Беспалов В.И. Системы и источники энергоснабжения
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ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ 26 ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢ-
ɱɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ȺɌɗɐ ɨɬ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.1, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɫɬɭ-
ɩɟɧɢ 7, ɩɢɬɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɟɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɧɚ ȺɌɗɐ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɚɪ, ɧɟ ɡɚ-
ɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟ-
ɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɊȻɆɄ), ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫ-
ɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɟɸɳɢɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɟ-
ɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɵ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ-
ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-
ɝɢɢ ɢɡ-
ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚ-
ɪɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ.
3.7. Ⱥɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.5 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ (ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ).
Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɹɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ 1, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ (ɜɨɞɵ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ 2 ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 3. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 5. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
4. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹ-
ɰɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 6. ɉɨɞɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɭɬɟɱɟɤ ɫɟ-
ɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 14. ȼɨɞɨɩɨɞ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ 7.
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɞ-
ɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɟ 1 ɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝ-
ɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ 3. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ 1 ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ 3
ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ 2, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ 1. Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ 9.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ ɜɨɞɚ, ɨɬ-
ɛɢɪɚɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɜɤɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ
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1
ɢ
; 1
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
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ɡ
ɥ
ɨ
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ɟɬ
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ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬɟ
ɥ
Ɇ
ɚ
ɤ
ɪ
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ɢ
ɛ
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ɤ
ɨ
ɝ
ɞ
ɥ
ɦ
ɜ
ɚ
ɬ
ɧɬ
ɭ
ɤ
ɨɧ
ɬ
–
1
1
4
–
ɧ
ɢ
ɡ
ɨ
ɦ
ɜɨ
ɫɹ
.
ɜ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɣ
Ɇ
ɢ
ɧ
ɪ
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ɧ
ɫɥ
ɝ
ɞ
ɚ
ɥ
ɹ
ɜ
ɩ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɭ
ɪ;
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɫɢ
ɫ
–
–
ɩ
ɨ
ɹ
ɩ
ɦ
ɤ
ɧ
ɣ
ɫ
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ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɨ
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ɨ
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ɞ
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ɢ
ɦ
ɬɨ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɢɜ
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ɨ
ɭ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɩ
ɥɨ
3
ɪ
ɚ;
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧ
ɭ
ɬ
ɫ
ɟ
ɬ
ɚ
ɱ
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ɫ
ɧ
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ɜ
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ɦɚ
ɣ
ɫ
ɣ
ɞ
ɧ
ɚ
ɨ
ɛ
ɟ
ɭ
ɞ
ɨ
ɨ
ɦ
ɟ
ɩɨ
–
6
–
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɯ
ɥ
ɚ
ɩ
ɢ
ɬ
ɢ
ɦ
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ɵ
ɬ
ɢ
,
ɱ
ɚɫ
ɬ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
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,
ɨ
ɞ
ɹ
ɚ
ɥɶ
ɫ
ɢ
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ɞ
ɥ
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ɫ
ɟ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɟ
ɠ
ɞɝ
ɨ
ɩɨ
ɞ
–
ɫ
ɟ
ɚ
ɩ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨɱ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ).
,
ɢ
ɬ
ɢ
ɛ
ɠ
ɟ
ɢɫ
ɹ
ɧ
ɵ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɹ
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ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɟ
ɱ
ɥ
ɟ
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ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
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ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɪɨ
ɞ
ɢ
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ɥ
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ɧ
ɹ
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ɱ
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ɬ
ɨ
ɱ
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ɨ
(
ɢ
ɹ
.
ɨ
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ɶ
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ɢ
ɱ
ɢ
ɫ
ɵ
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ɚ
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ɫ
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ɟ
ɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɱ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɬ
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(ɪ
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.
