Duke of 10, 15, 26, 100, 122–3,
229
Burgundy 25, 47, 55, 64
Burma 143, 200, 211
Camisards 62
Canada 6, 27, 37, 47, 56–7, 93, 103–5,
109, 113, 116, 128, 204–7, 210–12,
228
Cape Breton Island 93, 113–14
Carnatic 104–5
Catherine I of Russia 75
Catherine II ‘the Great’ 3, 117, 121, 131,
140, 151, 159, 215
Cayenne (see Guiana)
Ceylon 38, 43, 140, 158, 211
Chambers of Commerce 29
Chamlay, Marquis de 51
Chandernagore 6, 56–7, 92, 109, 114,
126, 143
Charles I of Spain (see Charles V of
Austria)
Charles II of Britain 35, 42–3, 46–7, 212
Charles II of Spain 2, 9, 38, 41, 54–5,
59–60
Charles III of Spain 2, 18, 31–2, 111,
116, 123–5
Charles IV of Spain 188, 198
Charles V, Emperor of Austria (Charles I
of Spain) 36, 39
Charles VI, Emperor of Austria 12–15,
32, 50, 65, 71, 75–6, 80–6, 97
Charles VII, Emperor of Austria 87, 97
Charles X of Sweden 36, 40
Charles XII of Sweden 10, 53, 71
Charles Albert of Bavaria (see Charles
VIII) 82–9
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (ruler
of Savoy-Piedmont) 80–1, 97, 116,
119, 124
Charles Theodore of the Palatinate 130–1
China 143, 149, 165, 183–4, 209, 212,
215, 228
Choiseul-Gouffier 20–2, 137, 143–4
Choiseul-Praslin, Duke 115
Church 17–18, 47–9, 203
Catholic League 34, 67
Gallican privileges 17
Huguenot 23–4, 54, 62, 66
Jansenism 17, 90, 219
Jesuits 17, 219
Revocation of Edict of Nantes 48–50,
53, 225
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 28, 32, 37–8, 44,
211
Company of New France 37
Company of the North 44
Condé, Prince of 41
Confederation of the Rhine (1806) 186
Congress of Soissons (1728) 73–6, 103
Congress of Vienna (1815) 38, 193–7
Conti, Prince 14–16, 87, 107, 117
Convention of Kloster-Zeven (1757) 109
Convention of Paris (1718) 125
Convention of Westminster (1776) 106–7
Corsica 81, 116, 124, 128
Councils of Commerce 29–30, 203
Counter Reformation 17, 219
Cromwell, Oliver 34, 52
Dalmatia 5
Daubenton de Vauraoux, Jean-
Baptiste 30
Declaration of Pillnitz 159
demographic decline 7
Denmark 43, 46, 77, 80, 84, 101–2,
106–7, 111, 120–1, 165, 186, 189
Directory, government of 11, 172–8
Don Carlos of Naples and Sicily (Charles
III of Spain) 81, 88, 111
Dupleix, Joseph-Francis 92, 202
Dutch ix, 5, 18–20, 27–31, 37, 40, 42–6,
49, 54–6, 59–65, 72, 80–1, 90–2,
100, 108, 118–20, 124, 135–42, 145,
149, 165–6, 171, 180, 211–12, 222–
3, 226–8
dynastic diplomacy 18, 65–6, 74
Edict of Fontainebleau 50
Elizabeth, Tsarina of Russia 10, 87, 108,
117, 123
Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain 82–3
INDEX
282
England 35–6, 43, 46–9, 53–6, 59–60,
97, 226
English East India Company 99, 105,
200–3, 212
Estates General 152–3, 218
Estrées, Jean (Count of) 44
Europe
Eastern 5, 8, 14, 40–1, 68, 71, 74, 79,
84, 115–18, 122, 127–9, 183,
189
Western 40, 54, 68, 122–7, 160, 194,
227–9
Family Compacts (1733, 1743, 1761)
8, 19, 80, 89
Favier, Jean-Louis 26
Fénelon, Marquis of 28, 72, 88
Ferdinand III of Austria 39, 58
Ferdinand IV of Naples 176
Ferdinand VI of Spain 18, 99, 111
Ferdinand VII of Spain 188, 193
Ferriol, Count of 19
First Family Compact (see Treaty of the
Escorial) 80
Florida 34, 93, 113, 133, 210, 214, 227
Flury, Charles 22
foreign ministers (see secretaries of state)
Foreign Office 13
Francis I, Emperor of Austria 85, 98
Francis II, Emperor of Austria 162–4,
180, 218
Franco-Prussia-Wittelsbach alliance 82
Frederick II ‘the Great’ of Prussia 3, 15–
18, 82, 85–8, 97–103, 106–8, 115,
121, 129, 131, 135–6, 152
Frederick William I of Prussia 2, 15, 74,
78, 80, 86
Frederick William II of Prussia 139, 159,
163, 164
Frederick William III of Prussia 186, 189
Frederick William, Elector of
Brandenburg-Prussia 36–9, 42, 45,
50
