Беспалов В.И. Системы и источники энергоснабжения
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ɝɞɟ
ɫɪ.ɧ
ɝ.ɡ
Q – ɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɢɦ-
ɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, Ⱦɠ ɢɥɢ ɤɤɚɥ/ɱ;
ɪɨɝɨɞ
,, nnn
– ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɬɨ-
ɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟ-
ɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɫ/ɝɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɱ/ɝɨɞ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɹɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ cyɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɫɪ.ɧ
Q , ɪɚɜɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.5, ɛ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ I ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨ-
ɞɹɬ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ 2 ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɥɢɧɢɹ 3 – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɩɨɞ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ I ɪɚɜɧɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ 5 ɢ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɢ
ɝɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
1. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ (ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ 1 ɦ
Ɂ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ) ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪaɬyɪ 1°ɋ? ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
2.
ɑɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ? Ʉɚɤ ɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ?
3.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɧɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ?
4.
ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
5.
ɑɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ t
ɧ.ɨ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ t
ɧ.ɜ
? Ʉɚɤ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ?
6.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ?
7.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɠɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ?
8. Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ? ɇɚɩɢɲɢ-
ɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧ.
9.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɟ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ? ɇɚɩɢɲɢɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹ-
ɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
10.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ?
11.
Ʉɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɬɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ?
12.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ t
ɧ.ɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɢ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ?
3. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
3.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟ-
ɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɬ. ɟ. ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ).
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦ-
ɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ
ɫɬɨɥɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ – ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ,
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
(ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɰɟɯɚ, ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ, ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱ-
ɧɢɤɚ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɩɟɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɟ
ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. Ʉ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɪɭɩ-
ɩɵ:
x
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɟ – ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ;
x
ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɟ – ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ (ɪɚɣɨɧɚ);
x
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ – ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ;
x
ɦɟɠɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ – ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ: 1) ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ; 2) ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢ-
ɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ; 3) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ-
ɫɤɢɯ, ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɯ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ (ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ-
ɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɨɤ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɜɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬeɥɹ: ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɩɚɪ.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɞɟɫɹɬ-
ɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɨɬɧɹɦɢ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ (100–150 ɤɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ), ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-
ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ.
ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɟ.
3.2. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢ-
ɤɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɍɗɐ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
(ɈɌɗɐ), ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (50–250 Ɇȼɬ) ɧɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɚɪɚ (13 ɢ 24 Ɇɉɚ) ɞɜɭɯ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɚ) ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ (Ɍ ɢ ɉɌ); ɛ) ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (Ɋ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɭɪɛɢɧ ɫɟ-
ɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 14.
ȼ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɬɨɩɥɢ-
ɜɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɪɨɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ
ɫɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.
3.3. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. Ɂ.1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɩɚɪɨɬɭɪ-
ɛɢɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ Ɍɗɐ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɚ 13 Ɇɉɚ, 565 °ɋ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɭɪ-
ɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɚ.
ȼ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ Ɍɗɐ ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɉɌ
(ɪɢɫ. Ɂ.1, ɚ) ɨɬ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ 1, ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ
2, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɚɹ ɩɪɢ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
1,2–1,5 Ɇɉɚ) ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɚɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ 28 ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ
ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ 28 ɢɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ 3 ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ (ɊɈɍ) 31. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ 29. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɤ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 30 ɩɟ-
ɪɟɤɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɉɇȾ) 14–16
ɜ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 17.
Ɉɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,05–0,25 Ɇɉɚ) ɨɬɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɚɪ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ɍɗɐ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ.
ȼɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɚɹ
ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ) ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ 27 ɜ ɛɭɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ (ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ)
ɧɚɫɨɫ 35 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ 37 ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ 4. ɂɡ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɜ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 5
ɢ 6, ɩɢɬɚɟ-
ɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ
ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 7 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ 34 ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ 26.
