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ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt t

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ

const

1ɨ1

ccc

. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: 1) ɩɨ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ; 2) ɩɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ-

ɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ

ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ

ɧ.ɨ

ɞɨ

ɧ.ɢ

, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɤɚɱɟ-

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ (ɪɢɫ.4.2), ɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟ-

ɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.

ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨ-

ɪɨɜ) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ

ɢɥɢ

ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟ-

ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ (ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚɯ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ, ɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɚ-

ɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ

ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ

ɨ2

ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ

ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚɯ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɨ21ɨ

WW

ccc

(4.8)

ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ – ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚ-

ɫɨɜ ɟɠɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ

ɧ.ɢɜ.ɪ

ɧɜ.ɪ

24 W



(4.9)

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ

ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɤ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ (ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ,

ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ

ɧɨ

ɞɨ

ɧ.ɢ

ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚ-

ɝɪɭɡɤɟ, ɚ ɩɪɢ

W ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

1ɨ

ccc

ɜ ɩɨ-

ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ

ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬ ɧɚ-

ɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ

ɧ.ɢɧɨ

tt 

(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɛ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ

ɨ1

ɨ2

ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:

(4.9)

(4.10)

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ

– ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. ɉɪɢ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ.

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɟ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɨ-

ɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɨ2

(ɫɩɥɨɲ-

ɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɛ) ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ (4.10).

ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɦɟɫɬɧɵ-

ɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ)

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɫɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬɨɩɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ (ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ).

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ

ɧ.ɢɧɨ

tt 

ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ

ɜɨɞɵ

W ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

ɉɪɢ

ɧ.ɢɧ

tt !

ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨ-

ɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ

(4.8) (ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2, ɜ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ). ɉɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ

«ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ» ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ

ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ-

ɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨ-

ɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ

)/()(

ɧ.ɢɜ.ɪɧɜ.ɪ

tttt 

, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨ-

ɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ

ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2 – ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ).

ɉɪɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫ-

ɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ (

ɨ21ɨ

WW

ccc

) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɩɭɫɤɚɦɢ.

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ

ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ. ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ

ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡ-

ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4.3):

I – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ

ɧ.ɢɧ.ɤ

tt 

; ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ; II – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ

t; ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ; III – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ

ɧ.ɨɧ.ɜ

tt 

;

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ

ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.

ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɒ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟ-

ɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ

ɧ.ɜ

, ɞɨ

ɧ.ɨ

ɚɜɬɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɵ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ

, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ.

ɗɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-

ɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɨɜ.

ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ II ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-

ɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ

ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɵ, ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨ-

ɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ

ɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɨ-

ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚ-

ɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ-

ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ II ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟ-

ɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɵ ɨɫɬɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ.

ȼ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ I ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɵ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ. ȼ ɞɢɚ-

ɩɚɡɨɧɟ I

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚ-

ɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɵ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ.

ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ

ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨ-

ɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ

ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɷɮ-

ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ

ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɥɨɪɢɮɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.3, ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ II. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ I,

ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ III ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟ-

ɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ,

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ

ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɟɧ-

ɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

5. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ

5.1. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ

Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ

ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɪɟ-

ɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ;

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɨɪɚ) ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ;

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ) ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ;

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɭɜɹɡɤɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ-

ɦɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɨ-

ɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ

ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɢɯ ɞɢɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ (ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ).

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ:

ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ (ɬɪɭɛ) ɢ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɫɟɬɢ;

ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɞ-

ɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ;

ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-

ɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ;

ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ

ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ, ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ

ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ;

ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɚɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ

ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.

5.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟ-

ɥɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɢɯ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤ-

ɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ

ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ

ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ.

ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ

ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɚɪ. ɉɚɪ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ

ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɧɚ

ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɨ-

ɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɞɨ 24 ɱ) ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɩɚɪɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨ-

ɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭ-

ɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɨɜ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ

ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɪɚɥ-

ɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ 56 %. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ

ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɬɢ.

Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ

ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ

ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ȼɨ-

ɞɹɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ

ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦɢ

ɬɵɫɹɱ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ, ɢɡɦɟ-

ɪɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ.

ȼɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ

ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ

ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ

ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ

ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɹɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ

ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ. Ⱥɜɚɪɢɣɧɚɹ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɢ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ,

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢ-

ɦɚɧɢɟ.

ȼɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ

ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨ-

ɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ, ɡɚ

ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,

Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ

ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɟɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɧɚ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1 – 3 ɤɦ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ (ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ) ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɦɟ-

ɫɬɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚɦɢ.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ

ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ

ɞɥɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ

ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ

Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ

ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ, ɛɵɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɜ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ

ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɠ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧ.ɨ

ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ 12 – 14 °ɋ. ɗɬɨ ɦɢ-

ɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-

ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ,

ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɛɨ-

ɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɧ.ɨ

. ȼɪɟɦɹ,

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ-

ɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ.

ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ

ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨ-

ɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ

ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ. ɋɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɜɢɠ-

ɤɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ

ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɡɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɟɤ-

ɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɟɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫ-

ɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ

(ɤɚɦɟɪɵ

4 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.1). ȼ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-

ɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɚɪɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɋɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɵ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɢɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɦ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ

ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɫ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ

ɡɚɞɜɢɠɟɤ

ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ

ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 5.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛ-

ɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ

1 – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ Ɍɗɐ; 2 – ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ; 3 – ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ; 4 – ɫɟɤɰɢɨ-

ɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 5 – ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚ; 6 – ɧɚɫɨɫ; 7 – ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ

ɫɜɹɡɶ

Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ

ɨɞɧɨɬɪɭɛɧɵɦɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬ-

ɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ

ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ.

ȼ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɜ ɜ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɬ

ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɨ ɋɇɢɉ 2.04.07-86 ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ

ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɨ 70 % ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ (ɦɚɤɫɢ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ

ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹ-

ɱɟɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ). Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟ-

ɪɵɜɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ

ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ

ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯ-

ɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɫɟɬɢ ɨɬ Ɍɗɐ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 500

Ɇȼɬ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 2000 ɆȾɠ/ɫ (1700 Ƚɤɚɥ/ɱ).

Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ 15 ɤɦ. Ⱦɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬ-

ɧɵɦ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 10 ɤɦ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɫ Ɍɗɐ

1200 ɦɦ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɦɟɬ-

ɪɵ

ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ

700 ɦɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 500

ɦɦ. Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɭɸ-

ɳɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ

800 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ.

Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ

ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɪɚɫ-

ɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɚɦɢ (ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ – 2 ɤɦ) ɜɪɟɦɹ,

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 700 ɦɦ

, ɦɟɧɶɲɟ

ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ

ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

ɧ.ɨ

ɫɧɢ-

ɡɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ 18 ɞɨ 12 ºɋ (ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ).

Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ

ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬ-

ɪɨɦ 800 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ,

ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 700 ɦɦ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ.

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ

ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ (ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ).

ɉɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ Ɍɗɐ ɰɟɥɟ-

ɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɭ Ɍɗɐ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨ-

ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨ-

ɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ

ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɯ

ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ.

Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱ-

ɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɪɜ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ

ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.

Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ

ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ

ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ.

ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɹɦɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨ-

ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭ-

ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɟɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ

ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ,

700 ɦɦ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ (ɥɭɱɟɜɭɸ) ɫɯɟɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ

ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ

ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ

ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɫ-

ɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɜɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɧɟ

ɦɟɧɟɟ 700 ɦɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ.

ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ

ɤɚɤɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ (ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɭɸ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɢɫ-

ɬɟɦɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ

ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɞɢɤɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟ-

ɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ: ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ

ɧɟɬ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵ-