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ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɇȺɍɄɂ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

«ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɕɃ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄɂɃ

ɌɈɆɋɄɂɃ ɉɈɅɂɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»

ȼ.ɂ. Ȼɟɫɩɚɥɨɜ

ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɂ ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄɂ

ɗɇȿɊȽɈɋɇȺȻɀȿɇɂə

Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ

Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ

Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ

Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ

2011

ɍȾɄ 697.34(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 31.38

Ȼ53

Ȼɟɫɩɚɥɨɜ ȼ.ɂ.

Ȼ53 ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /

ȼ.ɂ. Ȼɟɫɩɚɥɨɜ; Ɍɨɦɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. –

Ɍɨɦɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ,

2011. – 213 ɫ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ

ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,

ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ,

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛ-

ɠɟɧɢɹ. ɍɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ

ɝɢɞ-

ɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.

ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ

140100 «Ɍɟɩɥɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ».

ɍȾɄ 697.34(075.8)

ȻȻɄ 31.38

Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ

Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɌȽȺɋɍ,

ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ

ɇ.Ⱥ. ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜ

Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ

ɩɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɈɈɈ «ɋɬɟɤɥɨɷɤɫɩɟɪɬ»

Ʌ.Ƚ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɨɜɚ

ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 2011

Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ ................................................................................. 5

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ .........................................................................................

6

1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ...........

7

1.1.

 ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ...... 7

1.2. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ...................................................................... 10

1.3. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ..................................................................... 12

1.4. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. ..................................................................... 12

1.5. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ (ɌɗȻ) ................................................ 15

1.6. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜ .............................................................. 18

2. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ................................ 23

2.1.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ. .................................................................................. 23

2.1.1 ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ..................................................................... 23

2.1.2. ȼɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɹ. ................................................................................

27

2.1.3. ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ. .................................

29

2.1.4. Ʉɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ .........................................................

30

2.1.5. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ. ...................

36

3. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. .......................................................

3.1.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ............................................... 43

3.2. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ .................................................... 44

3.3.ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢ .............................................. 45

3.4.ȼɨɞɨɝɪɟɣɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ...................................................................

47

3.5.ɉɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ...........................................................................

48

3.6.Ⱥɬɨɦɧɚɹ Ɍɗɐ .....................................................................................

49

3.7. Ⱥɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ..................................................

51

3.8.

 ȼɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ............................................................................................. 52

4. Ɋɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ

ɬɟɩɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ..............................................................................

61

4.1.

 ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ .................................................................................. 61

4.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ .................................................... 62

4.3. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ........ 68

5. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ .............................. 75

5.1.

 Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. .............................................................. 75

5.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ. ...................... 76

5.3. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ............................................................ 81

5.4. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ............................................................ 88

5.5. ɉɶɟɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ............................................................................ 89

5.6. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ……………

..................................................................... 107

5.6.1. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ........................................................ 107

5.6.2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ................................................................

109

5.7.

 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ................................................ 114

5.8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ ..................................................... 116

5.9. Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ............................... 118

5.10. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨ- ɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ .......................... 121

6. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ............................ 127

6.1.

 Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ............................................ 127

6.2. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ............................................ 136

6.3. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɢ ..................................... 138

6.4. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ ................................................ 144

6.5. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

.......................................................................................... 155

7. ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ........... 166

7.1.

 ȼɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ......................................................................................... 166

7.1.1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ....................................................................... 166

7.1.2. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ȼɅ ...................................................

172

7.1.3. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ȼɅ ................................

176

7.2. Ʉɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ

........................................................................................... 177

7.2.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɣ ............................................. 179

ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ...................................................................................

184

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ

....................................................................................................................... 184

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ......................................................................................................... 184

ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ....................................................................................................... 185

ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə ................................................................................ 186

ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ

ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ «ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ» ɫɬɚɜɢɬ

ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢ-

ɦɚɸɬ «… ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ) ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ

ɢɡ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ

ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ» [5, ɫɬɪ. 20]. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.

ɉɨɞ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢ-

ɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ

ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɬɚɤɢɦɢ

ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚ-

ɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ

ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ-

ɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ) ɤɚɤ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢ-

ɡɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ

ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ

ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ – ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɵɦ ȿ.ə. [1], ɋɬɟɪ-

ɦɚɧɨɦ Ʌ.ɋ. [2], Ɋɵɠɤɢɧɵɦ ȼ.ə. [3], Ɇɟɥɟɧɬɶɟɜɵɦ Ʌ.Ⱥ. [5], ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ

ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ [6], ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.

Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ

ɤ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧ-

ɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ȺɌɗɋ Ȼɟɫɩɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɋ.ɍ.

ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ

Ɂɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ

ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ.

ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ

ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɠɢɝɚɬɶ ɤɨɫɬɟɪ. Ⱥ ɜɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨ-

ɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ

ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɭɞɢɬɶɫɹ.

ɇɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ⱦɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,

ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ

ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ, ɚ ɜɨɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ). ɇɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɟɦɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚ-

ɬɟɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɩɚɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ

ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ

ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɡɚ), ɬɨ ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-

ɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ.

ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ

ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ

ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɤɨ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ.

ɇɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ

ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡ-

ɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ

ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ

ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ.

1. ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɩɚɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɦɟɜɲɢɣ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1990 ɩɨ 1995 ɝɝ. ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ

ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ. ȼ 2005 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚ Ɍɗɋ ɞɨɫɬɢɝ-

ɥɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ (770 ɦɥɪɞ ɤȼɬ ɱɚɫɨɜ) ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɬɟɧ-

ɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80 ɥɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨ-

ɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ɋɨɫ-

ɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ (ɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ

ɫɨ-

ɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɤ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ.

ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. ȿɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɨ-

ɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ

ɧɭɠɞɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɭɠɟɧ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɩɚɪ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.

ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ-

ɳɢɯ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɚɪɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱ-

ɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɟɟ ɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢ-

ɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɟɦɭ

ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ.

1.1 . ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ (ɗɄ) Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩ-

ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɹɬɟɪɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ,

ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ (ɭɝɨɥɶ, ɧɟɮɬɶ, ɝɚɡ),

ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ (ɝɢɞɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ) ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ

ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ

ɪɨɥɶ. ɑɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɗɄ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ

ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɤɚɤ Ⱦɨɥɟɠɚɥɶ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɇɟɥɟɧɬɶ-

ɟɜ Ʌ.Ⱥ., Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɇ.ȼ., Ȼɨɥɨɬɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.

ȼɫɹɤɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ [5], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ:

1. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɷɥɟ-

ɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ

– ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ, ɷɥɟɤ-

ɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɡɚɢ-

ɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

2. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ

ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩ-

ɥɢɜɚ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ.

3. Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ

ɟɺ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ

ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ.

4. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɟɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.

5. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚ-

ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

6. Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ

ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ

ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ

ɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜɧɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.

ɇɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ-

ɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɨɫɬɚ-

ɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ.

ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɟ-

ɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ) ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜ-

ɧɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.1

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.

ȼ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɦ ɤɭɪɫɟ ɦɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɦɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɢ

ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɉɨɞ ɭɡɥɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ

, ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɡɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ (ɢɫ-

ɬɨɱɧɢɤ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɯ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɨ-

ɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ

ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.2 [5, ɫɬɪ. 163, ɪɢɫ 6.2].

ɈȻɓȿɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɋɌɊȺɇɕ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɧɟɮɬɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɝɚɡɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɭɝɥɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɹɞɟɪɧɨ-ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɈȻɓȿɗɇȿɊȽȿɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɊȺɃ Ɉ ɇȺ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɧɟɮɬɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɝɚɡɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɭɝɥɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ

ɪɚɣɨɧɚ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ

ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ

ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɤɨɦ ɩɥɟɤɫ ɚ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-ɢ

ɬɟɩɥɨ

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɧɟɮɬɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɝɚɡɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ

ɭɝɥɟ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧ-

ɰɢɢ,ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ

ɫɟɬɢ

ɇɟɮɬɟɩɨɦɵɫ-

ɥɵ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɟɮɬɟ-

ɩɟɪɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵ-

ȼɚɸɳɢɟ

ɡɚɜɨɞɵ

Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɟ

ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɵ ɢ

ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨ-

ɜɨɞɵ

ɒɚɯɬɵ,

ɤɚɪɶɟɪɵ

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ

ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ

ɜɨɞɵ

ɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥ

ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ

ɜɨɞɵ

ɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥ

ɢ ɝɚɡɚ

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥ

ɢ ɭɝɥɹ

ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɗɇȿɊȽɈɋɇȺȻɀȿɇɂə ɍɁɅȺ

ɗɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɟ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

ɍɡɟɥ

Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɢɫ-

ɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɟ: –––––––– ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ; – – – – – ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ

ɗɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ

ȼɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ

ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬ

ɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ

ɉɨɛɨɱɧ

ɷɧɟɪɝ

ɟɫɭɪ

ɗɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ

(ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ)

-ɍɫɬɚɧ ɨ ɜ ɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞ

ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

Ʉɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ

ɉɪɢɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ

ɋɪɟɞɧɟ-

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ

ȼɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟ

ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ

ɋɢɥɨɜɵɟ

ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨ-

ɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

1.2 . ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜ-

ɧɵɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ) ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ: ɜ ɨɝɧɟɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ, ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ; ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɜ

ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ; ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɨɛɟɫ-

ɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨ-

ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪ-

ɝɢɢ.

ȼ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ

ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ,

ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ,

ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ, ɪɟɠɟ, ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɛɵɬɭ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɭɸ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ.