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ɛ)

ɇ1

ɫɬ

ɩ3

ɩ4

1-4

ɉ5

įH

1-4

ɩ1

ɉ2

ɉ3

ɉ4

ɉ5

ɉ1

III

Ɋɢɫ. 5.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɉɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 1 ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɇ

ɫɬ

, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ

ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɢɥɢ

ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ

ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢ-

ɦɚ ɫɟɬɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ

ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ

ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

ɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɧɢɦ, ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ

ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ

ɬɨɱɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ. ɇɚ

ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ, ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟ-

ɬɟɣ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ:

1) ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ

ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ (ɫɜɟɪɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ

ɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɭɛ

ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,6–2,5 Ɇɉɚ;

2) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ (ɫɜɟɪɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ) ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ

ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ

ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ (ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ, ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ, ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ) ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɇɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɤɚ-

ɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ

0,05 Ɇɉɚ (5 ɦ ɜɨɞ. ɫɬ.);

3) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ

ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

0,1 Ɇɉɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 100 °ɋ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱ-

ɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɜɵɲɟ 100 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪ-

ɠɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ

ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ,

ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɚ ɞɨ 100 °ɋ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ-

ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ

ɞɜɭɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢ-

ɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɇɚ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞ-

ɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɡɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɞɚ, ɬɨ

ɧɚ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ

ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɩɪɢ

ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ

ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ

ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɧɟ-

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɫɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚ-

ɥɟɣ, ɧɚ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ

ɩɪɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚ-

ɥɟɣ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɦɵɱɤɢ.

Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɵɲɟ 100 °ɋ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɢɞɪɨ-

ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨ-

ɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ

ɠɟ

ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ,

ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɇɚɢ-

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɬɚɤ

ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭ-

ɱɚɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭ-

ɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬ-

ɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ

ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,05 Ɇɉɚ (5 ɦ ɜɨɞ. ɫɬ.) ɜ

ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.

ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ

ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɢɥɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ

ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ.

ɛ)

100

’

H,ɦ

Ɋɢɫ. 5.5. Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ:

ɚ – ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ; ɛ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɟɬɢ; 1–

ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; 2 – ɩɪɟɞɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ; H3 – ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ (ɧɢɠ-

ɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ); B – ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ; 4 – ɛɚɤ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɨ-

ɞɵ; ɇ5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ȼ5 – ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ;

6 – ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ; 7 – ɩɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ; 8 – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ; 9 –

ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɞɨ ɫɟɛɹ»

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɩɨ-

ɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ

ɨɬɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ (ɪɢɫ.

5.5, ɛ) ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɩɨ 35 ɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ 0; 20; 40 ɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨ-

ɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5

ɦ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɋ,

ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɢ-

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ

ɫɬ

= 40+ 35 + 5 = 80 ɦ.

ɉɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ɚ

ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ S-S, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢ-

ɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ: ɇ

= 80 – 0 = 80 ɦ;

ɞɥɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ: H

= 80 – 20 = 60 ɦ; ɞɥɹ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋ:

= 80 – 40 =40 ɦ. ɉɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨ-

ɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ (ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ 0,

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ 80 ɦ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɪ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɞɨ-

ɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 60 ɦ ɜɨɞ

. ɫɬ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ

ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ.

1. ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɢ-

ɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ (

6053020

ɫɬ



ɦ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɚɩɨɪ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɆɆ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ȼ

402060 

ɦ. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɜɨɞɨ-

ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ: ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ

ɝɪɟɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ 60 – 40 = 20 ɦ, ɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ 35 ɦ.

2. ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ Ⱥ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ, ɇ

ɫɬ

= 80 ɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ

ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ Ⱥ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ

ɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.

ȼ ɜɨɞɨ-ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟ-

ɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɩɶɟɡɨ-

ɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɪɟɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɢɬ 80 – 0 = 80 ɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ

ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (100 ɦ).

3. ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ: ɨɞɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɆɆ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ

Ⱥ ɢ ȼ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ SS ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɋ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-

ɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ȼ ɢ ɋ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɨ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5, ɛ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ

ɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ 8, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɟɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɞɨ ɫɟɛɹ» (ɊȾȾɋ) 9, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɇ

, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɍɚ-

ɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɨɧɚ ɋ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫ-

ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɫɟɬɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɋ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ȼɁ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ

ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ȼ5. ȼ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ȼɁ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ

ɫɟɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ ɇ3 ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹ-

ɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɇ5. ɉɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɥɸ-

ɛɨɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨ-

ɜɢɹɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ-

ɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ

ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ,

ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ

ɞɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɡɚ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɢ ɬɪɭɛɨ-

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨ-

ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ

ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬ-

ɥɨɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ

ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ – ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ

ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ 10–15 ɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ

ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ

ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɦɢɧɢ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ 30 °ɋ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɪ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ:

ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ

ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ (ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɚ) ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɬɵ (ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ);

ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧ-

ɬɨɜ – ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭ-

ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ (ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ-

ɛɨɪɵ); ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ – ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟ-

ɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨ-ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ

ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɧɚɩɨɪ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ:

ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ;

ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ

ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ (ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 0,1 Ɇɉɚ) ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ.

ɀɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɪɭ

ɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɥɚ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ

ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ

ɫɨɨɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɟɬ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚ-

ɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ-

ɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɛɨ-

ɧɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ «ɞɨ

ɫɟɛɹ».

ɀɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢ-

ɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ȽɌɉ ɢɥɢ

ɆɌɉ, ɛɵɥ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɢ

ȽɌɉ ɢ ɆɌɉ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ

ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɧɢ-

ɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ-

ɩɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɆɆ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɚ

ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 150

ɋ. ɉɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ

60 ɦ. Ɉɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɋ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ

ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ.

Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɉ

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸ-

ɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ

ɞɨ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɨɜ. ɇɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɉ1 ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ 7 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɤɨ-

ɜɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ 2,5 Ɇɉɚ. ɋ

ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟ-

ɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ 220 ɦ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ

ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ (ɥɢɧɢɹ ɉ

) ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɉ2

– ɉ7 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ

ɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,6 Ɇɉɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɶɟ-

ɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɟɧ 160 ɦ.

Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɉ

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɩɨ-

ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɉ1

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɧɟɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ 15 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

ɜɨɞɵ 150 + 30 = 180

ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 92 ɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨ-

ɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɝɟɨɞɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɟ 0 ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 107 ɦ.

ɂɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 150

ɋ ɦɢɧɢ-

ɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɉ2 – ɉ7 ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 40 ɦ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ

ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ

ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɉ

ɢ ɉ

. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɉ.

Ʌɢɧɢɹ Ɉ

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 6 ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ.

ɉɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɚ-

ɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ 01 – 05, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟ-

ɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ,

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 60 ɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ 06 – 07, ɝɞɟ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 140 ɦ.

Ʌɢɧɢɹ Ɉ

ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɧɚɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ

ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸ-

ɳɟɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ

ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ 5 ɦ.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ

ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɚ Ɍɗɐ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ 150 ɦ, ɬɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ

ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ 170 ɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ 6, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 140 ɦ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨ-

ɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ

Ɍɗɐ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ

ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ) ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ-

ɤɢ Ɍɗɐ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɧɚ-

ɫɨɫɚ 1 ɢ 2. ɉɪɟɞɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɛɭɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ, ɧɚɫɨɫ 2 ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ

ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɩɚɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɹɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ 6 ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɤɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ 1,

ɩɪɢ

ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋɟɬɟ-

ɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ 1 ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɨɪ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɩɢɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɨɦ ɤɨɬɥɟ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ.

, ɦ

200

180

160

140

120

100

ɛ)

ɉ1

ɉ2

ɉ3

ɉ4

ɉ5

ɉ6

ɉ7

Ɋɢɫ. 5.6. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɚ – ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ; ɛ – ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ; ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɨ-

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 5.5

Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ

ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