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ɭ
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɫ
ɥ
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ɞ
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7
–
ɪ
ɨ
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ɨ
ɱ
ɩ
ɥ
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ɯ
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ɯ
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ɩ
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ɩ
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ɫ
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–
ɞ
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ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
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ɨ
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ɢ
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ɢ
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ɨ
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ɞ
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ɧ
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ɷ
ɤɨ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɣ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
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ɨ
ɫ
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ɥ
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ɪ
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ɨ
ɢ
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ɥ
ɜ
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ɨ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɜ
ɨ
ɷ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧɬ
ɭ
ɜ
ɨ
ɫ
ɟɬ
ɜ
:
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɨ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɟɩ
ɬ
ɫɹ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɥ
ɶ
ɲ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɶ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɚ
ɬɨ
ɪ
ɭ
ɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɢ
ɡ
ɚ
ɦ
ɚ
ɯ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɶɸ
ɥ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɞ
ɨ
ɜ
ɲ
ɢ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɧɨ
ɶ
ɢ
ɵ
;
ɪ
ɚ
;
ɵ
;
ɚ
-
ɯ
ɤ
ɸ
)
ɨ
-
ɚ
ɜ
ɟ
ɹ
.
ɫ
-
ɨ
-
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ: ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ. ɉɨ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɪɭ-
ɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɝɨɪɹɱɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɤ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ, ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɬɪɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɭɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɜɭɯ-
ɬɪɭɛɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟ· ɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ,
ɝɞɟ ɜɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ (ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɟɯɬɪɭɛɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ, ɚ
ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ. Ʉ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨ-
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɩɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɭ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɜɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɢ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ), ɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ – ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ Ɍɗɐ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɡɚ-
ɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩ-
ɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɚ. ɉɨ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 1 ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɛɨ-
ɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ 11 ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢ-
ɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɯɟɦɵ ɚ–ɝ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ,
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɞ, ɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫɯɟɦɵ
ɠ–ɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɡɥɟ ɨɬɨ-
ɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧ –
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɋ
Ƚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɪ
ɬ
ɜ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɜ
ɥ
ɫ
ɧ
ɤ
ɧ
(
ɋ
ɯ
ɟ
Ƚ
(
Ⱥ
ɤ
–
ɤ
ɭ
ɦ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɭ
ɥ
ɹ
ɬ
ɪ
ɟ
ɝ
ɬ
ɟ
ɜ
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ɵ
ɣ
ɧ
ɢ
ɠ
ɚ
ɛ
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ɩ
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ɧ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɧ
ɟ
ɡ
ɤ
ɭ
,
ɧ
ɨ
(
ɉ
ɟ
ɦ
ɵ
Ⱥ
ɇ
–
Ɉ
ɦ
ɭ
ɥ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɭ
ɩɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɝ
ɭɥ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɣ
ɤ
ɠ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨ
ɧ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɧ
ɬ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɪ
ɭ
ɣ
ɡ
ɚ
ɜ
,
ɩ
ɜɤ
Ɋ)
Ɋ
ɵ
ɩ
);
Ɉ
(Ɂ
ɋ
ɥ
ɹ
ɬ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬɭ
ɩ
ɧɟ
ɣ
ɪ
ɞ
ɚ
ɹɬ
ɨ
ɣ
ɧ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɣ
Ɍ
ɟɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
Ⱦ
ɢ
ɥ
ɹ
ɣ
ɫ
ɨ
ɣ
ɧ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɢ
ɝ
;
Ɋ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɠ
ɋɋ
ɬ
ɨɪ
ɣ
ɩ
ɪ
ɩ
ɟ
ɧ
ɣ
;
9
ɚ
ɜ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟɥ
;
ɢ
ɜ
Ɍ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬɫ
ɤ
ɵɦ
Ⱦ
ɥ
ɹ
ɹ
ɰ
ɫ
ɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɵ
ɦ
ɫ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɪ
ɞ
ɜ
ɫ
. 3
ɢ
ɫɨ
–
Ɉ
ɋ
)
Ƚ
ɝɨ
ɪ
ɪ
ɢ
ɛ
ɧ
ɱ
ɚ
9
–
ɥ
ɟɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ;
1
;
2
2
ɜ
ɟɪ
ɤ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
ɹ
ɨ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɦ
ɫ
ɦ
ɚ
ɹ
ɨ
ɟ
ɞ
ɪ
ɹ
ɱ
ɜ
ɭ
ɯ
.6.
ɟɞ
ɢ
Ɉ
(
Ɂ
Ƚ
(
ɉ
ɪ
ɹ
ɱ
ɛ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɵ
–
ɨ
ɬ
ɢ
ɹ
;
ɨ
ɩ
ɥ
1
9
2
–
ɯɧ
ɟ
ɟ
ɭ
ɦ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɨ
ɧ
ɧ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɦ
ɟ
ɹ
(
ɞ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
ɝ
ɯ
ɫ
ɬ
Ɂ
ɚ
ɢ
ɧ
ɟ
Ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
ɉ
Ɋ)
ɱ
ɟ
ɣ
ɪ
;
5
ɵ
ɣ:
ɬ
ɨ
ɩ
;
1
2
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
–
ɪ
–
ɪ
ɟ
ɣ
ɭ
ɫɬ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɨ
ɡ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɤ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɟɲ
(
ɇ
)
ɧɟ
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɭ
ɩ
ɚ
ɤ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɋ
)
Ƚ
; ɥ
ɣ
ɜ
ɨ
5
–
7.
ɩ
ɢɬ
2
–
ɧ
ɢɹ
;
ɪ
ɟ
ɝ
ɟɝ
ɭ
ɫɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɜ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɯ
ɭ
ɢ
ɝ
ɟ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
)
.
ɇ
ɧ
ɧ
ɜ
ɨ
ɩ
ɟ
ɧ
ɪ
ɵ
ɬ
ɢ
ɣ:
Ƚ
(
ɉ
–
Ɉ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɨ
ɛ
8
–
ɬ
ɟɥ
ɶ
–
ɪɟ
;
1
ɝ
ɭɥ
ɹ
ɭ
ɥ
ɹ
ɭ
ɩ
ɟ
ɣɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɚ
ɧ
ɰ
ɱ
ɟ
ɧ
ɭ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɵ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɇɚ
ɧ
ɭ
ɸ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɧ
ɱ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɹ
ɚ
–
ɉ
);
Ɉ
(
Ɂ
ɵ
;
2
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
–
ɩ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɝ
ɭ
1
5
–
ɹ
ɬ
ɨ
ɹ
ɬɨ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɬɜ
ɚ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɰ
ɢ
ɹ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɭ
ɫ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɩ
ɪ
ɸ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɹ
ɞ
ɜ
–
Ɉ
ɡ
–
Ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
2
–
ɚ
ɬɧ
ɵ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɣ
ɭ
ɥɹ
ɬ
–
ɷ
ɥ
ɨ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɬ
ɟ
ɣ
ɚ
,
ɨ
ɢ
,
ɦ
ɹ
ɦ
ɢ
ɹ
ɪ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɧ
ɹ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
(3
ɪ
ɢ
ɦ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɛ
ɚ
ɹ
ɜ
ɭ
ɯ
Ɉ
(Ɂ
)
–
Ɉ
ɋɇ
ɜ
ɨ
ɵ
ɣ
ɞ
ɨɝ
ɪ
ɩɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɥ
ɟ
ɜ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɛ
ɦɟ
ɢ
(
ɪ
ɚɡ
ɥ
ɜ
ɨ
ɤ
ɹ
ɬ
ɚ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɋ
ɋ
ɦ
ɟ
ɪ
ɡɚ
ɛɠ
ɫ
ɦ
ɯ
ɬ
ɪ
)
;
ɛ
Ɉ
(Ɂ
ɋ
ɇ
ɋ)
ɨ
ɡɞ
ɭ
ɤ
ɥ
ɪ
ɟ
ɜ
ɞɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɪ
ɜ
ɚɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɢ
ɦ
ɩɟ
ɪ
ɫɥ
ɭ
ɟ
ɫɬ
(
Ɇ
ɥ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɚ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɤ
ɋ
)
;
ɪ
,
Ɉ
ɜ
ɢ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɲ
ɪ
ɭ
ɛ
ɛ
–
Ɉ
ɋɋ
Ƚ
(
ɭɲ
ɥ
ɚ
ɩ
ɜ
ɚɬ
ɟ
ɝ
ɪ
ɟ
ɚɫ
ɯ
ɨ
ɪ;
ɢ
ɬ
ɤ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɭɠ
ɧ
ɵ
Ɍ
ɉ
ɱ
ɧ
ɢ
ɭ
ɥ
ɟ
ɞ
ɤ
ɢ
;
ɡ
ɚ
Ɉ
(
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɲɚ
ɛ
ɧ
ɚ
Ɉ
(
Ɂ
ɋ
)
Ƚ
(
Ⱦ
ɉ
ɲ
ɧ
ɵ
ɩ
ɚɧ
ɟ
ɥ
ɢ
ɟ
ɜɚ
ɬ
ɯ
ɨ
ɞ
1
ɤ
ɢ;
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɠ
ɢ
ɜ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɉ
).