French East India Company 37–8, 44,
56, 69, 91–2, 105, 144, 203
French Guinea Company 61
Fronde 34–5
Fürstenbund [League of Princes]
(1785) 136
Galissonière, Marquis de la 104
Genoa 5, 21, 31, 48–9, 81, 92, 119, 184
George I of Britain-Hanover 31, 71–2,
138
George II of Britain-Hanover 31, 75–6,
87–9, 106
George III of Britain-Hanover 10, 23,
31, 120, 132, 136–7, 152
Germany 7, 12, 18, 26, 43–6, 50–4, 66–
8, 75, 78, 80–2, 86–9, 97, 101, 108–
14, 122, 129–30, 134–5, 160, 170–2,
174, 177, 182, 185–91, 194–5
Gibralter 65, 73, 111, 133
gloire 19, 24–6, 36, 79, 89
Golconda 43
Gorée 6
Grand Alliance 54, 57–60
Grand Alliance of the Hague (1701) 61–
4, 71
Guadeloupe 6, 56, 109, 113, 141, 178,
208, 214–16
Guiana 6, 37, 44, 126, 214, 227
Gustavus III of Sweden 120, 122, 152,
159
Habsburgs 14, 18, 34–5, 38–41, 49–50,
54, 58–9, 62, 65–8, 71, 76–7, 82,
86–7, 99–102, 117–19, 124, 131,
165, 194, 226–7
Haiti 6, 197
Hanover 20, 42, 52, 65, 70–6, 85–6,
106–12, 136, 140, 184–5
Henry II 36
Henry IV 28, 35
Hispaniola 44, 172, 210
Holy Roman Empire 39, 66, 75–7, 174,
187
Hungary 4, 23, 27, 47–8, 55, 61–5, 68–
71, 82, 179
Hyderabad 8, 104–5, 143–5, 165, 198,
211, 228
India 2, 6, 8, 27, 38, 43, 57, 91–3, 96,
103–5, 109, 126–8, 133, 140–9, 165,
INDEX
283
197–8, 202, 206, 209, 213–15, 218–
19, 227–9
industrialization 69
Innocent XI, Pope 49, 51
Ireland 17, 53, 56, 167
Italy 5, 11, 16–17, 20–1, 25, 34, 45, 53–
5, 62–73, 76–81, 87, 89, 98–9, 107,
114, 118–19, 125, 172–4, 179–85,
190, 193–5, 226
Jacobitism 52–6, 67, 71–2, 76, 80, 96–7,
107, 120, 157, 167, 174, 229
Jamaica 35, 56, 111
James II of England 52–6, 61
‘James III’ of England 20, 61–3, 72
Jean-Casimir, King of Poland 41
Jerome [Bonaparte], King of
Westphalia 12
Joachim [Murat], King of the Two
Sicilies 11
Joseph I, Emperor of Austria 50
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 10, 23, 26,
114, 129–31, 134, 137, 147, 152–4,
159–61
Joseph [Bonaparte], King of the Two
Sicilies and King of Spain 11, 188
Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria 59
Karikal 93, 126
Kashmir 92
Kaunitz, Austrian Chancellor 14–15, 20,
103, 106, 110, 136, 140
La Marck, Count 31, 88
Le Dran, Nicholas Louis 13–14
League of Augburg 49
League of the Rhine 39, 42, 49
Legislative Assembly 160, 164
Leopold I, Emperor of Austria 38, 41–2,
45–50, 54–5, 58–60
Leopold II, Emperor of Austria 159–62
Lombardy 119, 182, 194
Lorient 91
Louis XIII 28
Louis XIV ix, 1–8, 11–13, 17–19, 22–8,
31–5, 39–48, 51–72, 77–9, 85, 90–1,
118, 125, 135, 143–5, 161, 174,
178, 181, 194, 201–2, 215, 222,
225–6, 228–9
Louis XV ix, 2–3, 9–20, 25–6, 32, 70–1,
74–5, 78–80, 83–5, 89–90, 96–7,
103–8, 110, 112, 116–19, 121–8,
158, 174
Louis XVI 9–10, 16, 32, 103, 125, 130,
132, 136, 140, 144–5, 149, 153–6,
158–61, 164–7, 218
Louis [Bonaparte], King of the
Dutch 11–12
Louisbourg 93, 99, 113, 206–7
Louisiana 6, 16, 20, 27, 57, 69, 73, 93–
5, 113–14, 126, 183, 198–205, 210,
214, 227
Luxembourg 34–5, 40, 46, 55, 59, 88,
124–5, 161, 226
Madras 99, 113–14, 206–7, 219
Mahé 92, 126
Maine, Duke of 23, 83
Marathas 8
Maria Theresa 10, 16, 89, 103, 106–7,
129
Marie Anna, Princess of Spain 74
Marie Antoinette 10, 16, 27, 130, 136,
162
Marie Thérèse 58
marital diplomacy 18
Martinique 6, 38, 56, 91, 94, 141, 178,
198, 205, 208, 214–16
Masulipatam 43, 48, 105
Mathias, Emperor of Austria 39
Maurepas 30–2, 85, 92, 95, 100
Mauritius 6, 92, 126, 142, 150, 165, 199,
203, 209, 214
Max Emmanuel of Bavaria 28, 50, 54–5,
59–62, 65–6
Maximillian of Bavaria 39
Maximillian Joseph of Bavaria 97, 130–1
mercantile interests ix
Mergu 49
Milan, Duchy of 34, 41
Mississippi Company 28
Mocha 93
Moldavia 5, 22
Montreal 6, 109, 204