AWS B4.0: 2007 Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

Figure 9.1.5—Specimen for Flash Butt Welds

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Figure 9.1.6—Specimens for Nick-Break Test of Branch Joint Connections

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

Figure 9.1.7—Pipe Sleeve Test Specimen

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Figure 9.1.8—Fillet Welded Plate Specimens

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

9.2 Fillet Weld Break Test

9.2.1 Scope

9.2.1.1 This subclause covers the fillet weld sound-

ness test procedures, test parameters, and methods of

obtaining data and the observations usually required, but

does not specify the requirements or acceptance criteria.

When this standard is used as a portion of a standard or

detail specification, the following information should be

furnished:

(1) The specific tests and the number of specimens

that are required,

(2) Specific orientation of specimens within the weld

sample,

(3) The type of data required and observations to be

made,

(4) The limiting numerical values, and

(5) The interpretation, if any, of the data and

observations.

9.2.2 Summary of Method. One leg of a T-joint is bent

upon the other so as to place the root of the weld in ten-

sion. The load is maintained until the legs of the joint

come into contact with each other or the joint fractures.

9.2.3 Significance. The purpose of this test is to deter-

mine the soundness of fillet welded joints. This test is

qualitative in nature with acceptance determined by the

extent and nature of any flaws present.

9.2.4 Definitions and Symbols. Unless otherwise noted,

the following designations are used:

S = maximum size single pass fillet to be used in

production

t = plate thickness

9.2.5 Apparatus. The apparatus used shall be capable of

firmly holding the specimen and applying the required

force.

9.2.6 Specimens

9.2.6.1 Fillet Weld Break: Procedure Qualifica-

tion. The uncoated fillet weld break specimen shall be

welded and prepared for the test shown in Figure 9.2.1.

The weld shall meet the as-welded visual inspection

requirements of the applicable code or standard.

9.2.6.2 Fillet Weld Break: Primer Coated Proce-

dure Qualification. The fillet weld break specimen shall

be welded over primer-coated material and prepared for

test as shown in Figure 9.2.2. The weld shall present a

reasonably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual

inspection requirements of the applicable code or

standard.

9.2.6.3 Fillet Weld Break: Galvanized Procedure

Qualification. The fillet weld break specimen shall be

welded over galvanized material and prepared for test as

shown in Figure 9.2.3. The weld shall present a reason-

ably uniform appearance and shall meet the visual

inspection requirements of the applicable code or

standard.

9.2.6.4 Fillet Break: Welder Qualification. The fil-

let weld break specimen for welder qualification shall be

welded and prepared as shown in Figure 9.2.4. The weld

shall meet the visual requirements of the applicable code

or standard.

9.2.6.5 Fillet Break: Tack Welder Qualification.

The uncoated fillet weld break specimen for tack welder

performance qualification shall be welded and prepared

for test as shown in Figure 9.2.5. The weld shall present

a reasonably uniform appearance and shall meet the

visual inspection requirements of the applicable code or

standard.

9.2.7 Procedure. A force as shown in Figure 9.2.6 or

other forces causing the root of the weld to be in tension

shall be applied to the specimen. The load shall be

increased until the specimen fractures or bends flat upon

itself. If the specimen fractures, the fracture surfaces

shall be examined visually to the criteria of the applica-

ble standard.

9.2.8 Report. In addition to requirements of the applica-

ble documents, the report shall include the following:

(1) Base metal specification and applied coating

specification;

(2) Filler metal specification;

(3) Fillet weld size;

(4) Welding procedure (process and parameters);

(5) Specimen type;

(6) Fracture appearance;

(7) Number, type, size, and locations of visible inclu-

sions or discontinuities; and

(8) Any observation of unusual characteristics of the

specimens or procedure.

9.2.9 Commentary. There may be other AWS and ISO

fillet weld break tests available that evaluate the qualita-

tive soundness of fillet welded joints and these may be

used if required by the specification or by agreement

between the contracting parties.

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Notes:

1. Positions qualified shall be in accordance with applicable code or standard.

2. Test assembly may be cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate testing.

3. Plate thickness, t, shall be maximum used in production or 3/8 in (10 mm), whichever is less.

4. S, maximum weld size on single pass production fillet welds; and S, minimum weld size on multipass production fillet welds.

Figure 9.2.1—Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Procedure Qualification

Notes:

1. Base plate should be same grade and specification material as that used in production.

2. Base plate shall be primer coated to maximum thickness which will be applied in production.

3. The first side weld shall be removed by gouging or mechanical means and the second side shall be tested.

4. Although entire 36 in (914 mm) length is to be tested, the test assembly may be cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate

fracturing for examination.

5. Plate thickness, t, shall be maximum used in production or 3/8 in (10 mm), whichever is less.

6. S, maximum weld size on single pass production fillet welds; and S, minimum weld size on multipass production fillet welds.

Figure 9.2.2—Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Primer Coated Materials

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CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD) AWS B4.0:2007

Notes:

1. Plate thickness, t, shall be maximum used in production or 3/8 in (10 mm), whichever is less.

2. S, maximum weld size on single pass production fillet welds; and S, minimum weld size on multipass production fillet welds.

3. Although entire 36 in (914 mm) length is to be tested, the test assembly may be cut into shorter lengths after welding to facilitate

fracturing for examination.

4. Galvanized plating shall be the same grade, specification, and maximum thickness as that used in production.

Figure 9.2.3—Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Galvanized Materials

Notes:

1. Stop and restart near center.

2. Unless otherwise specified, specimen thickness and dimensions are minimum.

3. S, maximum weld size on single pass production fillet welds; and S, minimum weld size on multipass production fillet welds.