Ɋɢɫ. 3.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ Ɍɗɐ
ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ
ɚ – ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɉɌ; ɛ – ɫ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɢɩɚ Ɍ; 1 – ɬɭɪɛɢɧɚ; 2 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 3 – ɤɨɬɟɥ; 4 –
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 5,6 – ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ; 7 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ;
8 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ; 9 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 10 –
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 11 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 12 – ɷɠɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 13 – 16 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚ-
ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 17 – ɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 18 – 20 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 21 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ
; 22 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ; 23 – ɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 24 – ɧɚɫɨɫɵ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ; 25 – ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚ-
ɫɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ; 26, 27 – ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ; 28, 29 – ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ; 30 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 31 – ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ; 32 –
ɮɢɥɶɬɪ-ɝɪɹɡɟɜɢɤ; 33 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ; 34 – ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 35 – ɛɭɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 36 – ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨ-
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ; 37 – ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɱɟɤ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɟ
ɉɨɞɨɝɪɟɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɨɦ ɤɨɬɥɟ 34
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɟ-
ɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 6
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ.
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ 4 ɜ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 11 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ 13–16 ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 17, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɨɧ ɡɚɛɢɪɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ 21 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɉȼȾ) 18–20 ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ 3.
ȼ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɚ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɨɱɢɫɬɤɭ 36, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ
24 ɜ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ 9, ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ. ȼ
ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ
, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ (ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ) ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ. ɂɡ ɞɟɚɷɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 10 ɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɝɭ-
ɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ 33 ɜɨ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɛɭɫɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 35.
ɂɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɟ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ
ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 7. Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɭ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɁɁ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɭɬɟɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɁɁ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ɍɗɐ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɜɚ-
ɤɭɭɦɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ.
3.4. ȼɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ȼɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.2) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɡɚ-
ɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ Ɍɗɐ ɢ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɨɬ Ɍɗɐ ɞɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ.
Ɍ
ɦ
ɛ
Ɍ
ɨ
ɬ
ɪ
ɩ
ɞ
ɪ
ɪ
ɦ
ɥ
Ɋ
1
ɬ
ɚ
ɨ
–
Ɍɚ
ɦɨ
ɛɵ
Ɍɗ
ɨ
ɛ
ɵ
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ɟ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
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ɭ
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ɨ
ɝ
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ɨ
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ɦɢ
ɥ
ɟ
ɧ
Ɋ
ɢ
ɫ
1
–
ɬ
ɟ
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ɷ
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ɢ
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ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɧ
ɢ
.
Ɉ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ
.
3
–
ɫ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɯ
ɪ
ɚɬ
ɨ
ɥ
ɚ
ɞ
ɠ
ɟ
ɤ
ɢ
ɦ
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ɧ
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ɢ
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ɱ
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ɉ
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ɨɫ
ɬ
Ɉ
ɫ
ɧ
ɹ
ɫ
3
.
2
ɟ
ɬɟ
ɜ
ɯ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɪ
;
ɞ
ɢɬ
ɤ
ɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɛ
ɬ
ɭ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɦ
ɨ
ɢ
ɵ
.
ɝ
ɨ
ɩ
3
ɉ
ɚ
ɪ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɉ
ɨ
ɞ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɧɵ
ɬ
ɶ
ɸ
ɧɨ
ɫ
ɟ
ɪ
2
.
ɉ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɦ
ɢ
ɱ
;
7
ɟɥ
ɶ
ɨ
ɪ
ɧ
ɛ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɜ
ɜ
ɨ
ɡ
ɚɝ
ɢ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
Ɉ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
3
.
5
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɟ
ɥ
ɹ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɸ
ɨ
ɜ
ɧ
ɪ
ɢ
ɣ
ɉ
ɪ
ɢ
ɣ
ɧ
ɚ
ɱ
ɟɫ
–
ɩ
ɶ
ɜ
ɵ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɚ
ɡ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɡ
ɦ
ɨ
ɢ
ɫ
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ɩ
ɨ
ɥ
Ɉ
ɫ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
5
.
ɜɵ
ɨ
ɬ
ɵ
ɝ
ɪɟ
ɹ
ɯ.