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɫɬ
ɚ
ɞ
ɭ
ɸ
(
Ɉ
ɚ
ɜ
ɢ
Ɂ
ɇ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɹ
(
Ƚ
ɚ
ɧ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɜ
Ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
Ƚ
(
Ⱦ
ɉ
);
ɵ
ɣ
ɤ
; 6
ɢ
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɞ
ɚ;
6
–
20
ɪ
ɵ
ɜ
ɚ
ɸ
ɢ
ɬ
ɯ
ɫ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɸɳ
Ɉ
):
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɇ
ɋ
)
ɨ
ɣ
Ƚ
):
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɋ
);
Ⱦ
ɋ)
;
ɦ
ɤ
ɪ
ɚ
–
ɨ
ɪ
ɹ
ɥ
ɶ;
1
3
–
ɧ
ɚ
–
ɩ
ɜɨ
ɡ
ɸɳ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɫ
ɯ
ɟ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɳ
ɚ
ɹ
ɡ
ɚ
ɢɦ
)
ɨ
ɫ
ɯ
ɩ
ɹ
ɞ
ɹ
ɧ
ɜ
–
;
ɢ
–
Ɉ
ɚ
ɧ;
ɩɨ
ɞ
ɹ
ɱ
ɟ
1
0
3
–
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɡ
ɞ
ɭ
ɳ
ɢ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɨ
ɤ
ɹ
ɢ
ɚ
ɜ
ɢ
ɦ
ɚɹ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɯ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚɪ
(
Ⱦ
ɧ
ɚɹ
–
Ɉ
ɢ
–
Ɉ
Ɉ
(
ɇ
3
–
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɟ
ɝɨ
0
–
–
ɪɟ
ɨ
ɫ;
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɭ
ɯɚ
ɟ
ɨ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɩ
ɪ
ɝ
ɨ
ɢ
ɧ
ɞ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɡ
ɧ
ɦ
ɟ
ɚɥ
ɥ
Ⱦ
ɋ
)
ɫ
ɢ
Ɉ
(Ɂ
ɇ
Ɉ
(
Ɂ
ɇ
)
Ƚ
–
ɜ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɟ
ɜɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɫ
ɟ
ɝ
ɭ
1
7
ɝ
ɪɟ
ɜ
; 2
ɨ
ɬ
ɞ
ɵɦ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɪ
ɹ
ɞ
ɟ
ɤ
ɢɦ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɫ
ɧ
ɥ
ɟ
ɥ
)
;
ɢ
ɫ
ɬ
ɇɋ
Ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
Ƚ
(
Ⱦ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɟ
ɜɚ
ɬ
ɞɨ
ɫ
ɫ
ɲ
ɢ
ɭ
ɥɹ
ɬ
7
–
ɜ
ɚ
ɬ
3,
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɦ
ɢ
ɫ
ɨ
ɟ
ɹ
ɱ
ɟ
ɤ
ɫ
ɚ
ɦ
ɚɹ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɱ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɞ
ɜ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɋ
);
ɝ
ɋ
)
Ⱦ
ɉ)
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɢ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɩ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟɥ
24
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɩ
ɭ
ɟ
ɞ
ɢ
ɟ
ɝ
ɨ
ɚ
ɰ
ɢ
ɫ
ɯ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɟ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɜ
ɭ
ɯ
ɦ
ɚ
ɬ
ɝ
–
Ƚ(
Ⱦ
: ɧ
ɚ
ɡɛ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɝ
ɚ
ɛ
ɠ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɢ
ɫ
–
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɭ
ɧ
ɤ
ɢ
ɧ
ɟ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɹ:
ɯ
ɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɵ
ɦ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɵ
ɹ
(
ɯ
ɫ
ɬ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
Ɉ
(
Ⱦɉ
–
Ɉ
ɨ
ɪ
ɧ
ɝ
ɨ
ɪ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɥɶ
ɟɦ
ɩ
ɩ
ɢɬ
ɨ
ɫ
ɟɬ
ɟ
ɜɨ
ɡ
ɟ
ɡ
ɤ
ɬ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɦɚ
ɦ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɵɦ
(
ɉ
)
ɬ
ɭ
ɩ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
(
ɇ
)
ɉ
);
Ɉ
(
Ɂ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɪ
ɹɱ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɧ
ɵ
ɩ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
ɟ
ɜ
ɨ
ɡ
ɞ
ɭ
ɞ
ɚ
ɚ
ɦ
ɢ
ɢ
ɹ
ɞ
ɨ
ɫ
ɚ
(
3
ɫ
ɦ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɦ
ɫ
ɦ
)
;
ɩ
ɟ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
)
; ɞ
–
Ɂ
ɋ
ɋ
ɣ
ɤ
ɟɝ
ɨ
ɹ
ɧ
ɢ
ɵ
ɣ
ɫ
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɨ
ɣ
ɜ
ɭ
ɲ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɢ
ɨ
ɬ
ɫ
ɧ
ɚ
3
);
ɦ
ɟ
ɲ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɦɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɧ
ɱ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚɛ
ɠ
–
Ƚ
ɋ
)
ȼ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɢ
ɠ
ɧ
ɫ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɭɪ
ɵ
ɣ
ɧ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɹ,
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɬ
ɨ
ɩ
ɚ
ɛ
ɠ
ɡ
ɚ
ɲ
ɟ
ɧ
ɶ
ɧ
ɭ
ɟ
ɲ
ɟ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɠɟ
Ƚ
(
Ⱥ
ȼ
(
Ⱦ
ɧ
;
4
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɣ
ɫ
ɭɞ
ɵ
ɜ
ɧ
ɚɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
;
ɟ
ɤ
ɧ
ɚ
ɢ
ɦ
ɩ
ɢ
ɬ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɜ
ɢ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɭɸ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
ɞ
ɜ
ɤ
ɚ
ɹ
ɟ
ɧ
ɢ
Ⱥ
ȼ)
Ⱦ
ɋ
4
–
ɨ
ɫ
ɧ
ɣ
ɢ
; 1
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɫ;
;
2
1
ɤ
ɚɥ
ɚ
ɡ
ɵ
ɦ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɢ
ɫ
ɢ
ɟɦ
ɸ
ɭ
ɢ
ɟ
ɦ
ɤ
ɥ
ɸ
ɩ
ɢ
ɹ
; ɟ
);
1
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚɛ
ɢ
ɜ
ɟ
1
–
ɞ
ɵ
;
1
8
1
–
ɨɪ
ɢ
ɵ
ɜ
ɚ
ɫɬ
ɧ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɹ
ɤ
ɢɦ
ɦ
(
Ɂ
ɭ
ɫ
ɬ
ɦ
;
ɸ
ɱ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨɫ
–
1
–
ɚ
ɝɪ
ɟ
ɠ
ɟ
ɟ
ɪ
ɯ
–
ɪɟ
1
8
–
–
ɩ
ɢ
ɢ
ɮ
ɟ
ɚ
ɸ
ɧɵ
ɧ
ɵ
ɤ
ɬ
ɦ
ɚɹ
Ɂɇ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɭ
ɫ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɥɟ
ɚ
ɤ
ɟ
ɜ
ɚ
ɟ
ɧɢ
ɹ
ɯ
ɧɟ
ɣ
ɟ
ɝ
ɭ
1
4
–
–
ɫ
ɟ
ɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɟ
ɪ
ɵ
ɬɫ
ɹ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɯ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɫ
ɨ
ɇ
ɋ
)
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɞ
ɨ
ɤ
-
ɚ
-
ɹ
ɣ
ɭ
-
–
ɟ
-
ɨ
-
ɵ
ɹ
ɢ
ɢ
ɩ
-
ɨ
)
;
ɜ
-
ɚ
-
ɹ
ɨ
-
ɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ (Ⱦɉ); ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɛɨɪ (ɇȼ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ƚ(Ⱦɉ)
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɯ-
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ; ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ
ɜɨɞɵ: ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ (Ⱥȼ), ɧɢɠɧɹɹ (Ⱥɇ); ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ȼ). ɇɚ-
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼ(Ⱦɋ) ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɩɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ.