Figure 9.2.4—Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Welder Qualification

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 9. BREAK TESTS (NICK AND FILLET WELD)

Figure 9.2.5—Fillet Weld Break Specimen for Tack Welder Qualification

Figure 9.2.6—Method of Testing Fillet Weld Break Specimen

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CLAUSE 10. WELDABILITY TESTING AWS B4.0:2007

10. Weldability Testing

The term weldability is the capacity of material to be

welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a

specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satis-

factorily in the intended service. There are many vari-

ables in the design, fabrication and erection of real

structures as these affect the metallurgical response to

welding. No single test or combination of tests can dupli-

cate the conditions of a real structure. Laboratory weld-

ability tests can only provide an index to compare

different metals, procedures and processes.

Within these limitations, weldability testing can provide

valuable data on new alloys, welding procedures and

welding processes. Numerous weldability tests have

been devised all of which can be classified as either sim-

ulated tests or actual welding tests.

The tests included in this clause are the Controlled Ther-

mal Severity (CTS) Test, Cruciform Test, Implant Test,

Lehigh Restraint Test, Varestraint Test, Oblique Y-

Groove Test, Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) Test,

Trough Test, and the Gapped Bead On Plate (GBOP)

Test. Their applications are summarized below:

Weldability Testing Methods

Weldability Tests Application

Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) Test Assesses the effect of chemical composition and cooling rate on hardness and hydrogen-

assisted cracking susceptibility.

Cruciform Test Assesses hydrogen-assisted cracking in fillet welding applications.

Implant Test Measures susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cracking in HAZ of weldment.

Lehigh Restraint Test Characterizes the degree of restraint necessary to produce weld metal cracking.

Varestraint Test Assesses hot cracking susceptibility.

Oblique Y-Groove Test Assesses susceptibility to weld and HAZ cracking.

Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) Test Assesses weld and HAZ cracking.

Trough Test Assesses susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cracking.

Gapped Bead On Plate (GBOP) Test Assesses susceptibility to weld metal cracking.

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AWS B4.0:2007 CLAUSE 10. WELDABILITY TESTING

10.1 Controlled Thermal Severity

(CTS) Test

10.1.1 Scope

10.1.1.1 The Controlled Thermal Severity (CTS) test

is used for measuring the susceptibility of weld metal

and heat-affected zone (HAZ) to cracking. Cooling rate

is controlled through welding heat input, plate thickness,

and the number of thermal paths available. The fixture is

shown in Figure 10.1.1.

While the primary application is to evaluate base metal

composition, the test may also be used to evaluate the

effects of welding consumables, heat input, or preheat

and postweld heat treatments as well as other process

variables. The test evaluates the effects of HAZ cooling

rate rather than external restraint.

10.1.1.2 This test is applicable to the following:

(1) Qualification of materials and welding procedures

where specific acceptance criteria have been specified,

and

(2) Research and development.

10.1.1.3 This test is restricted to base materials thicker

than 1/4 in (6 mm).

10.1.1.4 When this standard is specified, the follow-

ing information shall be furnished:

(1) Base metal specification/identification;

(2) Base metal heat treatment;

(3) Base metal thickness and/or the Thermal Severity

Number(s) (TSN) to be tested;

(4) Base metal rolling direction, if possible;

(5) Filler metal specification/identification and diameter;

(6) Type and flow rate of any shielding gas used;

(7) All welding parameters necessary to define the

procedure and the resulting heat input;

(8) Any preheat, interpass temperature control, or

postweld heat treatment to be used; and

(9) Report form including the type of data and obser-

vations to be made.

10.1.2 Normative References. The following standards

contain provisions which, through reference in this text,

constitute mandatory provisions of this test. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced standard

shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments

to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.

ASME Documents:

ASME B46.1, Surface Texture, Surface Roughness,

Waviness and Lay

10.1.3 Summary of Method

10.1.3.1 The CTS test is based on the theory that HAZ

cracking will occur independently of external restraint.

Cracking is thought to happen when cooling at the start

of the austenite to martensite transformation exceeds a

critical rate. The test is designed to provide known

degrees of thermal severity approximating those seen in

common structural joint design and plate thickness.

10.1.3.2 The thermal severity of a welded joint

depends upon the heat input of the weld and the com-

bined cross-sectional area of the paths through which

heat can flow away from the joint. Heat flow from a joint

in which there is one path through which heat can flow is

termed a unithermal flow. Unithermal flow through one

section of 1/4 in (6 mm) plate is assigned a Thermal

Severity Number (TSN) of 1.

10.1.3.3 The test specimen consists of two plates (one

square and one rectangular) bolted together as shown in

Figure 10.1.2. All dimensions except plate thickness are

fixed. Two anchor welds are made as shown in the figure

to provide additional restraint.

10.1.3.4 Two test fillet welds are made in the flat

position. The specimen is allowed to cool by placing the

specimen in the water bath as shown in Figure 10.1.3.

10.1.3.5 The test welds are sectioned and examined

for cracks. Hardness measurements may also be made.

10.1.4 Significance

10.1.4.1 This test is used to evaluate weld metal and

HAZ susceptibility to cracking under the most common

thermal flow conditions.

10.1.5 Definitions and Symbols

10.1.5.1 Unless otherwise stated the following desig-

nations are also used.

= the thickness of the top (square) plate

= the thickness of the bottom (rectangular) plate

10.1.5.4 The thermal severity number is a number

used to quantify the thermal severity of the joint tested.

The number is determined from the following formula:

TSN

tri-thermal

=4(t

+ 2t

)

where

TSN

tri-thermal

= thermal severity number for tri-thermal

heat flow,

= thickness of the top (square) plate, and

= thickness of the bottom (rectangular) plate.

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