ɢ
ɩ
ɢ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
ɧ
ɰ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɤɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɩ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ,
ɞ
ɚ
ɨɠ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɡ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɡɜ
ɨ
ɉ
ɵ
ɟ
ɤ
ɵ
ɤ
ɟ
ɜ
ɉ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɚ
ɞ
ɟ
ɯ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɰ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ;
ɨ
ɱ
ɞ
ɩ
ɢ
ɚɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɚɫ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɜ
ɠ
ɧ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɡ
ɭ
ɸ
ɜ
ɧ
ɵ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɉ
ɚ
ɪ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɫ
ɟ
ɉ
ɪ
ɢ
ɞ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɠ
ɯ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɩ
ɩ
ɢ
ɚ
2
–
ɱ
ɢ
ɳ
ɢ
ɬɨ
ɱ
ɚ
;
1
ɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɝ
ɷ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɸ
ɬ
ɵ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɪɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɤ
ɫ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɢ
ɪ
ɝɪ
ɟ
ɠɧ
ɪ
ɚ
ɤ
ɩ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
–
ɜ
ɨ
ɳ
ɟ
ɧ
ɱ
ɧ
ɵ
1
1
–
ɝ
ɨ
ɬ
ɤ
ɫ
ɩ
ɬ
ɢ
ɩ
ɵɯ
ɫɹ
ɯ
ɚ
ɜ
ɚ
ɜ
ɵ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɩ
ɚ
ɟ
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɚ
ɛ
ɟ
ɜ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɤ
ɬɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɢ
ɡ
ɶ
ɧ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɵ
ɣ
–
ɜ
ɬ
ɚ
ɜ
ɩ
ɥ
ɭ
ɩ
ɨ
ɯ
ɬ
ɟ
ɜ
ɚ
ɪ
ɚ
ɩ
ɪ
ɵ
ɟ
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ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɨ
ɣ
ɛ
ɨ
ɬ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɶ
ɪɢ
ɡ
ɜ
ɨ
ɚ
ɹ
ɫ
ɨ
ɝɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɜ
ɧɚ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɜ
ɥ
ɢ
ɭ
ɚ
ɬ
ɥ
ɧ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɤ
ɚ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɤ
ɨ
ɵ
ɟ
ɨ
ɦ,
ɜ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɥ
ɹ
ɶ
ɸ
ɢ
ɫɬ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫ
ɫ
ɯ
ɟ
ɟɣ
ɧ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɫɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɜ
ɚ
ɬ
ɚ
ɰ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɚ
ɱ
ɟ
ɬ
ɟ
ɪ
ɜ
ɟ
ɞ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
(ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɧ
ɚ
ɹ
ɦ
ɢ
ɜ
ɢ
ɤ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɞ
ɵ;
ɫ
;
8
ɫ
ɬɪ
ɭ
ɚ
ɟ
ɬ
ɰ
ɢ
ɸ
ɫ
ɬɶ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɪ
ɢ
ɫ
ɞ
ɟ
ɧ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɢ
ɫ
ɚ
ɤ
ɵ
ɩ
ɬ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɷɤ
ɤ
ɢ
ɜ
ɚ
ɩ
ɚ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɤ
5
–
8
–
ɭ
ɣ
ɧ
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɸ
ɬ
ɸ
ɵ
ɯ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɧ
ɵ
ɶ
ɧ
.