ȼ 60–80-ɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (ɩɭɧɤɬɵ) (ȽɌɉ). ɇɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ȽɌɉ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ
ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɬ
ɲɭɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɛ-
ɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ȽɌɉ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ:
ɛɥɨɤ (ɢɥɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ) ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟ-
ɥɢ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ), ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ, ɚ
ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚɜɬɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ȽɌɉ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-
ɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɵɧɨɫɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɹɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɲɭɦɚ, ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ȽɌɉ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ȽɌɉ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɞɚɪɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚ-
ɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ȽɌɉ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɟɞɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɜɭɯɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɬɪɭɛɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɬɪɟɯɬɪɭɛɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ (ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ ɨɬ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ), ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ȽɌɉ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɟɩ-
ɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫ-
ɱɟɬɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤ ɬɟɩ-
ɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ – ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ. ɉɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɢɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɟ.
ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɚ-ɜ, ɠ-ɥ ɢ ɧ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɚ ɨɬɨɩɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɝ ɢ ɦ – ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɨɞɨ-ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɬɟ-
ɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
Ɉɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟ-
ɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɢ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɚɛɨ-
ɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ
ɜɨɞɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɚɦɟɬ-
ɪɨɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɠɟɫɬɤɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨ-
ɪɚɦɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟ-
ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɠɢ-
ɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɨɪɚɯ (ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɯ) ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0,6. Ɇɉɚ; ɩɪɟ-
ɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɷɤɫ-
ɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɲɢ-
ɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟ-
ɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɯ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟ-
ɬɢ I , ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞ-
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6 ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɲɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɯɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ
ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟ-
ɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ. ȼɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ 12 ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ
4 ɢ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟ
-
ɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ
ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 95 °ɋ, ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ-
ɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ. ȼ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ
ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɛ ɢ ɜ).
Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɋɇɢɉ I1-33-75 ɞɥɹ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ,
ɨɛɳɟɠɢɬɢɣ, ɲɤɨɥ, ɩɨɥɢɤɥɢɧɢɤ, ɦɭɡɟɟɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ
(ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ 95 °ɋ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ 150 °ɋ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɞɨ 170–190 °ɋ.
ɋɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɜɨɞɟ,
ɩɨɞɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠ-
ɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ
ɜɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨɞɚ ɜ
ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬ-
ɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɣ-
ɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɛ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɣ-
ɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ (ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɨɦ). ɗɬɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɵɜɲɟɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ, ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ.Ɇ. ɑɚɩɥɢɧɵɦ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɋɋɋɊ. ȼɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɹ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ
(ɊɊ) 2 ɜ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ 5. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɫɚɫɵɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟ-
ɜɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ-ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.7.
Ɋɢɫ. 3.7. ȼɨɞɨɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ȼɌɇ – Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɶ Ɇɨɫɷɧɟɪɝɨ
1 – ɫɨɩɥɨ; 2 – ɩɪɢɟɦɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ; 3 – ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ; 4 – ɞɢɮɮɭɡɨɪ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɜɨɞɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɵ-
ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ 1–1,5 ɦ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɯ
ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɨ-
ɥɨ 1,5–2,5 ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 8–15 ɦ. ɗɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-
ɟɧɬ ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɢ (ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɹ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨ-
ɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɨɩɥɨ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬ-
ɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚ-
ɬɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɋɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɛ) – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ,
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɩɥɨ ɷɥɟɜɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɜɵ-
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɟɣ. Ɉɬ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 3.6, ɜ). ȼ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɨɫ
16 ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɊɊ 12 ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ 16 ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ
ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɡɚ-
ɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (8–12 ɱ).