3
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɜ
ɟ
ɪ
ɫ
ɟ
ɬ
ɫɩ
ɥ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɤ
ɨɬ
ɟ
–
ɩ
ɧɚ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɹ
ɬ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɡɚ
ɝ
ɫɟ
ɟ
ɩ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɜ
ɩ
ɵ
ɟ
3
.3
)
ɫ
ɝ
ɪ
ɨ
ɦ
ɪ
ɞ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɜ
ɥɭ
ɪɨ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɟ
ɥ;
ɩ
ɨɞ
ɫɨ
ɫ
ɣ
ɷ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɭ
ɬɟ
ɣ
ɩ
ɢ
ɤ
ɢ
ɫ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
)
ɦ
ɨɪ
ɦ
ɨ
ɦ
ɜ
ɨ
ɣ
ɭ
ɚɬ
ɚ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɟɞ
ɪ
ɟ
ɣ
3
–
ɨɝ
ɪ
ɫ
ɫ
ɵ
ɷ
ɠ
ɟ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɨɮ
ɭɠ
ɣ
ɨ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɢ
ɥ
ɦ
ɨ
ɝ
ɹɱ
ɩ
ɪ
ɬ
ɨ
ɣ
ɜ
ɚ
ɰ
ɢ
ɵ
ɯ
ɟɧ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ
–
ɰ
ɪ
ɟ
ɜ
ɵ
ɪ
ɨ
ɟ
ɤɬ
ɨ
ɨ
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ɠ
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ɭ
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ɢ
ɨ
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ɨ
ɞ
ɢɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɵ
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ɨ
ɣ
ɤ
ɰ
ɢɪ
ɜ
ɚɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɪ;
ɚ
ɹ
ɧ
ɤ
ɚ
ɰ
ɧ
ɵ
.
ɧ
ɢ
ɯ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɬ
ɛ
ɣ
ɜ
ɨ
ɢ
ɡ
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ɥ
ɢ
ɜ
ɞ
ɵ
ɢ
ɩ
ɨ
ɨ
ɬ
ɥ
ɜ
ɩ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɤɭ
ɥ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɜɨ
ɞ
1
2
ɧ
ɚ
ɝ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
.
ɉ
ɢ
ɯ
ɢ
ɥ
ɵ
ɯ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɛɵ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɜ
ɟ
ɨ
ɨ
ɫ
ɥ
ɨ
ɜ
ɩ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɥ
ɹ
ɰ
ɶ
ɫ
ɵ
ɞɵ
2
–
ɝ
ɪ
ɭ
ɨ
ɧ
ɧ
ɉ
ɨ
ɫ
ɞ
ɨ
ɥ
ɢ
ɜ
ɨ
ɢ
1
ɵ
ɬɶ
ɨ
ɣ
.
ɞ
ɢ
ɬ
ɩ
ɚ
ɛɥ
ɫ
ɪ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɢ
ɥ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
ɵ
ɪ
ɨ
ɵ
; 9
ɪɚ
ɭ
ɡ
ɤ
ɧɵ
ɫ
ɥ
ɟ
ɨ
ɤ
ɪ
ɟ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
16
.
ɢ
ɫ
.
ɬ
ɫ
ɹ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚɞ
ɚ
ɜ
ɧ
ɧ
ɢɡ
ɨɠ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
–
ɯ
ɚ
ɫɯ
ɨ
ɤ
ɚ
ɵ
ɯ
ɟ
ɜ
ɜ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɡɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɫ
ɩ
ɹ
ɜ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɚ
ɸ
ɧ
ɟ
ɧ
ɤ
ɨ
ɠ
ɟ
ɧ
ɣ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɜɨ
ɞ
ɯ
ɢ
ɦ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɞ
ɥ
ɬɭ
ɪ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɪ
ɜ
ɪ
ɟ
ɣ
ɨ
ɥ
ɜ
ɩ
ɵ
ɟ
ɸ
ɬ
ɧ
ɢ
ɸ
ɨ
ɝɨ
ɧ
ɢ
ɢ
ɣ
ɧ
ɚ
ɞ
ɵ
;
ɦ
ɜ
ɨ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɥ
ɹ
ɪɛ
ɞ
ɚ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɧ
ɵ
ɥ
ɶɡ
ɨ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɤ
ɨ
ɛ
ɨ
ɸ
ɢ
ɢ
1
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
;
6
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɣ
ɛ
Ɍ
ɗ
ɛ
ɢ
ɧ
ɜ
ɞ
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɵ
ɯ
ɵɯ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɨ
ɥ
ɶ
ɫ
ɜ
ɫ
ɪ
7.
ɨ
ɫ;
–
ɜ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɛ
ɚɤ
ɗɐ
ɧ
ɢ
ɞ
ɟ
ɣ
ɯ
ɩ
ɢ
ɫ
ɯ
ɤ
ɚ
ɧ
ɵ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɥ
ɶ
ɶ
ɲ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɪ
ɟ
ɞ
4
–
ɜ
ɚ
ɤ
ɨ
ɞɝ
ɨ
ɷ
ɠ
ɐ
,
ɱ
ɢ
ɯ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɤ
ɨ
ɬ
ɵ
ɞ
ɹ
ɧ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɟɣ
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɞ
ɧ
ɟ
–
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɭɭ
ɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɠ
ɟɤ
ɬ
ɱ
ɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɬ
ɬ
ɜ
ɢ
ɫ
ɥ
ɟ
ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
ɬ
ɥ
ɨ
ɞ
ɥ
ɧ
ɵ
ɯ
ɵ
ɟ
ɦ
ɝ
ɪ
ɟ
ɟ
ɝ
ɨ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɦ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɤ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɛ
ɵ
ɬ
ɛ
ɨ
ɢ
ɟ
ɟ
ɞ
ɧ
ɧ
ɢ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɥ
ɹ
ɯ
ɩ
ɫ
ɦ
ɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɣ
ɧ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɝɪ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɤ
ɚ;
1
ɪ
ɨ
ɜ
ɵ
ɤ
ɨ
ɪ
ɵ
ɧ
ɢ
ɟ
ɤ
ɨ
ɜ
ɫ
ɟ
ɨ
ɬ
ɩ
ɨ
ɩ
ɚ
ɧ
ɟ
ɜ
ɧ
ɵ
ɞ
ɚ
ɜ
ɟɜ
ɚ
ɣ
ɞ
ɟ
1
0
ɜ
;
1
ɤ
ɵ
ɟ
ɜ
ɟ
-
ɬ
-
ɨ
-
ɚ
-
ɜ
-
ɵ
-
ɜ
-
ɚ
-
ɟ
-
–
1
3
ɬ
ɬ
Ɍ
ɧ
ɧ
ɡ
ɬ
ɛ
ɧ
ɨ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɳ
ɫ
ɜ
ɧ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɬ
ɢ
ɩ
Ɍ
ɢ
ɧɵ
ɧ
ɟ
ɡ
ɜ
ɨ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɛɵ
7
ɞ
ɧ
ɨ
ɨ
ɩ
ɩ
ɥ
Ɋ
ɢ
1
–
ɨ
ɯ
ɥ
ɫ
ɟ
ɬ
ɳ
ɟ
ɫ
ɚ
ɬ
ɜ
ɨ
ɞ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɩ
ɚ
ɢ
ɥ
ɢ
ɵ
ɣ
ɡ
ɚ
ɨ
ɥ
ɹ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɵ
ɬ
ɶ
ɞ
ɥ
ɹ
ɦ
ɚɫ
ɧ
ɨɬ
ɧ
ɢ
ɫ.
–
ɩ
ɥ
ɚ
ɞ
ɬ
ɟɜ
ɨ
ɧɧ
ɨ
ɬ
ɧ
ɵ
ɞ
ɵ
;
ɫ
ɨɫ
ɇ
ɨ
ɩ
ȼ
ȼ
ɢ
Ɍ
Ɇ
ɤ
ɨ
ɚ
ɝ
ɪ
ɹ
ɟ
ɬ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɶ
ɢ
ɫ
ɹ
ɧ
ɪ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɧɨ
3.
3
ɩ
ɚɪ
ɨ
ɞ
ɢɬ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɣ
ɵ
ɣ
ɧ
;
1
5
ɯ
ɢ
3
ɇ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ȼɗ
ɌɄ
Ɇ
ɟ
ɠ
ɨ
ɧ
ɬ
ɪ
ɹ
ɡ
ɬ
ɫ
ɣ
ɭ
ɫ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
ɟ
ɩ
ɚ
ɞ
ɢ
ɫɬ
ɢ
ɨ
ɫɬ
ɢ
3
.
ɉ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɟɥ
ɶ
ɧɚ
ɜ
ɨ
ɧ
ɚ
ɫ
5
–
ɢ
ɦ
ɢ
3
.
6
ɞ
ro
ɬ
ɗ
Ɋ
Ʉ
).
ɠɞ
ɬ
ɭ
ɪ
ɡ
ɧ
ɟ
ɫ
ɭ
ɳ
ɭ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɥ
ɩ
ɨ
ɫ
ɢ
ɨ
ɚ
ɢ
ɪ
ɢ
ɬ
ɉ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɶ
ɤ
ɨ
ɫɨ
ɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɫ
ɨɫ
ɩ
ɚ
ɢ
ɱ
ɟ
6
.
ɬ
ɨ
ɜ
ɢ
ɥ
ɞ
ɭ
ɪ
.
ȼ
ɟ
ɧ
ɧ
ɳ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɶɡ
ɨ
ɫ
ɪ
ɟ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɪ
ɚ
ɞ
ɬ
ɪ
ɭ
ɢ
ɧ
ɤɨ
ɬ
ɨ
ɧ
ɞ
ɫ
;
7
ɵ
;
9
; 1
2
ɚ
ɪɨ
ɟ
ɫɤ
ɢ
Ⱥ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɢ
ɬ
ɥ
ɢ
ɪ
ɟ
ȼ
ɩ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɨ
ɜ
ɚ
ɟ
ɞ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɜ
ɞɢ
ɭ
ɛ
ɧ
ɧ
ɰ
ɢ
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ɞ
ɟ
ɧ
7
–
9
–
2
–
ɜɨ
ɞ
ɢ
ɨ
Ⱥ
ɬ
ɨ
ɢ
ɫ.
ɬ
ɟ
ɥ
ȼ
ɟ
ɚ
ɤ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɣ
ɪ
ɜ
ɟ
ɧ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɚ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɜ
ɜ
ɧ
ɵ
ɢ
ɨ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɢ
ɩ
ɢ
ɥ
ɧ
ɢ
ɧ
ɫɚ
ɬ
ɞ
ɟ
ɩ
ɨ
–
ɧ
ɚ
ɞ
ɹ
ɧ
ɨ
ɱɢ
ɳ
ɨɦ
ɥ
ɶ
ɧ
ɢ
ɤ
ɤ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɚ
ɞ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɢ
Ⱥ
ɜ
ɬ
ɜ
ɟ
ɧ
ɵɦ
ɚ
ɤ
ɬ
ɣ
ɫ
ɢ
ɚɥ
ɢ
ɡ
ɤ
ɬ
ɚ;
ɟ
ɚɷ
ɪ
ɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɚ
ɫ
ɨ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɳɟ
ɦ
ɧ
ɚ
ɧ
ɨ
ɣ
ɤ
ɨ
ɧ
ɨ
ɪ
ɨ
ɝ
ɟ
ɧ
ɞ
ɢ
ɨ
ɨ
ɭ
ȺɌ
ɬ
ɟ
ɩ
ɧ
ɧ
ɨ
ɦ
ɢ
ɬ
ɢ
ɜ
ɫ
ɢ
ɫ
ɶɧ
ɤ
ɨ
ɝ
4
ɪ
ɚ
ɬ
ɩ
ɢɬ
ɨ
ɨ
ɫ
ɫ
ɣ
ɩ
ɨ
ɟ
ɧɧ
ɚ
ɹ
3.
ɣ
ɭ
ɧ
ɞ
ɨ
ɦ
ɧ
ɟ
ɪ
ɨ
ɚ
ɤ
ɭ
ɩ
ɪ
Ɍ
ɗ
ɐ
ɩ
ɥ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɜɟ
ɳ
ɜ
ɧ
ɨ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟ
ɚɹ
ɝ
ɨ
ɞ
–
ɞ
ɬ
ɨɪ
ɨ
ɱ
ɧ
ɫ
ɵ
ɪ
ɨ
ɞ
ɨ
ɨɣ
Ɍ
ɗ
4
ɭ
ɫ
ɬ
ɟɧ
1
7
ɪɚ
ɬ
ɤ
ɬ
ɢ
ɪ
ɨ
ɫ
ɐ
,
ɨ
ɮ
ɨ
ɩ
ɳɟ
ɨ
ɝ
ɨ
ɟ
ɦ
ɵ
ɫɯ
ɞ
ɚ
ɜ
ɞ
ɟ
ɚ
ɩ
ɨ
ɧ
ɵ
ɣ
ɪ
ɨ
ɣ
ɨ
ɝ
ɪ
ɜɨ
ɗɐ
ɬ
ɚ
ɧ
ɫɚ
ɰ
7
ɢ
ɬ
ɨ
ɪ
ɢ
ɜ
ɧ
ɫ
ɬ
ɢ
ɬ
ɚ
ɮ
ɢ
ɤ
ɩ
ɨ
ɞ
ɟ
ɫ
ɬ
ɨ
ɡ
ɵ
ɩ
ɟ
ɦ
ɜ
ɥɟ
ɧ
ɚ
ɷɪ
ɚ
ɨ
ɞ
ɩ
ɣ
ɧ
ɣ
ɜ
ɨ
ɪ
ɟɜ
ɚ
ɞ
ɵ
ɐ
ɩ
ɧ
ɨ
ɜ
ɰɢ
ɢ
ɩ
ɪ
ɟ
ɧɵ
ɢ
ɬ
ɶ
ɚ
ɤ
ɤ
ɤ
ɚ
ɰ
ɞ
ɨ
ɝ
ɬ
ɜ
ɚ
ɡ
ɚɝ
ɪ
ɩ
ɚ
ɪ
ɦ
ɚ
ɩ
ɧ
ɢ
ɹ
ɚ
ɬ
ɨ
ɩ
ɢ
ɬ
ɧ
ɚɫ
ɨ
ɞ
ɵ
ɚ
ɬ
ɟ
ɵ
ɩ
ɨ
ɤ
ɜ
ɤ
ɢ
ɢ
ɨ
ɧ
ɩ
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ɜ
ɵ
ɵ
ɦ
ɢ
ɶ
ɫ
ɤ
ɚ
ɤ
ɰ
ɢ
ɨ
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3
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;
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14
16
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ɨ
ɫ;
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ɨ
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ɚ
;
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ɟ
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ɢ
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ɧ
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3
–
6
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ɨ
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ɢ
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ɣ
17
–
ɚ
ɢ
ɚ
ɱ
-
ɪ
,
ɨ
-
ɚ
-
ɬ
–
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-
ɚ
ɢ
–
–
ɢ
-
ɧ
-
ɣ
–
Ɋɢɫ. 3.4. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ Ɍɗɐ (ȺɌɗɐ) ɫ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ȼȼɗɊ
1 – ɩɚɪɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 2 – ɩɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɬyɪɛɢɧɚ; 3 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪ; 4 –
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ; 5 – 7 – ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɫɬyɩɟɧɟɣ; 8 – ɛɭɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 9 – ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 10 – ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨ-
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ; 11 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 12 – ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 13 – -
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ; 14 – ɧɚɫɨɫ ɯɢɦɜɨɞɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ; 15, 16 – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; 17 –
ɹɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ; 18 – ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ; 19 – ɧɚ-
ɫɨɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬypa; 20 – ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 21 – ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɥɚɝɢ; 22 –
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 23 – ɞɟɚɷɪɚɬɨɪ; 24 – ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɧɚɫɨɫ; 25 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; 26 – ɩɚɪɨɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶ; 27 – ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ; 28 – ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ȺɌɗɐ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɝɨ-
ɪɨɞɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ (ɤɨɥɥɟɤ-
ɬɨɪ 16) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨ-
ɦɭ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ȺɌɗɐ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɢɡ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 0,05–0,25
Ɇɉɚ (ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ 5 ɢ 6), ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɚɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (0,6–0,8 Ɇɉɚ) ɢɡ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɟɤɚ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɥɚɝɢ 21 ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